Benefits and Drawbacks of Medical Model of Mental Illness

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Introduction

For many years, the medical model of mental illness has dominated psychiatry, influencing

both professional treatment and public attitudes about emotional disorders. This paradigm, which

arose from a historical setting based on the Cartesian-Newtonian worldview, views mental

illnesses as like physical disorders and places emphasis on the discovery of organic causes and the

implementation of biological remedies. The medical paradigm has improved our knowledge of

and ability to treat various mental illnesses, but also has drawbacks and limits of its own. This

essay aims to critically evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of the medical model of mental illness,

paying particular attention to psychiatric diagnoses, the impact of prior experiences on mental

health, and possible substitute frameworks for comprehending service user experiences (Davis,

2021).

There are benefits to the medical model's emphasis on finding organic sources and

developing biomedical treatments in some situations. Historical examples that highlight the

model's effectiveness in identifying causes and developing effective therapies include the

identification of the causes of pellagra and general paresis. In addition, therapies including

electroshock therapy, psychopharmacology, and psychosurgery have improved functional results

and reduced distressing symptoms for people with mental illnesses (Iverson & Dervan, n.d.). The

focus on scientific rigor and evidence-based practices has accelerated the field of

psychopharmacology and resulted in the creation of drugs that successfully reduce the symptoms

of a wide range of mental illness. But even with these gains, there are still drawbacks to the medical

model. Its reductionist methodology, which tends to oversimplify the complex interactions

between biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors that contribute to mental

health illnesses, is one of the primary complaints levelled against it. Although the model primarily

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emphasizes biological elements, it can undervalue the role that psychosocial factors have in

determining mental health. Furthermore, the medical model's cornerstone—psychiatric

diagnoses—has come under fire for lacking clinical utility, validity, and dependability. The

subjective character of mental evaluation, which is impacted by things like patient interactions and

physician prejudices, leads to discrepancies and inconsistencies in diagnosis across professionals.

The medical model's propensity to see normal variations in human experience as aberrant

leads to stigmatization and overuse of medical intervention, which is another drawback. By

designating people who struggle with emotional problems as "patients" and characterizing their

problems as "mental illnesses," the medical model may encourage people who need help to remain

passive and dependent. This medicalization of anguish reduces complex life experiences to solely

biological terms, ignoring the existential and societal dimensions of human suffering. Moreover,

the medical model often ignores the impact of past experiences on mental health outcomes in favor

of focusing only on biological factors. One cannot reduce the psychological, philosophical, and

spiritual components of one's upbringing to an understanding of anatomy, physiology,

biochemistry, or behavioral analysis. Adverse childhood experiences, past traumas, and

sociocultural factors all have a major role in the development and manifestation of mental illness

(Ghaemi, 2012). Ignoring past traumas or contextual factors could limit the effectiveness of

treatments that are symptom-focused only, ignoring the fundamental causes of patients' misery.

Alternative approaches to understanding and treating mental illnesses have become more and more

necessary considering these limitations. Explanatory theories emphasizing the impact of

psychosocial factors on mental health outcomes are suggested by psychological studies. The

development of therapeutic strategies by dynamic psychotherapy schools has focused on

understanding and managing basic psychological conflicts and relational dynamics. Furthermore,

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existential and spiritual dimensions are important for holistic healing and personal development,

as humanistic and transpersonal treatments emphasize.

Benefits of the Medical Model of mental illness

Psychiatry has greatly benefited from the medical approach to mental illness, which is

founded on the notion that mental illnesses are medical conditions that can be treated and have

biological roots. Its capacity to pinpoint the root causes and efficacious therapies for, albeit rather

restricted, categories of mental disorders is a significant advantage. Landmark achievements, like

uncovering the causes of general paresis and pellagra, illustrate the medical model's capability to

pinpoint biological causes and devise precise treatments. These developments not only deepen our

understanding of mental illnesses but also make it possible to implement individualized treatment

plans that greatly enhance the quality of life for individuals who are impacted. These approaches

demonstrate the revolutionary effect of the medical model on psychiatric care by relieving

distressing symptoms and improving overall functional results (Carvalho de Brito Santos et al.,

2016).

The medical model also emphasizes the value of rigorous science and evidence-based

practices, which have been crucial in advancing the field of psychopharmacology. Professionals

can rely on empirical research and clinical trials for treatment decisions since mental health care

is anchored within a medical framework. Psychopharmacology has advanced significantly because

of this evidence-based approach, with new drugs that successfully treat symptoms associated with

a range of mental illnesses. These pharmaceutical treatments, which range from antidepressants to

antipsychotics, have revolutionized treatment outcomes by providing many patients with respite

from crippling symptoms and an improvement in their general quality of life.

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 The medical model also provides a systematic approach to identifying mental problems

and creates a common language for mental health professionals to communicate, in addition to

advancements in pharmaceutical treatments. physicians can develop consistent diagnoses by

following guidelines provided by classification systems such as the Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This facilitates communication and treatment planning

amongst physicians in a variety of healthcare settings. By standardizing the procedure, diagnoses

become more accurate and consistent, ensuring that each person receives the right interventions

tailored to their unique situation. Furthermore, by encouraging interdisciplinary cooperation, this

standardized framework enables mental health practitioners to work well with other medical

providers in integrated settings (Keyes, 2005).

Moreover, by characterizing mental illness as a medical problem rather than a moral failing

or personal defect, the medical model has made a substantial contribution to reducing the stigma

attached to mental illness. The medical model helps to normalize mental problems by emphasizing

their biological foundations, which encourages empathy and understanding among society. This

shift in viewpoint has been extremely important in encouraging people to seek professional help

for mental health problems, which has led to earlier intervention and better outcomes. The decline

in the stigma associated with mental illness has facilitated access to treatment and increased public

acceptance and support for those struggling with mental health issues (Cooke & Kinderman, 2018).

Moreover, the medical model emphasizes the significance of collaboration between mental

health providers and other medical specialists in integrated medical settings, leading to all-

encompassing treatment for patients who are simultaneously dealing with physical and mental

health problems. This approach promotes interdisciplinary communication and comprehensive

care that addresses both physical and mental wellness by harmonizing terminology and treatment

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approaches with those used in general medicine. Frameworks for integrated care ensure that people

receive coordinated and comprehensive interventions, which eventually improves overall health

outcomes and quality of life.

The medical model of mental illness has produced many benefits that have significantly

advanced the field of psychiatry. The medical model has revolutionized our understanding and

administration of mental healthcare, from diagnosing and treating mental illnesses to promoting

scientific accuracy and evidence-based practices. Furthermore, it has promoted better outcomes

and a higher standard of living for persons dealing with mental health concerns by lowering the

stigma associated with mental illness and fostering cooperation within unified medical systems.

The medical model continues to be a vital framework in psychiatry, driving innovations and

advancing progress in mental healthcare, despite its shortcomings (Engel, 1977).

Drawbacks of the Medical Model of mental illness

The medical model of mental illness is not without flaws and detractors, despite offering

important insights and therapies. Its reductionist approach is the most notable of them, as it

emphasizes biological factors primarily, oversimplifying the complex nature of mental health

illnesses. This limited perspective ignores the intricate relationships between biological,

psychological, social, and environmental factors that impact the development and manifestation

of mental illnesses. Through its emphasis on biological elements such as inherited traits or

neurotransmitter imbalances, the medical model may obscure the important role that psychosocial

elements play in a person's mental health (Thachuk, 2011).

A key component of the medical model, psychiatric diagnoses, have been under criticism

for their dubious validity and dependability. Research has shown that doctors' diagnostic

approaches vary widely, which has led to concerns about overdiagnosis, misdiagnosis, and the

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medicalization of normal behavioral and emotional swings. The subjective character of mental

evaluation, which is impacted by patient interactions as well as clinical biases, creates another

level of complication by fostering disagreements and conflicts among experts over diagnosis.

Furthermore, despite their minimal influence on treatment success, the medical model's heavy

emphasis on diagnosis has led to an uneven allocation of resources towards enhancing

categorization systems (Gravenhorst et al., 2015).

Furthermore, it has been said that the medical model's propensity to see normal variations

in human experience as unhealthy perpetuates stigmatization and overuse of medical intervention.

Referencing people with emotional problems as "patients" and characterizing their struggles as

"mental illness" encourages help-seekers to remain passive and dependent. This medicalized

understanding of misery reduces complex life experiences to biological language, ignoring the

existential and sociocultural dimensions of human suffering. This approach's detractors argue that

it undermines people's autonomy and downplays the importance of addressing more extensive

social determinants of mental health, such as structural injustices, discrimination, socioeconomic

status, and traumatic events (Tejada, 2020).

Another limitation of the medical model is its narrow focus on medication interventions

and symptom relief, sometimes ignoring all-encompassing and integrated approaches to mental

health care. Although many people find that drugs are helpful in reducing their symptoms, they

may not address the underlying behavioral or environmental causes that lead to mental health

problems. Moreover, the medical model's reliance on psychotropic drugs as the main forms of

treatment can occasionally lead to an over-reliance on drugs and a disregard for complementary

therapies like social support networks, psychotherapy, and lifestyle modifications—all of which

have been shown to be beneficial in improving mental wellness.

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 Furthermore, the medical model's emphasis on diagnosis and treatment in healthcare

settings can create barriers that underprivileged and marginalized populations must overcome to

receive healthcare. Within the framework of the medical model, socioeconomic factors, cultural

viewpoints, language barriers, and structural inequities can make it difficult for people to seek out

or receive appropriate mental health services. As a result, this condition may worsen disparities in

mental health outcomes since some groups of people may find it more difficult to get and use the

healthcare system (Kleinman, 1978).

The medical model has significant advances in understanding, diagnosing, and treating

mental illness, but it has inherent drawbacks. These include its tendency to medicalize common

events, reliance on subjective diagnostic techniques, tendency to simplify things, and emphasis on

medication-based therapies, all of which make it more difficult to provide complete, individualized

care. To overcome these limitations, a broader understanding of mental health is required, one that

emphasizes individual autonomy, cultural sensitivity, and social equality in the delivery of mental

health services, as well as biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors.

Psychiatric Diagnosis and Impact of Past Experiences on Mental Health

A fundamental component of the medical model of mental illness, psychiatric diagnoses

provide doctors with a standardized framework for discussing and treating emotional problems.

They offer a methodical framework for choosing therapies, encouraging interdisciplinary

cooperation, and supporting psychiatric research and instruction. Furthermore, these diagnoses

play a critical role in guaranteeing that those in need of support have access to mental health

services and care. However, because of their low validity and reliability, they have come under

fire, raising concerns about overdiagnosis, incorrect identification, and inconsistent professional

diagnosis. Furthermore, there are moral and practical questions raised by the subjective nature of

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diagnostic processes and the potential for stigmatizing and labelling people who have mental

health problems. The variety of symptoms that fall into different diagnostic categories makes it

more difficult to accurately classify mental health issues and may even ignore the unique needs

and experiences of everyone. Mental health professionals should be conscious of their limits and

make an effort to approach diagnoses with sensitivity and critical assessment, even if psychiatric

diagnoses provide structure and direction in mental health therapy (Costigan et al., 2022).

Reducing stigma, improving diagnosis accuracy, and supporting holistic approaches to mental

health treatment are all important steps towards resolving the shortcomings of psychiatric

diagnoses and providing more thorough and customized assistance for those suffering from

emotional illnesses.

Past experiences have a complex and multifaceted impact on mental health that goes

beyond the biological factors that the medical model emphasizes. While there is little question that

biological elements play a role in mental health disorders, physiology, biochemistry, or behavior

alone cannot adequately capture the emotional, philosophical, and spiritual dimensions of people's

experiences. The origin and manifestation of mental illness are significantly influenced by past

traumas, unfavorable childhood experiences, and socio-cultural factors. This highlights the

limitations of depending exclusively on biological approaches to understand and address mental

health issues (Honey, 2004).

The medical model's detractors contend that because of its narrow focus on biological

therapies, it frequently ignores the value of psychological interventions in treating underlying

psychological problems, such as psychotherapy and other non-pharmacological methods. While

some people may find that taking medicine helps them feel better, it typically ignores the complex

interplay between emotions, beliefs, and interpersonal relationships that lead to mental health

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problems. As a result, a more comprehensive understanding of mental health should take into

account the influence of psychological factors and prior experiences on people's mental health.

Past traumas, such as abuse, neglect, or exposure to violence throughout childhood, can have a

lasting negative impact on an individual's mental health. Research continuously shows that people

who experience traumatic situations are more vulnerable to a range of mental health issues, such

as depression, anxiety disorders, drug use disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Trauma can impair normal nerve system and brain activities, altering cognitive abilities,

interpersonal relationships, and emotional control. Unresolved trauma can also lead people to

employ unhealthy coping strategies to deal with their overwhelming feelings and anguish, such

substance abuse or self-harm (Makhnach, 2016).

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) refer to a variety of potentially traumatic events

that took place throughout childhood and have been linked to several unfavorable health outcomes,

such as mental health conditions, chronic physical illnesses, and early mortality. The Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Kaiser Permanente undertook the Adverse Childhood

Experiences Study (ACEs Study), which found a strong correlation between the quantity of ACEs

and the risk of mental health problems in later life. Compared to people with fewer ACEs,

individuals with more ACEs were more likely to suffer from mental health issues such depression,

anxiety, suicidal ideation, drug addiction, and other psychiatric illnesses. These results highlight

the critical influence that early life events have on the development of an individual's mental health

trajectory and highlight the need of implementing trauma-informed treatment practices in

professional settings (Huiting, 2013).

A person's mental health is greatly influenced by several sociocultural elements, such as

family dynamics, economic position, cultural norms, and social support systems. A person's ideas,

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values, and interpersonal interactions are significantly shaped by their home environment, which

in turn has an impact on their emotional health. A person's susceptibility to mental health problems

can be increased by dysfunctional family dynamics, which include parental disputes, neglect, or

overprotectiveness. These factors can also encourage the development of poor coping strategies

and interpersonal difficulties. In addition, socioeconomic situations such as homelessness,

unemployment, poor access to healthcare, and poverty generate continuous stresses that exacerbate

pre-existing mental health disorders and lead to disparities in mental health outcomes between

various demographic groups.

Individuals' perceptions of mental health are greatly influenced by cultural norms and

beliefs, which can have an impact on their treatment preferences and propensities to seek

assistance. Many cultures stigmatize mental illness and view it as a sign of weakness or shame,

which makes people reluctant to talk to others about their symptoms or seek professional help.

People's decisions to seek therapy and their adherence to treatment recommendations can also be

influenced by cultural views about the causes of mental illness and the efficacy of various

treatment modalities. To provide effective and culturally sensitive treatment, mental health

practitioners must place a high priority on cultural competency, being aware of and sensitive to the

varied backgrounds and experiences of their clients (Rabkin, 1974).

People's general and mental health are also influenced by the philosophical and spiritual

facets of their lives. Existential issues can have a significant impact on psychological functioning

and play a role in the occurrence of existential crises or despair. These issues include the search

for meaning and purpose in life, emotions of existential solitude, and fear of death. Furthermore,

it has been shown that spiritual activities and beliefs, such as engaging in religious rituals, prayer,

meditation, and mindfulness, can improve mental health by providing consolation, encouraging

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hope, and creating a sense of connectedness to something greater than oneself. Therefore, adding

existential and spiritual components to mental health therapies might enhance people's sense of

meaning and purpose and support psychological resilience under trying conditions.

Potential alternatives to conceptualize service user experience

The limitations of the medical model have drawn attention to alternate approaches to the

study and treatment of emotional illnesses. The approaches offer more comprehensive frameworks

that recognize the complex interplay between biological, psychological, social, cultural, and

existential/spiritual factors in shaping mental health consequences. These methods aim to provide

more inclusive and customized care that is suited to the different needs and experiences of

individuals with emotional illnesses by going beyond just biological perspectives. In contrast to

the medical model, psychological research emphasizes the importance of psychosocial factors in

determining mental health outcomes. Beyond biological considerations, psychological theories,

and frameworks such as cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, and transpersonal

approaches provide thorough explanations. These models recognize the significance of

understanding people's emotions, behaviors, and social interactions in relation to the development

and maintenance of emotional illnesses (Lakhan et al., 2010).

Psychodynamic and psychoanalytic psychotherapy are among the dynamic schools of

psychotherapy that focus on locating and resolving underlying psychological problems and

relationship patterns that fuel emotional upheaval. These therapy approaches emphasize how

important it is for people's emotional states to be shaped by their early experiences, interpersonal

relationships, and unconscious processes. Dynamic treatments aim to support long-lasting

psychological transformation and personal growth by exploring the causes of emotional difficulties

and encouraging self-awareness and insight. A further alternative perspective is offered by

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humanistic and transpersonal treatments, which highlight the importance of existential and

spiritual elements in fostering holistic healing and personal development. Humanistic approaches

that emphasize personal growth, self-actualization, and authenticity include existential and client-

centered therapy. The development of a caring and sympathetic therapeutic relationship is

emphasized by these therapeutic modalities to support clients' self-awareness, self-acceptance, and

self-exploration (Roache, n.d.).

Transpersonal approaches include spiritual and introspective practices in mental health

care; examples include transpersonal psychology and mindfulness-centered therapies. These

therapies emphasize the connection between the mind, body, and spirit, highlighting how important

it is to achieve profound awareness to promote healing and personal growth. Transpersonal

treatments use mindfulness, meditation, and other contemplative activities to promote spiritual

completeness, inner peace, and resilience. The biopsychosocial paradigm, which recognizes the

interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in impacting mental health outcomes,

is another alternate viewpoint. This comprehensive approach, developed in the 1970s by

psychiatrist George Engel, acknowledges that a complex interaction of biological, psychological,

and social elements leads to mental health illnesses. The biopsychosocial model emphasizes how

important it is to treat mental health issues by taking into account social determinants like family

dynamics, socioeconomic status, and cultural influences, psychological elements like cognition,

emotions, and behaviors, and biological elements like genetics, neurochemistry, and physiology.

Another divergence from the medical model is recovery-oriented care, which emphasizes patients'

empowerment, autonomy, and general well-being. This method, which recognizes that every

person's road to recovery is unique and not necessarily straight, places a higher priority on

treatments that capitalize on people's strengths, promote peer support, and ease absorption into the

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society. It places a strong emphasis on encouraging people to make their own decisions, growing

in optimism and resiliency, and encouraging social interaction and meaningful engagement in day-

to-day activities (Deacon, 2013).

Peer-led communities and peer-operated support groups are examples of peer-led projects

that are essential to recovery-focused treatment because they provide individuals with

opportunities for social engagement, emotional support, and practical assistance. These programs

use the first-hand knowledge of peers who have successfully navigated their own recovery

journeys to offer guidance, inspiration, and hope to those facing similar challenges. Recovery-

focused treatment must be advanced through community-based mental health services including

peer-run recovery centers, assisted housing initiatives, and vocational rehabilitation programs.

These programs provide people with social outlets, useful help, and links to resources that improve

their general welfare and help them integrate into society. Community-based mental health

programs provide a range of services that are customized to meet the unique requirements and

objectives of everyone, enabling them to live fulfilling and meaningful lives in their communities.

More complete models that recognize the complex interactions between biological, psychological,

social, cultural, and existential/spiritual elements that influence mental health outcomes are

presented by alternative approaches to understanding and addressing emotional illnesses. Through

extending the scope beyond solely biological perspectives, these approaches aim to provide more

comprehensive and individualized care that takes into account the different needs and histories of

people with emotional illnesses. These alternative methods, which range from dynamic

psychotherapy schools to the biopsychosocial model to recovery-focused treatment, offer

insightful viewpoints and useful actions that support and improve traditional medical approaches

to mental health care (Elkins, 2009).

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Conclusion

The medical model of mental illness offers a complicated picture with benefits and

problems. While it has been essential in improving our knowledge and care of certain mental

illnesses, its drawbacks need to be carefully considered. Mental health practitioners can strive to

provide more comprehensive and individualized care that addresses the complex needs of people

with emotional disorders by critically evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of the medical

model and taking into account other methods. The mental health care system has greatly benefited

from the medical model. Its capacity to pinpoint the origins and remedies of mental disorders is a

major benefit. Historical examples of the model's efficacy in identifying biological elements linked

to specific psychiatric illnesses and developing suitable therapies include the finding of organic

reasons for pellagra and general paresis. Furthermore, the medical model has facilitated

advancements in the treatment of symptoms by means of therapies such as electroshock therapy,

psychosurgery, and psychopharmacology. Through the reduction of uncomfortable symptoms and

improvement of general functioning, these therapies have significantly raised the quality of life for

people with these illnesses.

Furthermore, the medical model places a high value on scientific rigor and evidence-based

procedures, which lays the foundation for mental health care within a framework that makes use

of clinical trials and empirical research to inform treatment choices. This strategy has produced

significant progress in psychopharmacology, resulting in the development of drugs that effectively

treat symptoms associated with a range of mental illnesses. Moreover, clinicians can establish

uniform diagnoses, which facilitates treatment planning and communication between various

healthcare settings, thanks to the systematic approach to diagnosing mental disorders that is

outlined in classification systems like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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(DSM). The medical model has lessened the stigma associated with mental illness by treating it as

a medical condition rather than a moral failing that calls for faster intervention and better results.

Through the standardization of methods with general medicine, it enables multidisciplinary care.

However, because of its reductionist nature, it ignores psychological variables, which reduces the

efficacy of complete treatment.

Critical to the medical model, psychiatric diagnoses are scrutinized because of problems

with dependability and differences in diagnosis across practitioners, which lead to worries about

misunderstanding and overdiagnosis. Diagnostic discrepancies are a result of subjective mental

assessments that are impacted by the prejudices of the therapist. Critics contend that the medical

model overmedicalizes and stigmatizes mental health due to its propensity to pathologize everyday

experiences. Traditional medical models are enhanced by recovery-oriented treatment, which

emphasizes empowerment and autonomy while offering individualized care for emotional

illnesses. In contrast, other frameworks such as the biopsychosocial model and dynamic

psychotherapy provide more holistic methods.

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