M06 Electricity

Instrument Consultant Program
Process Control Fundamentals
Level 1
Electricity
Table of Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... iv
Performance Objective ............................................................................................................................. iv
Electricity in Process Control ......................................................................................................................... 1

Learning Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 1
The Importance of Electricity .......................................................................................................................... 2
Electricity in Process Control .................................................................................................................. 2
Signals and Transmitters .......................................................................................................................... 2
Basic Electrical Forces ................................................................................................................................... 3

Learning Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 3
Basic Electrical Parameters .............................................................................................................................4
Energy........................................................................................................................................................5
Potential Energy................................................................................................................................ 5
Power.........................................................................................................................................................5
Voltage/Potential Difference .....................................................................................................................5
Current.......................................................................................................................................................5
Resistance ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Ohm’s Law ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Examples................................................................................................................................................... 7
Power Generated in a Resisitor................................................................................................................ 7
Examples................................................................................................................................................... 8
Prefix Shorthand....................................................................................................................................... 9
How Circuits Work .........................................................................................................................................11

Learning Objectives..................................................................................................................................11
Circuit Components .........................................................................................................................................12
Resistors....................................................................................................................................................12
Capacitors ................................................................................................................................................12
Inductors ...................................................................................................................................................12
DC and AC Electricity ......................................................................................................................................14
Voltage Supplies ..............................................................................................................................................14
Basic Circuit Definitions ..................................................................................................................................15
Series Circuit ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Parallel Circuit......................................................................................................................................... 15
Series-Parallel Circuit.............................................................................................................................. 16
Measuring Total Current................................................................................................................... 16
Measuring Equivalent Resistance ..................................................................................................... 17
Fundamentals of Electricity For Internal Use Only / ii

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Table of Contents
Laws and Electrical Circuits ........................................................................................................................... 19
Kirchoff’s Laws......................................................................................................................................... 19
Kirchoff’s Current Law ..................................................................................................................... 19
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law...................................................................................................................... 19
Series Circuits and Kirchoff’s Laws ....................................................................................................... 20
Rule 1—Current............................................................................................................................... 20
Rule 2—Resistance .......................................................................................................................... 20
Rule 3—Voltage............................................................................................................................... 20
Parallel Circuits and Kirchoff’s Laws.................................................................................................... 22
Rule 1—Voltage............................................................................................................................... 22
Rule 2—Total Current ..................................................................................................................... 22
Rule 3—Equivalent Resistance........................................................................................................ 22
Series-Parallel Circuits and Kirchoff’s Laws ........................................................................................ 23
Process Control Loops ...................................................................................................................................25

Learning Objectives..................................................................................................................................25
Measuring Voltage, Current and Resistance................................................................................................... 26
Using a VOLT-OHM-MILLIAMMETER .................................................................................................. 26
Safety .................................................................................................................................................27
Measuring Voltage in DC and AC Circuits..............................................................................................27
To Measure DC Voltage....................................................................................................................28
To Measure AC Voltage ....................................................................................................................29
Measuring Current in DC and AC Circuits..............................................................................................30
To Measure DC and AC ....................................................................................................................30
Test Circuit ...............................................................................................................................................32
Measuring Resistance in DC and AC Circuits .........................................................................................33
To Measure DC and AC Resistance in Series ................................................................................. 34
Instrumentation Field Wiring ....................................................................................................................... 35
Instrument Loop...................................................................................................................................... 35
Typical Loop............................................................................................................................................ 36
Grounding Practices......................................................................................................................................37
Electrical Requirements in Control Loops ....................................................................................................38
Measurement Protocol............................................................................................................................39
Supply and Minimum Voltage.................................................................................................................40
Load Consideration and Load Limit ..................................................................................................... 42
Ensure Adequate Current ............................................................................................................... 42
Examine Load Consideration ......................................................................................................... 42
Types of Control Loops................................................................................................................................. 44
Individual-Powered Loops..................................................................................................................... 44
System-Powered Loops—Analog Signal Output ....................................................................................45
System-Powered Loops—Digital Signal Output.....................................................................................46
Workbook Exercises .......................................................................................................................................47
Workbook Answers ........................................................................................................................................64
Activity Answers .............................................................................................................................................66
iii / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Electricity

Introduction
To accurately analyze and measure the electrical parameters of process control loops in the field, you must first
understand the fundamentals of electricity, the configuration of circuits, and the laws and rules that dictate how
electrical parameters and circuits behave in different process control environments. Once you analyze and
measure the control loops, you can recommend the transmitter that will offer the most precise control for your
customer’s unique process control environment. In this module, you will gain the baseline knowledge
necessary to make well-informed, sound recommendations to your customers. This module organizes the
baseline information into four sections:
❑ Electricity in process control
❑ Basic electrical forces
❑ How circuits work
❑ Process control loops
As you proceed through the module, answer the questions in the activities column on the right side of each
page. Also, note the application boxes (double-bordered boxes) located throughout the module. Application
boxes provide key information about how you may use your baseline knowledge in the field. When you see the
workbook exercise graphic at the bottom of a page, go to the workbook to complete the designated exercise
before moving on in the module. Workbook exercises help you measure your progress toward meeting each
section's learning objectives.
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
After completing this module, you will be able to discuss the electrical aspects of process control instruments
and the control loops used by customers.
Fundamentals of Electricity For Internal Use Only / iv

Electricity in Process Control
Process control instruments are an integral part of the success of organizations in many different industries.
Without accurate temperature, pressure, level, and flow readings, organizations in industries such as food
processing, water treatment, petroleum, and automotive manufacturing stand to lose millions of dollars.
Accurate readings depend heavily on reliable measurement techniques and the fundamentals of electricity.
Electricity is more reliable and less expensive way of transmitting process variable information to a central
location. In this section, you will learn why electricity is important in process control.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this section, you will be able to:
❑ Name ways in which electricity is used in process control
❑ Briefly describe how transmitters use electrical signals to convey process control information
Note: To answer the activity questions the Hand Tool (H) should be activated.
Fundamentals of Electricity For Internal Use Only / 1

The Importance of Electricity

The measurement of process control variables, such as temperature, Activities
level, and pressure, is an integral part of process control. Electricity
is the foundation of process control measurement in that electricity: 1. State why electricity is important
❑ Powers process control devices in process control.
❑ Forms the signals that transmit process control Select all options that apply.
information
1 Electricity powers process
control devices.
ELECTRICITY IN PROCESS CONTROL 2 Electricity affects process control
Electricity powers the circuits inside process control instruments and instruments and control loops.
the process control loops themselves. Without electrical parameters 3 Electricity is used as a backup
such as current, voltage, and resistance, process control instruments source of power supply for
and control loops could not function at all. process control devices.
4 Electricity forms the signals that
Electricity also forms the analog and digital signals that hold the measure and regulate process
information necessary to measure and regulate process control control variables.
variables within a control loop (e.g., measuring a lower-than-ideal
temperature value, forming a signal that will increase the
temperature value). At times, electricity even forms the signals that
instruct specific instruments to perform certain tasks (e.g., forming
one signal to measure a dangerously high reading from a level sensor
and another signal to instruct the drain valve to open).
SIGNALS AND TRANSMITTERS

Transmitters connect to process control loops and use electricity to
transmit process control information (e.g., rising and
falling liquid levels). Transmitters use analog and digital signals to
convey measurements and instructions to other instruments in a
control loop to maintain the highest level of safety and efficiency.
The next three sections in this module discuss electricity, circuits,
transmitters, and signals in greater detail so you can understand the
importance of electricity in process control.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ELECTRICITY IN PROCESS CONTROL
2 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Electricity

Basic Electrical Forces
To understand how process control instruments measure and transmit process control information, you must be
familiar with the fundamentals of electricity. You must understand how electrons behave, how basic electrical
forces respond to varying process control environments, and how to manipulate and measure electrical forces
to perform important process control tasks. This section helps you understand basic electrical forces and the
fundamental laws of electricity.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After competing this section, you will be able to:
❑ Define the following electrical parameters:
• Energy
• Power
• Voltage
• Current
• Resistance
❑ Name the symbol and unit of measure for the following electrical parameters:
• Energy
• Power
• Voltage
• Current
• Resistance
❑ State Ohm’s Law
❑ Given two of the following values, calculate the remaining value:
• Voltage
• Current
• Resistance

Basic Electrical Parameters

This section addresses five basic electrical parameters: Activities
❑ Energy
❑ Power
❑ Voltage
❑ Current
❑ Resistance
Table 6.1 shows each parameter, its symbol, its unit of measure, and
the symbol used for each unit of measure. You need to be familiar with
the parameter and unit symbols when analyzing and measuring the
parameter values of electrical circuits, discussed in the next section, for
your customers.
Parameter (Symbol) Unit of Measure (Symbol)
Energy (W) Joules
Power (P) Watts (W)
Voltage (E) Volts (V)
Current (I) Amperes (A)
Resistance (R) Ohms (Ω)
Table 6.1: Electrical Parameters, Symbols, and Units

of Measure


ENERGY Activities
Energy is the ability to do work. Work is accomplished when a force 1. What is the unit of measure for
acting on a mass moves the mass a definite distance. The metric unit current and power respectively?
of measure for energy is a joule. The English unit of measure for
energy is a foot-pound.
1 An ampere and a watt
Potential Energy 2 A joule and a coulomb
Potential energy is the stored energy a mass possesses because of its 3 A coulomb and a volt
relative position to a specified point. The movement of a mass from 4 A joule and a volt
one position to the next causes potential energy to be stored in the
mass. The amount of potential energy in a mass is important when
measuring voltage drop (refer to Voltage/Potential Difference on this
page).
POWER
Power is the amount of work done in a given time. The unit of
measure for power is a watt (W).
VOLTAGE/POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Voltage, or potential difference, is the force that causes current to flow
through a conductor. Voltage is a measure of the work done (in joules)
per coulomb of charge when a charge moves from one position to a
specific point. The potential energy of one joule per coulomb equals
one volt (V). Voltage is also known as voltage drop, potential
difference, or electromotive force (EMF).
CURRENT
As defined earlier, current (I) is the flow of electrons. The measure of
the magnitude or intensity of current is an ampere (A). Amperes
measure the rate at which an electric charge moves across a section of
wire or other conductor. Amperes move instantaneously through
conductors—that is, when one electron enters a conductor, one
electron exits the conductor.


RESISTANCE Activities
For a fixed voltage value in a circuit, the amount of current running 2. What is the symbol for
through a conductor, such as a wire, depends on the: resistance?
❑ Type of conductor material (e.g., copper, gold)
❑ Physical dimensions of the conductor material (e.g., 1 foot, 15
inches in diameter) 1 R
2 V
Resistance (R), measured in ohms (Ω), is the amount of opposition a 3 P
material offers a moving charge. Resistance depends on the length, 4 I
the cross-sectional area, and the resistivity of the conductor material.
A conductor’s resistivity depends on the atomic structure and
temperature of the material.
3. How is resistance measured?
1 Amperes symbolized by A
2 Ohms symbolized by Ω
3 Volts symbolized by V
4. The amount of current running through

a conductor material depends on certain
factors. What are these factors?
Select all options that apply.
1 Type of conductor material

2 Physical dimensions of the
conductor material
3 Temperature of the conductor
material
4 Weight of the conductor
material
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - BASIC ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS

Ohm’s Law
Activities
Ohm’s Law defines the relationship between voltage, current and
resistance. 5. According to Ohm’s Law, if a
THE RELATIONSHIP IS voltage value is fixed and the
V=IxR current increases, what happens
Voltage (Volts) = Current (Amps) x Resistance (ohms) to the resistance?
V volts
R ohms
1 Resistance increases
I amps 2 Resistance decreases
3 Resistance is stabilized
4 Resistance is nullified
HOW TO USE OHM'S LAW
Ohm’s Law can be used in a number of ways
1) To find Voltage when you know Current and Resistance
V= I x R 6. State the mathematical equation
2) To find Current when you know Voltage and Resistance for calculating the resistance.
I = V/R
3) To find Resistance when you know Voltage and Current
R = V/I 1 = I/V
2 = V/R
3 = IR
EXAMPLES 4 = V/I
1) If you have a current of 4 mA(0.004 Amps) flowing through a
resistance of 250 Ohms
What is the Voltage generated across the Resistor
Answer = 0.004 x 250 = 1 Volt
2) If you have a voltage of 10 Volts measured across a resistance of 7. What is the mathematical
500 ohms equation for calculating voltage?
What is the current flowing through the resistor
Answer = 10/500 = 0.02 Amps ( 20 mA)
1 = V/R
2 = IR
POWER GENERATED IN A RESISTOR 3 = I/V
When a current passes through a resistor, the power generated in that 4 = V/I
resistor is defined as
W (Power) = V (Voltage) x I (Current)
1) To find Power (W) when you know Voltage and Current W = V x I
2) To find Power when you know Current and Resistance
W = I2 x R
3) To find Power when you know Voltage and Resistance
W = V2 / R

Ohm’s Law
Activities
EXAMPLES
8. What is the mathematical equation
1. If you have a Current of 10mA (0.010 Amps) flowing through for calculating current?
a Resistance of 500 Ohms.
What is the Power dissipated by the Resistor
Answer = 0.01 x 500 = .05 Watt (50 mW) 1 = IR
2 = I/V
2. If you have a Voltage of 100 volts measured across a 3 = V/I
Resistance of 500 ohms 4 = V/R
What is the Power dissipated by the Resistor
Answer = 1002 / 500 = 20 Watts

Ohm’s Law
Activities
Voltage, current, and resistance measurements in electrical circuits
are typically higher than a few volts, amps, or ohms. To easily and 9. Which prefix and mathematical
accurately express voltage, current, and resistance values, you use a equivalent does the symbol n
shorthand of prefixes, expressed in integers. denote?
Analog and digital measuring devices use prefix

shorthand symbols to convey circuit measurements.
1 The prefix is Nino and the
mathematical equation is
millionth of a million (multiply
PREFIX SHORTHAND by 10-12)
2 The prefix is Nova and the
Table 6.2 shows the prefixes, the prefix symbols, and the
mathematical equation is
mathematical equivalents of the prefixes used to express the answers
thousandths (multiply by 10-3)
to Ohm’s Law equations.
3 The prefix is Neno and the
Prefix Symbol Mathematical Equivalent mathematical equation is
Mega M Millions (multiply by 106)
thousandth of a trillion
(multiply by 10-12)
Kilo k Thousands (multiply by 103)
4 The prefix is Nano and the
Milli m Thousandths (multiply by 10-3) mathematical equation is
Micro µ Millionths (multiply by 10-6) thousandth of a trillion
Nano n Thousandth of a million (multiply by 10-9) (multiply by 10-9)
Pico p Millionth of a million (multiply by 10-12)
Table 6.2: Prefix Shorthand

For example, 25,000,000 Ω is stated as “twenty-five million Ω..”
Convert the number to an integer value, 25 × 106 ohms. Using prefix 10. The symbol for ________ is m.
shorthand, rewrite the value as 25 MΩ (megaohms), because mega
(M) means millions (multiply by 106). 1. mega
To find the value of V, I, or R in a circuit when the electrical 2. milli
parameters use prefix shorthand, convert the measurements to values 3. micro
that do not contain integers or prefixes. For example, if
V = 20 mA x 500 Ω , then rewrite the equations as V = 0.02 A x 500 to
simplify the calculation and avoid careless mistakes.

Ohm’s Law
Activities
11. Using prefix shorthand, how would
you rewrite the value 16 x 10- -6 A?
1 16 MA
2 16 µA
3 16 pA
4 16 nA
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - OHM'S LAW

How Circuits Work
In this section, you will learn about direct and alternating current; series, parallel, and series-parallel circuits;
and the behavior of basic electrical forces within the circuits. You will apply Ohm’s Law when calculating the
measurements of voltage, current, and resistance for different components in a circuit. With this baseline
knowledge, you can understand the electrical aspects of process control instruments, manually perform basic
circuit measurements, and recommend instruments to customers based on the circuit measurements.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
❑ Define:
• Circuit
• Polarity
• Direct current (DC)
• Alternating current (AC)
❑ Identify three common components in a circuit
❑ Define:
• Resistance
• Capacitance
• Inductance
❑ List the key differences between AC and DC electricity
❑ Identify series, parallel, and series-parallel circuits
❑ Manually measure voltage, current, and resistance and compare the way the parameters behave in series,
parallel, and series-parallel circuits
❑ Briefly explain Kirchoff’s Laws and how they relate to series, parallel, and series-parallel circuits

How Circuits Work
Circuit Components
A circuit is a path or group of interconnecting paths capable of Activities
carrying current. Every circuit contains an amount of resistance and a
voltage source, or sources. The three most common components in a 1. Which of the statements defines a
circuit are resistors, capacitors, and inductors. These components circuit?
ensure the efficient operation of a circuit, regardless of the circuit’s
application.
1 A circuit is a path or group of
RESISTORS interconnecting paths capable
of carrying current.
Resistance is the characteristic of a material that opposes current 2 A circuit is a set of
flow. A resistor (R) is a device that introduces opposition, or interconnections that transmits
resistance, into a circuit to restrict current. Resistance must be an electrical charge.
present in a circuit for the circuit to operate. 3 A circuit is a circualr path
through which current flows.
4 A circuit is a group of paths that
CAPACITORS regulate the flow of current along
Capacitance, measured in farads (F), is the capability of a material to the capacitor.
store electric charge. A capacitor (C) is a device that stores electric
charge to oppose an instantaneous voltage change in a circuit.
Capacitors protect circuits from voltage surges, act as current
barriers, store memory in computer chips, and tune radio circuits by
charging and discharging. 2. What is the unit of measure for
capacitance?
A capacitor charges, or extracts current from the circuit and stores
electric charge, when the position of a switch on the circuit maintains 1 Henrie
a connection with circuit’s voltage source. When the circuit switch 2 Henry
disconnects the voltage source, the capacitor discharges, or releases 3 Farad
current back into the circuit, to maintain the operation of the circuit.
4 Nano
I
V
Time
Current Leading Voltage

INDUCTORS
Inductance, measured in henries (h), is the tendency of a material to
oppose an instantaneous current change in a circuit. An inductor (L)
is a device that introduces inductance into a circuit. When the
position of a circuit switch disconnects the voltage source, the
inductor generates a counter voltage drop to temporarily prolong the
current flow. Inductors can protect circuits from current surges,
stabilize direct current (DC), and control alternating current (AC) to
ensure efficient operation of the circuit. Refer to DC and AC
Electricity on page 4.
V
I
Time
Votage Leading Current

How Circuits Work
Circuit Components
Activities
3. Which of these statements defines
inductance?
1 Inductance is the characteristic of

a material that facilitates an
instantaneous current change.
a material that opposes an
a material that opposes the stabilizing
of current.
4 Inductance is the property of a
material that enables an
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

How Circuits Work
DC and AC Electricity
VOLTAGE SUPPLIES Activities
There are two types of voltages used in instrument loops
1) Direct current (DC Voltage) - Typical range 10.5-48 Volts 4. DC can change in value but not in
2) Alternating current (AC Voltage) - Ranges 90-220 Volts polarity. Is this statement true or false?
Most two wire transmitters need to be powered by a DC power source .
from either a separate power supply or a distributed control
system(DCS). Most four wire devices need AC voltage to power the
instrument, and the DC power will be used for the 4-20mA output
signal of the device.
V 10 V
DC Voltage
0V
+120V 5. Which of the statements define

AC Voltage 0V the properties of AC?
-120V
AC Volts RMS Select all options that apply.
DC is the flow of electrons that can change in value but not polarity.
Polarity indicates the direction of flow of electron as either positive or 1 AC can flow in one direction
negative. DC flows in one direction from negative to positive (electron till the current peaks and then
current) or from positive to negative (conventional current). AC is the switch to another direction.
flow of electrons that can change both in value and in polarity. AC 2 AC can change in value and
flows in one direction for a period of time and then in the other polarity.
direction for a period of time (e.g., negative to positive, positive to 3 AC can flow in one direction
negative). Figure 6.2 shows an example of a DC circuit with electron for a period of time and then in
current flow. the other direction for a period
of time.
4 AC can change in polarity but
not value.
+
V R
– I
Figure 6.2: A DC Circuit with Electron Current
In Figure 6.2, the electron current flows from the negative connector of
the battery (V), through the path, across the resistor (R), and back to
the positive connector of the battery in one complete loop. The polarity
does not change. Only the current’s value changes when the voltage or
resistance values increase or decrease.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - DC AND AC ELECTRICITY

How Circuits Work
Basic Circuit Definitions

Ohm’s Law is the most important equation used in the analysis of Activities
circuits because voltage, current, and resistance behave differently in
each type of circuit (i.e., series, parallel, series-parallel). 6. For a given Series Circuit with
DC and Electron Current, the
SERIES CIRCUIT flow of current would be equal
through the circuit. Is this
A series circuit is a complete, closed loop in which the current flows statement true or false?
equally through each component. In a series circuit, DC flows in one
direction via electron or conventional current. Figure 6.3 is an
example of a series circuit with DC and electron current.
+
V R
– I
Figure 6.3: Series Circuit with DC and Electron Current

7. In the case of a Parallel Circuit
with DC and Conventional
PARALLEL CIRCUIT Current, if all the resistors had the
A parallel circuit is a type of circuit in which current does not flow same value, the flow of current
equally through each component, unless the resistors are all the same would be <equal/unequal> through
value. The current flows through different paths, called current each of the resistors.
branches, which meet at junctions. A parallel circuit contains two or
more complete circuit loops that can carry either DC or AC.
Figure 6.4 is an example of a parallel circuit with DC and
conventional current.
+ I1 I2 I3
V R1 R2 R3
–
Figure 6.4: Parallel Circuit with DC and Conventional Current

How Circuits Work

SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT Activities
A series-parallel circuit is a more complex type of circuit in which 8. A series-parallel circuit contains
there are series circuit components and parallel circuit branches. To series circuit components and
determine the electrical parameters of series-parallel circuits, parallel circuit bracnhes. Is this
examine the circuits carefully to group the series and parallel statement true or false?
characteristics into orderly, connected components. A series-parallel
circuit can carry both DC and AC. Figure 6.5 is an example of a
series-parallel circuit.
R2 R3 V1
+
V
I1 I2
-
R1 V2
IT
Figure 6.5: Series-Parallel Circuit with DC

Figure 6.5 has three resistors (R1, R2, and R3), one voltage source (V),
and two current flows (I1 and I2). V1 and V2 denote the voltage drops
in the circuit.
Measuring Total Current

To manually measure the total current (IT) in a series-parallel or
parallel circuit, add the individual current values. The equation for the
total current in Figure 6.5 is:
IT = I1 + I2
Figure 6.6 on page 18 shows how to calculate IT in a circuit.

How Circuits Work

Activities
+ 9. If I1 = 4, I2 = 3, and I3 = 8, what
V 8Ω 6Ω 2Ω is the value of IT?
– 4A 5.33 A 16 A
1 15, because IT = total current
2 5, because IT =the total current/
Figure 6.6: Measuring Total Current and Equivalent Resistance
the number of individual
In Figure 6.6, IT = 25.33 A because 4 A + 5.33 A + 16 A = 25.33 A. current values taken
3 89, because IT =
Measuring Equivalent Resistance (I1)2 + (I2)2 + (I3)2
Equivalent resistance (Req) is the total resistance value of all 4 225, because I T = (I1 + I2 + I3)2
components in a circuit. The calculation method of Req depends on
the position and value of the resistors in the circuit.
Resistors In Series 10. If R1 = 8, R2 = 14, and R3 = 2,

To manually measure the Req in a series circuit, where the resistors what will be the Req in a series
are not parallel to each other, add the individual resistor values circuit?
(R1 + R2 + R3, etc.).
R1
R2 1 8 Ω, because Req = the total

resistance value of all
R3 components in a circuit/the
Different Resistors In Parallel number of individual resistance
In Figure 6.6, the resistors are parallel to each other but are not the values taken
same value. Follow these steps to measure resistance in this case: 2 24 Ω, because Req = the total
resistance value of all
1. Divide one by each resistor value (1 / R1, 1 / R2, 1 / R3).
components in a circuit
2. Add the quotients together (1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3). 3 264 Ω , because Req =
(R1)2 + (R2)2 + (R3)2
3. Divide one by that sum. Stated mathematically:
4 576 Ω, because R eq =(R1 + R2
1 + R3)2
Req = ---------------------------------
1 1 1
------ + ------ + ------
R 1 R2 R 3
Note: If an additional resistor was not in parallel, you would add that
resistor value to the quotient.
R3 R2 R1

How Circuits Work

Same Resistors In Parallel Activities
If the resistors in Figure 6.6 were all the same value
(e.g., 8 Ω), you would divide the value of one resistor by the number 11.. If a circuit contains four
of resistors in parallel to determine the total resistance in the circuit resistors, three of which equal 5
(e.g., 8 Ω divided by 3 [the number of same-value resistors in Ω and are parallel, while the
parallel]). fourth resistor equals 7 Ω, what
is the Req?
Note: If an additional resistor was not in parallel, you would add that
resistor value to the quotient.
1 8.67 Ω
2 22 Ω
3 7Ω
4 1.35 Ω
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - BASIC CIRCUIT DEFINITIONS

How Circuits Work
Laws and Electrical Circuits

To analyze DC and AC circuits in the field, you must measure Activities
voltage, current, and resistance. Two basic types of instruments
automatically measure all three parameters without relying on 12. According to Kirchoff’s Law,
manual equations: an analog meter with a needle indicator or digital what is the total applied voltage
display meter, called a volt-ohm-milliammeter in a circuit equal to?
(volt-ohm-milliammeter), and a digital meter with an LED display, Select all options that apply.
called a digital multimeter (DMM). You will use a
volt-ohm-milliammeter most often to measure the three parameters. 1 The sum of the current measured
throughout a closed loop in a
circuit.
Occasionally, you may not be able to open a circuit to
2 The sum of the voltage drop
attach a volt-ohm-milliammeter at a customer site. In
that case, you must analyze and measure the circuit throughout the components in a
manually, using your knowledge of electrical closed loop.
parameters and the laws and rules of circuits 3 The sum of the voltage drops
discussed on the next few pages. throughout a closed loop in a
circuit.
4 The sum of the current at any
KIRCHOFF’S LAWS junction or component in a
In circuit analysis, two fundamental laws, collectively called circuit.
Kirchoff’s Laws, provide a means with which to determine unknown
parameter values in a circuit. When applied to complex networks,
these two laws enable a more comprehensive understanding of
voltage and current distribution.
Kirchoff’s Laws, when coupled with Ohm’s Law, give

you the tools to accurately analyze any circuit at a 13. According to Kirchoff’s law, the
customer site, no matter how complex. amount of current flowing into a
junction is _______ ___ the
Kirchoff’s Current Law amount of current flowing out.
Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the sum of the currents at
any junction or component in a circuit equals the total current. In 1. lesser than
other words, the amount of current going into a junction or
2. equal to
component is equal to the amount of current going out. No amperes
are lost or unaccounted for. 3. greater than
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the total applied voltage is
equal to the sum of the voltage drops throughout a closed loop in a
circuit. For example, if you started at a position in the closed loop,
followed the path of the current while adding the individual voltage
drops, and returned to the initial position, no volts would be lost or
unaccounted for.

How Circuits Work

SERIES CIRCUITS AND KIRCHOFF’S LAWS Activities
As you recall, a series circuit is a circuit in which the current flows 14. Which statement appropriately
equally through all the components. The current follows one describes the series circuit law
complete path. Three rules explain how current, resistance, and for current?
voltage behave in a series circuit. The first rule follows KCL, and the
third rule follows KVL. The three rules of a series circuit are:
1 Current has a tendency to
Rule 1—Current decrease as it flows across
Current has the same value at any point within a series circuit. points within a series circuit.
2 Current has a tendency to
Rule 1 simply states that the amount of current going into any increase as it flows across
component in a circuit is equal to the amount of current that comes points within a series circuit.
out—that is, exactly the same amount of current flows through every 3 Current has the same resistance
component of a circuit. at every point within a series
circuit.
Rule 2—Resistance 4 Current has the same value at
The resistance values of individual components in a circuit add up any point within a series circuit.
to the Req.
Rule 2 applies to series circuits with several resistors. To the power
supply, the circuit appears to have one resistor, because the sum of the
resistance values in each component is equal to the value of the total
circuit resistance. To find the current or the voltage, first calculate the 15. If the voltage drops in a series
Req. Then, apply Ohm’s Law. circuit are 3 V, 5 V, and 4 V,
what is the total applied voltage
Rule 3—Voltage according to the series circuit
Voltage drops across the individual component resistance values add law?
up to the total applied voltage.
Rule 3 describes the behavior of voltage in a series circuit. In a series 1 12 V, the sum of all voltage
circuit, no matter how many resistors are present, the total voltage drops
drops across all resistors are equal to the total applied, or source, 2 4 V, the sum of all voltage
voltage. For example, the sum of the voltage drops in a series circuit drops/ the number of voltage
connected to a 9 V battery must equal 9 V. drops measured.
3 50 V, the sum of the squares of
the voltage drops measured
4 16.67 V, the sum of the squares
of the voltage drops measured/
the number of voltage drops
measured

How Circuits Work

Activities
16. According to the series circuit law for
resistance, what do the individual
resistance values in a series circuit add
up to?
1 Req
2 1 ohm
3 Total circuit resistance
4 Zero resistance

How Circuits Work

PARALLEL CIRCUITS AND KIRCHOFF’S LAWS Activities
As you recall, a parallel circuit is a circuit in which the current is not 17. Which mathematical equation
the same through all the components unless the resistors are all the should be used to calculate the
same value. In a parallel circuit, there are two or more current Req in a parallel if IT and V are
branches, or paths, for current. Three rules explain how current,
known?
resistance, and voltage behave in a parallel circuit. The first rule
follows KVL, and the second rule follows KCL. The three rules of a
parallel circuit are:
1 R eq= V + IT
2 R eq= V/IT
Rule 1—Voltage
3 Req= V - IT
The same voltage is applied across each individual current branch. 4 R eq= V x IT
Rule 1 describes the behavior of voltage in a parallel circuit. In a
parallel circuit, the voltage in each current branch is equal.
Rule 2—Total Current

The IT is equal to the sum of the individual branch currents.
Rule 2 simply states that the amount of current in each individual
current branch must equal the total current (I1 + I2 + I3 = IT). 18. What must you do before you
analyze and measure a
Rule 3—Equivalent Resistance series-parallel circuit?
Req is equal to the total applied voltage divided by the total current,
and this value is always less than the smallest resistance value in any
1 Isolate the parallel components
one current branch.
and apply the series circuit
Rule 3 is simply an adaptation of Ohm’s Law. Use Ohm’s Law rules.
(Req = V / IT) to calculate the equivalent resistance in a parallel 2 Isolate the series and parallel
circuit. Refer to Measuring Equivalent Resistance on page 18 to components and apply the
review how to find Req using individual resistor values before using series and parallel circuit rules.
Req to analyze the entire circuit. 3 Isolate the series components
and apply the series circuit
rules.
4 Measure all series and parallel
component readings and then
apply the series and parallel
circuit rules.

How Circuits Work

SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS AND KIRCHOFF’S LAWS Activities
The rules for both series and parallel circuits apply to series-parallel
circuits. Examine a series-parallel circuit carefully to determine the
paths the current flows through to return to the source:
1. Isolate the series components and apply the series circuit rules.
2. Isolate the parallel components and apply the parallel circuit
rules.
3. Calculate the Req, IT, and applied voltage values to analyze the
circuit.
Example 1
10 Ω
24 V 8Ω
(a) Calculate the total resistance in the loop.

Solution: R = 10 + 8 = 18 ohms
eq
(b) Calculate the total current in the loop.
Solution: I = 24 / 18 = 1.33 A
T
(c) Calculate the voltage across the 10 ohms resistor.
Solution: V = 1.3 x 10 = 13.3 V
Example 2
24 V
I1 I2 I3
(a) Calculate the total resistance in the circuit.

Solution: R = 1/[(1/8) + (1/6) + (1/2)] = 1.26 ohms
eq
(b) Calculate the total current in the circuit.
Solution: I = 24 / 1.26 = 19 A
T
(c) Calculate I , I and I .
1 2 3
Solution: I = 24 / 8 = 3 A
1
I = 24 / 6 = 4 A
2
I = 24 / 2 = 12 A
3

How Circuits Work

Example 3
10 Ω Activities
I1 I2 I3
24 V
5Ω 5Ω 5Ω
SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS AND KIRCHOFF’S LAWS

(a) Calculate the total resistance in the circuit.
Solution: Req = 1/[(1/5) + (1/5) + (1/(10 + 5))] = 2.14 ohms
(b) Calculate the total current in the circuit.
Solution: I = 24 / 2.14 = 11.2 A
(c) Calculate I , I and I .
Solution: I = 24 / 5 = 4.8 A
I = 24 / 5 = 4.8 A
I = 24 / 15 = 1.6 A
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - LAWS AND ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Process Control Loops
To accurately analyze and measure a process control loop, you will use your knowledge of electrical
parameters, circuits, and the laws and rules that dictate how electrical parameters and circuits behave. In the
field, you must also be familiar with how electrical parameters respond to varying process control
environments at a customer’s site. You must also know how to manipulate and use a volt-ohm-milliammeter to
measure the electrical parameters in a process control loop so you can recommend a specific instrument to a
customer. This section helps you understand process control measurements, how transmitters convey
measurements and use current to regulate process control, and the way in which electrical parameters behave in
a process control loop.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
❑ Use a volt-ohm-milliammeter to measure voltage, current, and resistance at a given point in a loop
❑ Define ground
❑ Briefly describe how to earth ground a typical loop
❑ Given a product data sheet, determine the electrical requirements for an instrument
❑ Briefly describe the 4–20 mA and 1–5 V measurement protocols
❑ Explain the relationship between supply voltage and minimum voltage
❑ Define current draw and explain its importance in a process control loop
❑ Define load limit and load consideration, and explain their importance in a process control loop
❑ Differentiate between system-powered and individual-powered loops
❑ Briefly describe how digital signals can be overlaid on a 4–20 mA loop

Measuring Voltage, Current and Resistance

USING A VOLT-OHM-MILLIAMMETER Activities
As discussed in the previous section, a volt-ohm-milliammeter 1. Which of these measurements are
measures three major electrical parameters in a circuit: current, required for process control?
voltage, and resistance. You will use a volt-ohm-milliammeter to
measure these electrical parameters in control loops so you can
compare the measurements with specific electrical requirements. All 1 Temperature
instruments have electrical requirements that must be met by the 2 Flow
control loop environment to ensure the instruments function 3 Level
properly. 4 Viscosity
Most volt-ohm-milliammeters you use in the field have a number of 5 Pressure
common components. Figure 6.7 on page 26 is an example of a
volt-ohm-milliammeter with each position on the dial labeled. Notice
that the dial position for measuring ohms is shown as “Ω” on the
dial. Figure 6.8 on page 27 is a closer view of a
volt-ohm-milliammeter with the connector components labeled.
Notice that the same connector is used to measure both volts and
ohms.
Measuring Current
2. What does a volt-ohm-
milliammeter(VOM) measure?
Displays
readings using
mVolts Ohms
prefix shorthand
1 Current
mV W Auto-manual
DC switch 2 Voltage
Voltage
V mA
mAmps 3 Power
4 Resistance
AC microAmps
Voltage V PA 5 Wattage
A m$ PA COM VW
3V
Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter(VOM) Dial Positions


Activities
V PA 3. To measure resistance in a
circuit you would use the
____________ position on
Connect to
A m$ PA COM VW Connect to the volt-ohm-milliammeter
measure amps measure volts or (VOM) dial.
ohms
Connect to measure
Always connect the 1. ohm
milliAmps or microAmps
common jack(COM) 2. mV
3. mA
Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter(VOM) Connector Components 4. Which connectors are used

to measure the resistance in a
Safety circuit?
Follow these guidelines when working with electrical components: Select all options that apply.
❑ Do not exceed the voltage and current ratings of the
volt-ohm-milliammeter 1 A: to measure amps
❑ Be aware of all voltages, particularly those over 50 V DC or 2 mAµA: to measure mAmps or µAmps
AC—even a light shock can cause you to react and touch a much 3 vΩ→+: to measure volts or ohms
more dangerous part of the circuitry 4 COM: the common jack
❑ Connect to voltages only when you have the
volt-ohm-milliammeter in a DC or AC measurement dial
position
❑ Circuits with capacitors or uninterruptable power supplies may
still carry a dangerous voltage, even when unplugged 5. Which two connectors, when
❑ There may be voltage drops between equipment and between attached to a circuit, would give
equipment and grounding points (discussed later in this section) you a measurement of 20 mA?
MEASURING VOLTAGE IN DC AND AC CIRCUITS
1 A: to measure amps
Figure 6.9 shows the dial positions and connectors used to measure
2 mAµA: to measure mAmps or µAmps
DC and AC voltage.
3 vΩ→+: to measure volts or ohms
4 COM: the common jack


Meas
Measur ing
ur ing
Voltage
Voltage Activities
6. The COM connector should
always be connected to the
device with a positive lead
wire. Is this statement true or
DC Voltage
false?
AC Voltage
Volts/ohm
Connector
COM Connector
Figure 6.9: Measuring DC and AC Voltage
To Measure DC Voltage
Follow these steps to measure voltage in a DC circuit:
1. Set the volt-ohm-milliammeter to a DC voltage rate higher than 7. While measuring DC voltage,
the approximate voltage. Do not attempt to measure a voltage which are the two connections
that exceeds the maximum range of the meter. for the red lead wire ?
2. To use auto-ranging mode, be sure the auto-manual switch is in

the auto position. To use manual mode, be sure the auto-manual 1 The AC position on the
switch is in the manual position. volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)
3. Connect the black lead wire (negative) to the COM connector dial and the negative side of the
and to the negative side of the circuit component. circuit component.
2 The DC position on the
4. Connect the red lead wire (positive) to the volts/ohms connector volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)
and to the positive side of the circuit component. dial and the negative side of the
5. If you are in manual mode, adjust the meter’s voltage rating to a circuit component.
range that permits accurate readings. 3 The AC position on the
volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)
dial and the positive side of the
circuit component.
4 The DC position on the
dial and the negative side of the
circuit component.


To Measure AC Voltage Activities
Follow these steps to measure voltage for an AC circuit:
8. While measuring AC voltage,
1. Set the volt-ohm-milliammeter to an AC voltage rate higher than which are the two connections
the approximate voltage. Do not attempt to measure a voltage for the black lead wire ?
that exceeds the maximum range of the meter.
2. Use either auto-ranging or manual mode.
1 COM connector and the neutral
3. Connect the black lead wire (negative) to the COM connector or ground on the circuit.
and to the neutral, or ground, on the circuit. 2 AC position on the
4. Connect the red lead wire (positive) to the volts/ohms connector volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)
and to the terminal, or point, on the circuit. dial and the negative side of the
circuit component.
5. If you are in manual mode, adjust the meter’s voltage rating to a 3 AC position on the
range that permits accurate readings. volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)
dial and the positive side of the
circuit component.
4 AC position on the
dial and the neutral or ground
on the circuit .
9. When measuring AC voltage,

which volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)
connector must the red lead wire be
be attached to?
1 A: to measure amps
2 mAµA: to measure mAmps or µAmps
3 vΩ→+: to measure volts or ohms
4 COM: the common jack


MEASURING CURRENT IN DC AND AC CIRCUITS Activities
Volt-ohm-milliammeters measure a broad range of current values in 10. While measuring current,
both DC and AC circuits, from mA and µA to 20 A and above. Safety which are the two connections
precautions are particularly important when measuring current. The for the black lead wire?
higher the amperage, the greater the danger of injurious shock. The
lower the amperage, the higher the sensitivity of the circuit.
Figure 6.10 shows how to connect a volt-ohm-milliammeter to a 1 COM connector and the neutral
circuit to measure current. or ground on the circuit
2 COM connector and the
negative side of the circuit
R (750) 3 COM connector and the
positive side of the circuit
dial and the neutral or ground
on the circuit
V (3 V)
Positive 11. After measuring current in a

Lead circuit, what should be done
I
Negative before removing the lead
Lead wires?
Figure 6.10: Measuring Current in DC and AC Circuits

1 Turn off the power
To Measure DC and AC 2 Disconnect the common jack
Follow these steps to measure current in either a DC or an AC circuit: 3 Disconnect the
1. Disconnect the power source to the circuit unless you have test dial
protection circuitry. Make sure the volt-ohm-milliammeter 4 Switch the
matches the expected current level. volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)
2. Connect the black lead wire (negative) to the COM connector dial off
and to the negative side of the circuit point.
3. Connect the red lead wire (positive) to the current connector on
the volt-ohm-milliammeter according to the current level in the
circuit and to the positive side of the circuit point.
4. Apply power. If there is a reading error, turn off the power, select
a higher current range, and then turn to a lower range.


Activities
12. When measuring current in a circuit,
what determines the dial positions
and connectors used on the
volt-ohm-milliameter (VOM)?
1 Type of lead wires used

2 Current level in the circuit
3 Type of process control loop
4 Type of current


5. After measuring, turn the power off before removing the wires. Activities
Caution: Never connect a current meter directly

across a power source. To do so is dangerous and
will likely damage both the volt-ohm-milliammeter
and the circuit.
TEST CIRCUIT
The current meter circuit of the DVM must be of low impedance (<10
ohms), otherwise the test diode may pass some of the current as the
transmitter output increases in value.
Normally the current flows from the +ve terminal of the power
supply, through the electronics, then from the electronics, through the
test diode, then back to the power supply negative terminal.
250
4.00 mA
24V
Test terminals
shown with the diode.


Activities
13. Resistance can be measured in
POWER Electronics
series because a
Milliammeter SUPPLY volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)
has its own power source. Is
Test
Diode this statement true or false?
When the milliammeter is connected across the test diode, provided

the milliammeter has an impedance of less than 10 ohms, the
loop current will then flow through the milliammeter and not through
the test diode.
Many transmitters manufactured have a test circuit built into their
design. The test circuit enables a direct current measurement to be
taken in parallel with the diode. The circuit of the DVM allows the
current to pass through the meter ensuring quick and accurate
14. When a circuit cannot be
readings of the 4-20 mA transmitter output. Effectively the signal can
opened, what electrical
be measured without opening the loop.
parameters are measured to
calculate resistance?
MEASURING RESISTANCE IN DC AND AC CIRCUITS
A volt-ohm-milliammeter measures resistance by comparing current 1 Power and resistance
and voltage drop across a resistor or other components that have a 2 Current and voltage
recognized current and resistance value within the range of the 3 Voltage and power
volt-ohm-milliammeter. The volt-ohm-milliammeter provides its own 4 Resistance and voltage
power source, usually an internal battery, to create a small voltage and
current source through the lead wires. The power source is
operational only when you use a specific dial position and certain
connectors.
You can see the effect of the power source by shorting the lead wires
together, which causes the needle to deflect to zero in an analog
volt-ohm-milliammeter and gives a nearly zero reading in a digital
volt-ohm-milliammeter. The slight resistance reading is a result of the
resistance of the lead wires themselves. You will usually adjust the
calibration of the volt-ohm-milliammeter to read precisely 0 Ω.
For an accurate resistance measurement, it may be necessary to open
the circuit and measure in series, or out of circuit. Because the
volt-ohm-milliammeter has its own power source, you can open the
circuit (which


Activities
When opening a circuit is not an option, use the
volt-ohm-milliammeter to measure the voltage across 15. While measuring resistance in
the load. With known current in the circuit follow series, which are the two
Ohm’s Law, Kirchoff’s Laws, and the circuit rules to connections for the black lead
determine resistance. wire?
Figure 6.11 shows how to measure resistance in series.

1 COM connector and one side
Measured in
of the resistor
series (out of 2 COM connector and the
R
250.00 circuit)
negative side of the resistor
positive side of the resistor
dial and neutral or ground on
3V E the circuit.
16. While measuring resistance in

I series, which are the two
Polarity does not matter when measuring in series
connections for the red lead
wire?
Figure 6.11: Measuring Resistance in DC and AC Circuits
To Measure DC and AC Resistance in Series 1 COM connector and one side

Follow these steps to measure resistance in DC and AC circuits: of the resistor
1. Connect the black lead wire to the COM connector and the red
negative side of the resistor
lead wire to the volts/ohms connector.
3 Volts/ ohms connector and
2. Disconnect the resistor and attach the lead wires to the either side one side of the resistor
of the resistor. Since the resistor is not connected to the circuit, 4 AC position on the
polarity does not matter. volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)
dial and neutral or ground on
3. If the meter is set to manual mode, you need to select the correct
the circuit.
range. When the meter is set on auto-ranging mode, it selects its
own resistance range.
4. After a few seconds, the volt-ohm-milliammeter stabilizes and
offers an accurate resistance reading.
5. Use your knowledge of prefix shorthand to read the range of the
volt-ohm-milliammeter (e.g., kΩ is 1,000 ohms, MΩ is 1,000,000

Instrumentation Field Wiring

The 24 V DC power supply could come from other sources such as
1. Analog input card in a DCS
2. Programmable Logical Control (PLC)
3. Separate Power supply
250
24 V
The loop resistance must come from either:

1. 250 ohms added to the loop
2. An instrument or device with an internal resistance of
atleast 250 ohms
INSTRUMENT LOOP
The meter could be used to measure the voltage drop across the 250
ohms resistor. When the transmitter is putting out zero percent
or 4 mA the volt meter will read 1 volt. Using Ohms law:
V= I x R, or V = 250 * 0.004
In a typical loop, the 250 ohm resistor could represent a voltage
indicator, and the DVM would be the analog or digital display of an
indicator. The indicator would typically be scaled to show 0-100% or
other units meaningful to the plant.

Instrumentation Field Wiring
1.00 V
250
24 V
TYPICAL LOOP
The example below depicts a typical 4-20 mA loop installed in a plant.
Both the chart recorder and the loop controller add resistance to the
loop. It is important to note that the power supply used for this loop
must have enough current(power) to power all instruments in the loop.
Chart Loop
Recorder Controller
24 V

Grounding Practices
Control loops may or may not be “earth grounded” to help eliminate Activities
electrical interference, or noise. Ground is the common return path for
current in a circuit, usually a wire connected from the circuit to the 17. At what point should the control
earth. To eliminate noise, earth ground a control loop at the same point loop be earthed or grounded?
as the power supply, as in Figure 6.13. The loop should be grounded at
one point, preferably at the negative side of the power supply.
1 From the negative side of the
Chart recorders power supply
2 From the positive side of the
power supply
3 Between the chart recorders
Power 4 Before the chart recorders
supply
–
24 V
24V
Ground
Transmitter
Figure 6.13: Grounding a Control Loop

Figure 6.13 shows the typical grounding practices in a control loop. In
this control loop example, there is a 24 V power supply (from which
the loop is grounded), a transmitter, and two chart recorders. A
transmitter is a process control instrument that converts measurement
values into electrical signals to help regulate process variables. A chart
recorder is another process control instrument that measures voltage
drops and can control voltage within a loop.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - MEASURING CONTROL LOOPS

Electrical Requirements in Control Loops

To help your customers determine which process control instruments, Activities
namely transmitters, will have the greatest impact on the performance
of their process control loops, you need to understand the physical, 18. Why is it important to
functional, and performance specifications of each transmitter. The understand the transmitter’s
manufacturer typically provides a product data sheet (PDS) that lists electrical requirement?
these specifications for each transmitter it sells.
1 Since the electrical

You use a PDS to determine which transmitter to
recommend to a customer, based on the transmitter’s
requirements of a transmitter
specifications and the customer’s control loop help determine which
environment. transmitter to recommend,
based on a customer’s control
This section focuses on the electrical requirements of transmitters. loop environment
Refer to Module 5: Specifications for information on the physical, 2 Since the electrical
functional, and performance specifications of transmitters. requirements of a resistor help
determine which transmitter to
Essentially, a transmitter is a device that converts a measurement recommend, based on a
value from a process control instrument (e.g., a temperature sensor) customer’s control loop
into an electrical signal and sends the signal to another instrument environment
(e.g., a controller device), which performs a certain task (e.g., turns 3 Since the electrical
on a heater coil) based on the value of the transmitter’s signal. requirements of a transmitter
When the pressure is 50 psi, or 50% of span, the transmitter sends help determine which control
an output signal of 12 mA. loop environment should be
used
4 Since the electrical
requirements of a transmitter
help determine if it is
appropriate to use an AC or DC


MEASUREMENT PROTOCOL Activities
When a technician installs a transmitter, he or she sets a specific value 19. The standard measurement
range for a customer’s measurement needs (e.g., 40 °C to 60 °C, 1000 protocols for transmitters are
gallons–2000 gallons). Span is the difference between the lower 0-20 mA and 0-5 V. Is this
range value (LRV) and upper range value (URV) of the transmitter. statement true or false?
The transmitter measures a variable within its span and converts the
variable measurement to an electrical signal. The transmitter uses a
measurement protocol when it sends a signal output.
Transmitters use the 4–20 mA and 1–5 V measurement protocols
most often. The transmitter’s measurement protocol determines the
type of electrical signal the transmitter outputs (i.e., amperes or
volts). The transmitter’s signal output typically instructs another
process control instrument to regulate the process variable.
The transmitter could be considered as a current source. As the 20.. If the operating level range of a
output of the transmitter changes, the current in the loop changes. holding tank is 1000 gallons to
i.e., from <4mA to 20mA> 2000 gallons, the signal output
that a 1-5 V transmitter would
provide at 1000 gallons would
be <1V / 2V / 5V> and at 2000
gallons it would be <1V / 2V / 5V>.


SUPPLY AND MINIMUM VOLTAGE Activities
Supply voltage is the voltage value of the power supply in a control 21. What is the average minimum
loop. Minimum voltage is the amount of voltage a transmitter requires voltage requirement for
to operate properly. On average, transmitters require a 12 V DC transmitters?
minimum voltage, which must always be present at the transmitter
terminal block, measured from the positive (+) and negative (–) signal
connections. The PDS for each transmitter model lists the minimum 1 1 V DC
DC voltage requirements for that model. 2 5 V DC
As you recall, Ohm’s Law dictates how electrical parameters behave 3 12 V DC
in relation to each other (i.e., I = E / R). Thus, as a 4–20 mA 4 20 V DC
transmitter’s output signal (current) increases, the voltage available
for the transmitter decreases, because the voltage drops increase
across all other resistive components in the loop.
For example, if a transmitter outputs 4 mA in a loop with a 250 Ω
resistor, the voltage drop across the resistor is 1V
(4 mA, or 0.004 A, × 250 Ω = 1 V). If the supply voltage is 24 V, the
transmitter has 23 V with which to operate. If the transmitter’s output 22. What is the definition of supply
increases to 20 mA, the voltage drop across the resistor is 5 V voltage?
(20 mA, or 0.020 A, × 250 Ω = 5 V), leaving 19 V for the transmitter.
Assume the loop has 1000 Ω of resistance. At 4 mA, the voltage drop
is 4 V, leaving 20 V for the transmitter. If the transmitter needs to 1 Supply voltage is the total
increase its output to 20 mA, the voltage drop is 20 V, leaving only voltage consumed by the
4 V for the transmitter. If the minimum voltage requirement for the process.
transmitter is 12 V, the transmitter will not operate. 2 Supply voltage is the voltage
value of the power supply in a
control loop.
Before you recommend a specific transmitter model, 3 Supply voltage is the total DC
you must ensure that, under all conditions, there is
voltage of power supplied to
always enough voltage for the transmitter to operate.
the process.
4 Supply voltage is the total AC
The transmitter could beconsidered as a current source. As the
voltage of power supplied to
the output of the transmitter changes, the current in the loop changes.
the process.
i.e., from 4mA to 20mA.


Activities
23. What is the definition of minimum
voltage?
1 Minimum voltage is the amount of

voltage a resistor requires to operate
properly within a control loop.
voltage a transmitter requires to operate
properly within a circuit.
voltage a resistor requires to operate
operate properly within a circuit.
voltage a transmitter requires to
operate properly within a control loop.


LOAD CONSIDERATION AND LOAD LIMIT Activities
Load consideration is the amount of resistance of all instruments 24. What is the definition of load
present in a control loop. Several instruments and components may be consideration?
connected to a loop (e.g., chart recorders, transmitter wires), all of
which have resistance values that must be taken into consideration to
determine the load of the entire loop. 1 Load consideration is the
Load limit is a transmitter specification that indicates the greatest amount of resistance of all
amount of resistance that can be present in a loop while still allowing components present in a control
the transmitter to function properly. To calculate load limit: loop.
2 Load consideration is the
1. Determine the transmitter’s multiplier, found on the transmitter’s total voltage measurement of
PDS all the components present in a
2. Multiply that value × (supply voltage – minimum voltage) control loop.
3 Load consideration is the
Refer to a transmitter’s PDS to find the minimum voltage for that
difference in the amount of
transmitter.
resistance measured by
different transmitters.
Ensure Adequate Current Load consideration is the
4
Once you calculate the load limit, use Ohm’s Law (I = E / R) to resistance found across all
determine if there is enough current left in the loop for a transmitter to components in a circuit.
function at its maximum draw.
For example, a loop with a 24 V power supply has a 4–20 mA
transmitter with a PDS multiplier of 32.5 and a 12 V minimum
25. What is the definition of load
requirement. The load limit is 390 Ω (32.5 × [24 – 12] = 390).
limit?
To determine whether the transmitter can function properly at its
maximum draw, use Ohm’s Law to find the current left in the circuit
(24 V / 390 Ω = 0.062 A, or 62 mA). The transmitter will function 1 Load limit is the maximum
properly at its maximum draw (20 mA). amount of resistance of all the
components present in a control
Examine Load Consideration loop.
2 Load limit is the greatest amount
Be sure to also consider the resistance values of any other instruments
of resistance in a loop that still
and components in the loop (e.g., wires, chart recorders, resistors) to
allows a resistor to function
ensure their equivalent resistance is less than the load limit.
properly.
If the same loop in the example above has a load consideration of 3 Load limit is the greatest amount
40 Ω (the sum of all the resistance values in the loop), then the same of resistance in a loop that still
transmitter would still function properly because there is only 40 Ω allows a resistor to function properly.
out of an allowable 390 Ω used. 4 Load limit is the total resistance
found across all components in a
circuit.


Figure 6.14 shows an example of a load limit chart for a specific Activities
transmitter. A load limit chart appears on a transmitter’s PDS and is a
graphical representation of the load limit equation. As shown in the 26. Using the load limit chart
example, if the transmitter connects to a loop with a presented in Figure 6.14 for
250 Ω load limit, the power supply required for the loop is 16 V. reference, state the power
supply requirement for a
1500
transmitter connencted to a
loop with a 500 ohm limit.
1000
Load (ohms)
1 20 V
2 22 V
500 Operating 3 25 V
region
4 32 V
250
0
10.8 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Power supply (volts)
Figure 6.14: Load Limit Chart
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS IN

CONTROL LOOPS

Types of Control Loops

There are two types of control loops that differ based on the number of Activities
transmitters operating from the power supply in the loop:
❑ Individual-powered loops 27. In an individual-powered loop, a
❑ System-powered loops transmitter has one power source.
• Analog signal output Is this statement true or false?
• Digital signal output
INDIVIDUAL-POWERED LOOPS
In an individual-powered loop, each transmitter requires its own power
supply. Figure 6.15 is an example of two different individual-powered
loops.
The upper drawing in Figure 6.15 shows an individual-powered loop
with several process control instruments using the same power supply.
As you recall, to determine if a transmitter will function in a specific
loop, you must take into consideration the supply voltage, minimum
voltage, load limit, and current draw in the loop.
The lower drawing in Figure 6.15 shows an individual-powered loop
with only a transmitter attached and no other instruments using the
transmitter’s power supply.

Z S
+ -
COMM TEST
FIELD
TERMINALS
Z S
+ -
COMM TEST
FIELD
TERMINALS
Figure 6.15: An Individual-Powered Loop


SYSTEM-POWERED LOOPS—ANALOG SIGNAL OUTPUT Activities
In a system-powered loop with an electrical, or analog, signal output, 28. Each transmitter in a
more than one transmitter operates from the same power supply. Each system-powered loop with an
transmitter in the loop has its own current draw. The power supply in analog signal output carries its
a system-powered loop must be able to handle all of the transmitter own current draw. Is this statement
current draws at full capacity. For example, in a system-powered loop
true or false?
with four transmitters drawing 22 mA each, the power supply must
handle a minimum of 88mA (22 mA × 4 = 88 mA).
Figure 6.16 shows an example of a system-powered loop with an
analog signal output. In Figure 6.16, each interface card in the
distributed control system (DCS) draws on the power supply (PS) to
provide electricity to each transmitter. Each transmitter uses the
electricity to send a measurement signal to its interface card, which in
turn relays the signal to other instruments in the control loop to effect
a change.

Z S
+
COMM
-
TEST
FIC PS
Interface
FIELD
TERMINALS cards 29. Would a power supply that
Z S
handles a maximum of 90 mA
be able to support three
+ -
FIC
COMM TEST
4–20 mA transmitters all
FIELD
TERMINALS
operating at maximum draw?
Z S
+ -
FIC
Yes, because 20 mA x 3 = 60
COMM TEST
1
FIELD
TERMINALS
mA
Z S
2 No, because (20 mA x 3) 2 =
+ -
FIC 3600 mA
COMM
FIELD
TERMINALS
TEST
D CS 3 Yes, because (20 mA x 3) - (4 x

3) = 48 mA
4 No, because 4(20 mA x 3) =
Figure 6.16: A System-Powered Loop with an Analog Signal Output
240 mA


SYSTEM-POWERED LOOPS—DIGITAL SIGNAL OUTPUT Activities
The transmitters in a system-powered loop with a digital signal output 30. The transmitters in a system-powered
operate differently than in any other loop. In a system-powered loop loop with a digital signal use
with a digital signal output, the transmitter’s analog signals are fixed ____________ __________ to
at their lowest signal value (4 mA), so none of the transmitters will relay measurements to a smart card.
actually raise or lower the current in the loop. The transmitters use
.
HART® communication, a digital signal language, to relay process
1. digital communication
variable measurements. HART communication overlays digital
2. analog output
signals onto the transmitters’ standard 4–20 mA signal output to
communicate measurements. 3. pneumatic signal
Figure 6.17 shows an example of a system-powered loop with a

digital signal output. The smart card in the DCS in Figure 6.17 uses
the power supply (PS) to query each transmitter and determine its
process variable measurement. When the transmitter identifies the
query as a valid HART message, the transmitter replies with the 31. A 4-20 mA transmitter signal in a
process variable measurement. system-powered loop with a digital
signal output is fixed at a value of ____.
Refer to Module 8: Communication Technologies for more
.
information about HART communication.

1. 1 mA
Z S
2. 4 mA
+
COMM
-
TEST
Sm art
PS
3. 20 mA
FIC
FIELD
TERMINALS
Smart card
Z S
+ -
COMM TEST
FIELD
TERMINALS
Z S
+ -
COMM TEST
FIELD
TERMINALS
Z S
+ -
COMM
FIELD
TERMINALS
TEST
D CS
Figure 6.17: A System-Powered Loop with a Digital Signal Output
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - TYPES OF CONTROL LOOPS

Module 6: Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 6.1— ELECTRICITY IN PROCESS CONTROL
1. To create a popular beverage, it is essential to get the exact mix of ingredients at
the processing plant. This involves measuring exact levels of holding tanks and
ingredient containers. Concurrently, the process control loop should be developed
and maintained to give precise control and measurements.
Given this scenario, what will be the role of electricity? (Select all options that apply)
(1) Powers the process control instruments used to ensure seamless operation in
the control loop.
(2) Forms the signals that measure and regulate the ingredient flow and holding
tank levels.
(3) It is a medium commonly used to actuate a control valve or the final control
element.
(4) Ensures no variance in the taste of the popular beverage’s flavor.
Page 47 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
EXERCISE 6.2 — BASIC ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS
1. Match each electrical parameter to its correct unit of measure.
(1) Current _____

(2) Resistance _____
(3) Voltage _____
(4) Power _____
(A) Ohms
(B) Watts
(C) Volts
(D) Amperes
2. Match each symbol or unit of measure to its corresponding description.
(1) V _____
(2) volt _____
(3) W (watts) _____
(4) I _____
(5) Ω _____
(A) Unit of measure for resistance

(B) Symbol for current
(C) Unit of measure for voltage
(D) Unit of measure for power
(E) Symbol for voltage
3. The force that causes electrons to flow through a conductor is called __________.
(1) resistance
(2) voltage
(3) power
4. Which of the following statements about resistance in a conductor material is true?
(1) Greater the mass of the conductor, the higher is its resistance.
(2) Resistance depends on the conductor’s length, area, and resistivity.
(3) Resistance depends on the amount time the current takes to flow through a
conductor.
(4) Resistance increases in proportion to the decrease in the conductor’s
temperature.
Workbook Exercises Page 48

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
EXERCISE 6.3 — OHM’S LAW
1. Ohm’s law states that the current in a circuit is __________ proportional to the
voltage.
(1) directly
(2) indirectly
(3) inversely
2. Match each Ohm’s law equation to the correct calculation statement.
(1) I=V/R _____

(2) V=IxR _____
(3) R=V/I _____
(A) Calculate the ohms in a circuit with a 12 volts battery and 8 amperes.
(B) Calculate the amperes in a circuit with a 9 volts source and 5 ohms.
(C) Calculate the volts in a circuit with 16 amperes and 3 ohms.
3.
What would be the current value for the circuit displayed in the given figure?
(1) 0.358 A
(2) 2.79 A
(3) 35.8 A
(4) 358 mA
(5) 3580 mA

4.
What are the resistance values for the circuit displayed in the given figure? (Select
two options that apply)
(1) 12,000 Ω
(2) 30,000 Ω
(3) 300 kΩ
(4) 30 kΩ
(5) 12 kΩ
5.
What is the voltage value for the circuit displayed?
(1) 34 V
(2) 1.88 V
(3) 0.53 V
(4) 12.25 V

EXERCISE 6.4 — CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
1. Match each circuit component to its corresponding function.
(1) Resistor
(2) Capacitor
(3) Inductor
(A) Stores energy and does not allow immediate voltage change.
(B) Opposes current.
(C) Does not allow immediate current change.
2. Which of the following functions attribute to a capacitor? (Select all options that
apply)
(1) Protect circuits from voltage surges.

(2) Act as circuit breakers in the absence of a fuse.
(3) Act as current barriers.
(4) Tune radio circuits.
(5) Store memory in computer chips.

EXERCISE 6.5 — DC AND AC ELECTRICITY
1. Which of the following factor changes in the current running through a series-parallel
circuit with AC electricity?
(1) Value
(2) Polarity
(3) Value and polarity
2.
Given that V1 = 100 V, V2 = 200 V, and I = 25 A, what is the value of R if the switch
(S) is in position A?
(1) 12 Ω
(2) 8Ω
(3) 4Ω
(4) 2Ω
3.
Given that V1 = 250 V, V2 = 225 V, and R = 50 Ω, what is the value of I if the switch
(S) is in position B?
(1) 5A
(2) 4.5 A
(3) 9A
(4) 10 A

EXERCISE 6.6 — BASIC CIRCUIT DEFINITIONS
1. If a parallel circuit has four branches, four unequal resistors, and one voltage source,
the rate of current in each of the branches would not be the same. Is this statement
true or false?
(1) True
(2) False
2. Which of the following statements about the relationship between a series circuit and
current is true?
(1) Current running through a resistor flows at the same rate as the current
running through the voltage source.
(2) Current running through a resistor flows at a slightly slower rate than the
current running through the voltage source.
(3) Current running through a resistor increases as it moves away from the
voltage source.
(4) Current running through a resistor decreases as it moves away from the
voltage source.
3.
If R1 = 60 Ω, R2 = 100 Ω, and R3 = 100 Ω, what is the equivalent resistance (Req) in

the circuit?
(1) Req = 55 Ω
(2) Req = 86.66 Ω
(3) Req = 110 Ω
(4) Req = 260 Ω

4.
If R1 = 6 Ω, R2 = 40 Ω, and R3 = 35 Ω, what is the (Req), rounded to the nearest

hundredth?
(1) Req = 15.54 Ω

(2) Req = 24.52 Ω
(3) Req = 25.52 Ω
(4) Req = 27.00 Ω
5.
If I1 = 30 A and I2 = 15 A, what is the (IT) in the circuit?
(1) 15 A
(2) 22.50 A
(3) 45 A
(4) 450 A

EXERCISE 6.7 — LAWS AND ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
1. In a parallel circuit, if 10 A enters a junction then 10 A will exit the same junction.
State which law supports this statement?
(1) Ohm’s Law

(2) Kirchoff’s Current Law
(3) Newton’s Law of Parallel Circuits
(4) Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
2. According to Kirchoff’s Voltage Law, if V1 = 9 V, V2 = 6 V, and V3 = 12 V, what would

the applied voltage be?
(1) 9V
(2) 27 V
(3) 30 V
(4) 81 V
3. When the circuit has just two resistors, if V1 = 2 V in a series circuit connected to a 9
V battery, what is the voltage drop of V2?
(1) 7V
(2) 9V
(3) 11 V
(4) 18 V
4. In a series circuit, if R1 = 16 Ω, R2 = 10 Ω and R3 = 18 Ω, what would the power

source read as the resistance value?
(1) 12 Ω
(2) 14.66 Ω
(3) 44 Ω
(4) 132 Ω
5. In a 9 V parallel circuit, if I1 = 25 A, what is the amount of voltage carried across I2?
(1) 9V
(2) 17 V
(3) 25 V
(4) 34 V

6. In a parallel circuit with an IT of 40 A, if I1 = 11 A and I2 = 14 A, what is the current
value of I3?
(1) 5A
(2) 15 A
(3) 20 A
(4) 25 A
7. If a parallel circuit connected to a 12 V source has an IT of 2.5 A, what is the Req?
(1) 4.8 Ω
(2) 12 Ω
(3) 14.5 Ω
(4) 30 Ω
8. In a series-parallel circuit, if R1, R2, and R3 are parallel and all carry 15 Ω, and R4 =
8.25 Ω, what is the Req?
(1) 3.25 Ω
(2) 12 Ω
(3) 13.25 Ω
(4) 53.25 Ω

EXERCISE 6.8 — MEASURING CONTROL LOOPS
1.
Select the dial position and connectors used to measure thousandths of amperes in
a circuit.
(1) Ω; and A with COM

(2) MA; and mAµA with COM
(3) µA; and A with mAµA
(4) MV; and mAµA with COM
2.
Specify the dial position and connectors used to measure voltage in an AC circuit.
(1) Ω; and A with COM

(2) µA; and A with mAµA
(3) V; and vΩ→+ with COM
(4) mV; and mAµA with COM

3. Which of the following options is the correct way to attach the COM connector to a
DC circuit when measuring voltage?
(1) Connect the negative wire from the COM connector to the positive side of the
circuit component.
(2) Connect the negative wire from the COM connector to the vΩ→+.
(3) Connect the positive wire from the COM connector to the vΩ→+.
(4) Connect the negative wire from the COM connector to the negative side of
the circuit component.
4. When measuring voltage in AC circuits, always connect the black lead wire from the
COM connector to the __________ on the circuit.
(1) Positive
(2) Ground
(3) Negative
5. Match the measurement values with the correct VOM connectort. Some connectors
may correspond to more than one value.
(1) 40 mA _____
(2) 1000 Ω _____
(3) 16 V _____
(4) 65 A _____
(A) COM connector and A connector

(B) COM connector and mA/µA connector
(C) COM connector and Volts/ohms connector
6. Disconnect the resistor from loop power and connect the volt-ohm-milliammeter
(VOM) in series with the resistor to accurately measure the resistance.
(1) True
(2) False
7. A volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM) measure resistance by comparing which of the

following parameter across a resistor?
(1) Current
(2) Voltage
(3) Current and Voltage

8. How should the COM connector be attached when measuring resistance in a DC or
AC circuit?
(1) Connect the positive wire from the COM connector to either side of the
resistor.
(2) Connect the negative wire from the COM connector to either side of the
resistor.
(3) Connect the negative wire from the COM connector to the negative side of
the resistor.
(4) Connect the negative wire from the COM connector to the positive side of the
resistor.
9. Given that you are unable to measure resistance in series, what would be the
resistance value of a parallel circuit if the IT = 40A, V1 = 6V, V2 = 5V, and V3 = 7.5V?
(Select two options that apply)
(1) 0.4615 Ω
(2) 0.4625 Ω
(3) 58.5 mΩ
(4) 462.5 mΩ
(5) 740 mΩ
10. Which of the following must you avoid when measuring current in a circuit in order to
protect the circuit and the current meter or Ammeter?
(1) Connect a current meter or Ammeter across the test terminals.

(2) Connect a current meter or Ammeter across the power terminals.
(3) Connect the current meter or Ammeter in series in the loop.

EXERCISE 6.9 — ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS IN CONTROL LOOPS
1. A transmitter converts an electrical signal from a sensing element into a __________
signal and sends the signal to a controller to perform a __________.
(1) binary (1) series measurement

(2) multiple (2) certain control action
(3) standard (3) physical actuation of a control valve
2. Which of the following set of symbols represents the units of measurement

commonly used for the standard measurement protocols?
(1) mA and V
(2) µA and V
(3) A and Ω
(4) mµ and V
3. If a technician calibrates a 4-20 mA transmitter to measure pressures between 100

psi and 200 psi, the signal output that the transmitter would provide at 150 psi will be
__________ and at 175 psi the signal output that the transmitter would provide will
be___________.
(1) 4 mA (1) 6 mA
(2) 12 mA (2) 9 mA
(3) 24 mA (3) 16 mA
4. Match each electrical requirement to its appropriate definition.
(1) Supply voltage _____

(2) Load consideration _____
(3) Minimum voltage _____
(4) load limit _____
(5) Current draw _____
(A) Amount of milliamperes a transmitter uses.

(B) Greatest number of ohms in a loop that allows a transmitter to operate
properly.
(C) Voltage value of the power supply in a loop.
(D) Number of volts that must be present at a transmitter’s terminal block at no-
load condition.
(E) Total resistance of all components present in a loop.

5. Based on Ohm’s Law, as a transmitter’s output signal increases, the voltage
available for the transmitter in the loop _____________.
(1) decreases
(2) is unaffected
(3) increases
6. A customer needs to measure the temperature of the liquid in a holding tank within a
50 °C to 100 °C range. The supply voltage in the customer’s control loop is 16 V. The
loop has a 500 Ω load consideration. Why would you or why would you not
recommend a 4-20 mA transmitter with a 12 V minimum voltage requirement to this
customer?
(1) Would not recommend because at maximum draw, the transmitter sends a 20
mA signal.
(2) Would not recommend because at 20 mA the voltage drop across the load is
10V.
(3) Would recommend because the supply voltage in the control loop is 16 V
which is well above the transmitter’s 12 V minimum requirement.
(4) Would not recommend because the transmitter will fail to operate since it has
6 V with which to function and a 12 V minimum voltage requirement.
(5) Would recommend because at maximum draw, the transmitter does send a
20 mA signal.
7. Evaluate the Model 3051CD0 Draft Range product data sheet (PDS) provided
(next page) to locate the data requested for this question
The transmitter data that allows you to calculate the load limit in a control loop
includes the minimum voltage requirement that is given as __________ and the
transmitter multiplier that reads as __________.
(1) 1 V dc (1) 10.5

(2) 100 V dc (2) 43.5
(3) 10.5 V dc (3) 55
8. A customer's control loop has a 24 V power supply. What will be the load limit if a
Model 3051 CD0 transmitter with a transmitter multiplier value of 43.5 and a
minimum voltage requirement of 10.5 V is connected to the loop?
(1) 9Ω
(2) 78 Ω
(3) 587 Ω
(4) 1500 Ω


EXERCISE 6.10 — TYPES OF CONTROL LOOPS
1. Differentiate between an individual-powered loop and a system-powered loop with an
analog signal output, in terms of transmitter power supply requirements. (Select two
options that apply)
(1) In an individual-powered loop, each transmitter has its own power supply.
(2) In an individual-powered loop, the power supply from one transmitter is
shared by other transmitters.
(3) In a system-powered loop with an analog signal output, each transmitter
operates with its independent power supply.
(4) In a system-powered loop with an analog signal output, more than one
transmitter operates from the same power supply.
2. In a system-powered loop with an analog signal output, would a power supply

carrying a maximum of 75 mA, be able to handle four 4-20 mA transmitters operating
at maximum draw?
(1) Yes, because 4-20 mA = 16 x 4 = 64 mA

(2) Yes, because 20 – (4 x 4) = 4 mA
(3) No, because 4(20 mA) x 4 = 320 mA
(4) No, because 20 mA x 4 = 80 mA
3. In a system-powered loop with a digital output signal, the transmitter signals are
__________ in the loop. The transmitters use __________communication to relay
process control measurements

(1) fixed at 20 mA (1) HART

(2) fixed at 4 mA (2) MORSE

(3) floating between 4-20 mA (3) GPRS
4. HART communication __________ each transmitter to determine its process variable

measurement. When the transmitter identifies the query as a valid HART message,
the transmitter sends the variable measurement to a __________.
(1) queries (1) swipe card

(2) informs (2) smart card
(3) instructs (3) decoder

Module 6: Workbook Exercises - Answers
Exercise 6.1 – Electricity in Process Control
1. 1, 2
Exercise 6.2 – Basic Electrical Parameters
1. D, A, C, B
2. E, C, D, B, A
3. 2
4. 2
Exercise 6.3 – Ohm’s Law
1. 1
2. B, C, A
3. 1, 4
4. 2, 4
5. 1
Exercise 6.4 – Circuit Components
1. B, A, C
2. 1, 3, 4, 5
Exercise 6.5 – DC and AC Electricity
1. 3
2. 3
3. 2
Exercise 6.6 – Basic Circuit Definitions
1. 1
2. 1
3. 3
4. 2
5. 3

Module 6: Workbook Exercises - Answers
Exercise 6.7 – Laws and Electrical Circuits
1. 2
2. 2
3. 1
4. 3
5. 1
6. 2
7. 1
8. 3
Exercise 6.8 – Measuring Control Loops
1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 2
5. B, C, C, A
6. 1
7. 3
8. 2
9. 2, 4
10. 2
Exercise 6.9 – Electrical Requirements in Control Loops
1. 3, 2
2. 1
3. 2, 3
4. C, E, D, B, A
5. 1
6. 1, 2, 4
7. 3, 2
8. 3
Exercise 6.10 – Types of Control Loop
1. 1, 4
2. 4
3. 2, 1
4. 1, 2

Module 6: Activity Answers
1. 1,4
1. 1
2. 1
3. 2
4. 1,2
5. 1
6. 4
7. 2
8. 4
9. 4
10. 2
11. 2
How Circuits Works
1. 1
2. 3
3. 2
4. True
5. 2,3
6. True
7. equal
8. True
9. 1
10. 2
11. 1
12. 2,3
13. 2
14. 4
15. 1
16. 1,3
17. 1
18. 2
1. 1,2,3,5
2. 1,2,4
3. 1
4. 3,4
5. 2,4
Page 66 Activity Answers

Module 6: Activity Answers
6. False
7. 4
8. 2
9. 3
10. 2
11. 1
12. 2
13. True
14. 2
15. 1
16. 3
17. 1
18. 1
19. False
20. 1 V, 5 V
21. 3
22. 2
23. 4
24. 1
25. 2
26. 2
27. True
28. True
29. 1
30. 1
31. 2
Activity Answers Page 67


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Instrument Consultant Program

Process Control Fundamentals

Electricity in Process Control ......................................................................................................................... 1

Basic Electrical Forces ................................................................................................................................... 3

How Circuits Work .........................................................................................................................................11

Fundamentals of Electricity For Internal Use Only / ii

Process Control Loops ...................................................................................................................................25

Workbook Exercises .......................................................................................................................................47

Workbook Answers ........................................................................................................................................64

Activity Answers .............................................................................................................................................66

iii / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Electricity

Fundamentals of Electricity For Internal Use Only / iv

Fundamentals of Electricity For Internal Use Only / 1

The Importance of Electricity

SIGNALS AND TRANSMITTERS

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ELECTRICITY IN PROCESS CONTROL

2 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Electricity

Fundamentals of Electricity For Internal Use Only / 3

Basic Electrical Parameters

Table 6.1: Electrical Parameters, Symbols, and Units

Fundamentals of Electricity For Internal Use Only / 4

Basic Electrical Parameters

5 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Electricity

Basic Electrical Parameters

3. How is resistance measured?

4. The amount of current running through

1 Type of conductor material

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - BASIC ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS

Fundamentals of Electricity For Internal Use Only / 6

7 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Electricity

8 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Electricity

Analog and digital measuring devices use prefix

Table 6.2: Prefix Shorthand

Fundamentals of Electricity For Internal Use Only / 9

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - OHM'S LAW

10 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Electricity

Fundamentals of Electricity For Internal Use Only / 11

Current Leading Voltage

Votage Leading Current

1 Inductance is the characteristic of

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

13 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Electricity

+120V 5. Which of the statements define

Figure 6.2: A DC Circuit with Electron Current

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - DC AND AC ELECTRICITY

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Basic Circuit Definitions

Figure 6.3: Series Circuit with DC and Electron Current

Figure 6.4: Parallel Circuit with DC and Conventional Current

15 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Electricity

Basic Circuit Definitions

Figure 6.5: Series-Parallel Circuit with DC

Measuring Total Current

Figure 6.6 on page 18 shows how to calculate IT in a circuit.

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Basic Circuit Definitions

Resistors In Series 10. If R1 = 8, R2 = 14, and R3 = 2,

R2 1 8 Ω, because Req = the total

17 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Electricity

Basic Circuit Definitions

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - BASIC CIRCUIT DEFINITIONS

Fundamentals of Electricity For Internal Use Only / 18

Laws and Electrical Circuits