Industrial revolution:

- Lots of changes
- Term used by French writers (1884)
- Two industrial revolutions, first in the mid-18th century, second during
Victorian age.
- Enormous changes (demographic, economic, technological, social), all linked
- Rise in the population because of imporvement of living standards (not all)
and migrations
- Migrations: from Ireland, from and to the colonies and from the southern part
to the northern part (coal, iron)
- Mushroom towns (Manchester, from 20000 to 180000 in 50 years)
- Bigger internal and international market (England and colonies)
- More demand for everyday life goods
- Economic change: industrial revolution included agricolture and trades
- Before we had family-runned businesses, in industrial england we had
manufactoring economy
- In domestic economy, i produce and earn what I produce
- In mass production I pay others to work on what i produce, paying all the
essential for working (machinery, raw materials), and the rest of the money is
reinvested
- Agriculture became more productive (draining of swamps and marshes; crop
rotation)
- From common lands to enclosures (private property); it caused migration to
the cities because poor people didin’t had any land, so they needed new jobs
- From Queen Elizabeth we had changes in trades: foundation of charter
companies (East India Company); foundation of Bank of England and
insurance companies
- Technological changes: Steam engine from water (industries were built near
coalfields
- Women and children were easy to control
- New technological innovation and means of transport (canals and railway
systems)
- Lots of economic theories (Adam Smith and laissez-fair); mercantilism
(maximing exports, minimizing imports) leading to capitalism
- Quite stable storical situation