Measure of Central Tendency

Measures of central tendency are used to describe the middle or center of data set. Averages or
measures of central tendency are also sometimes referred to as measures of location or
measures of position since they enable to locate the position or place of the distribution. So,
measures of central tendency provide a single focal point that describes characteristics of entire
data set.
Commonly used central tendency are mean, median and mode.
Arithmetic Mean (A.M.)
The arithmetic mean is the most popular and widely used measure of central tendency. It is also
called simply ‘the mean’ or ‘the average’. It is also considered as an ideal measure of central
tendency or the best-known measures of central tendency because it satisfies almost all requisites
of ideal measure of central.

Method of Computing Arithmetic Mean

Individual Series
Method Formula
Direct Method
∑X
𝑋̅=
n
By changing
origin(Assumed mean ∑d
𝑋̅= A +
method) n

By changing origin and

Scale ( Step- deviation ∑ dʹ
𝑋̅= A + ∗h
Method) n

Where A= Assumed Mean

d= X- A
X−A
d'= = Step Deviation
h

h= Common factor
Example : Calculate the arithmetic mean of the following data

20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34.

Solution

Here,

No of observations (n) =10

∑X
Mean (𝑋̅) =
n

20+21+23+24+25+28+29+31+32+34 267
= = = 26.7
10 10

Discrete Series

Let X be a random variable which takes the values x 1 , x2 , … , xn with their

respective frequencies f1, f2,… fn, .Then, the arithmetic mean is given by,

Method Formula
Direct Method
∑ fX
𝑋̅=
N
By changing
origin(Assumed mean ∑ fd
𝑋̅= A +
method) N

By changing origin and

Scale ( Step- deviation ∑ fdʹ
𝑋̅= A + ∗h
Method) N
Examples:
From the given data find AM by

a. Direct method
b. By changing origin method (Assumed mean method)
c. Step deviation method.

X 5 15 25 35 45
F 12 15 28 25 20

Solution:

Direct method
X f fx
5 12 60
15 15 225
25 28 700
35 25 875
45 20 900
N= 100 ∑fx= 2760

∑ fX
Now, mean (𝑋̅) =
N

2760
=
100
= 27.6
X 5 15 25 35 45
F 12 15 28 25 20

By changing Origin method

Let assumed mean (A) = 25

X f d= X-A Fd
5 12 5 - 25 = -20 -240
15 15 15-25 = -10 -150
25 28 25 -25 = 0 0
35 25 10 250
45 20 20 400
N= 100 ∑fd= 260

∑ 𝐟𝐝
Now mean (𝑋̅) = 𝐀 +
𝐍
260
=25 +
100

=25 + 2.6
=27.6
Step deviation Method.
Let Assumed mean (A) = 25

Common difference (h) = 5

𝑋−𝐴 𝑋−25
X F d'= = fd'
ℎ 5
5 12 -4 -48
15 15 -2 -30
25 28 0 0
35 25 2 50
45 20 4 80
N= 100 ∑fd'= 52

∑ fdʹ
Now, mean (𝑋̅) =A + ∗h
N

52
= 25 + ∗5
100

=25+ 2.6

= 27.6

Hw: Find AM by Direct, assumed mean and step deviation method.

X 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

F 150 175 193 240 255 230 200 183

Continuous Series
The formula for calculating A.M. in continuous series is same as discrete series but
here Xi is replaced with mid- value (mi) of the class- interval.

Method Formula
Direct Method
∑ fm
𝑋̅=
N
By changing
origin(Assumed mean ∑ fd
𝑋̅= A +
method) N

By changing origin and

Scale ( Step- deviation ∑ fdʹ
𝑋̅= A + ∗h
Method) N
 Where A= Assumed Mean

d= m- A
m−A
d'= = Step Deviation
h

h= Class width

EXAMPLES
From the given data find AM by

a. Direct method
b. By changing origin method
c. Step deviation method.

Class 10 -20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60
Frequency 10 25 30 20 15

Solution:

Direct method
Class F Mid value (m) fm
10 -20 10 15 150
20 - 30 25 25 625
30 - 40 30 35 1050
40 -50 20 45 900
50 - 60 15 55 825
N= 100 ∑fm = 3550

∑ fm
Now mean (𝑋̅) =
N
3550
=
100

=35.5
Assumed mean method:
Let assumed mean (A) =35

Class f m d= m-A = m-35 Fd

10 - 20 10 15 -20 -200
20 - 30 25 25 -10 -250
30 - 40 30 35 0 0
40 - 50 20 45 10 200
50 - 60 15 55 20 300
N= 100 ∑fd=50

∑ fd
Now mean (𝑋̅)= A +
N

50
=35 +
100

= 35 + 0.5

=35.5

Step deviation method

Let Assumed mean (A) = 35
𝑚−𝐴 𝑚−35
Class F m d'= = fd'
ℎ 10
10 - 20 10 15 -2 -20
20 - 30 25 25 -1 -25
30 - 40 30 35 0 0
40 - 50 20 45 1 20
50 - 60 15 55 2 30
N= 100 ∑fd'= 5

∑ fdʹ
Here, mean (𝑋̅) = A + ∗h
N

5
=35 + ∗ 10
100
=35 + 0.5

=35.5 Ans

HW: Find AM .

Mid Value 15 25 35 45 55 65
Frequency 3 5 8 10 7 4

Solution

Since Mid values are given at first data should convert into class interval.

➢ Determine the difference between two consecutive mid-values and divided it

by 2.
25−15
➢
2

➢ 5

➢ For lower limit, subtract it from mid values and for upper limit add it in mid-
values.

Here,

Class 10- 20 20- 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70

Frequency 3 5 8 10 7 4
 Complete as H.W.

Question:

Find AM of given data

Less than Below 10 Below 20 Below 30 Below 40 Below 50

marks
No. of 10 18 28 40 45
students

Solution,

Since the given frequency distribution is less than cumulative frequency

distribution, we first need to convert it into simple frequency distribution as

Marks 0- 10 10- 20 20- 30 30 - 40 40 -50

No. of 10 8 10 12 5
students

Class f m fm d= m-A(25) fd d'= m-A/10 fd'

0- 10 10 5 50 -20 -200 -2 -20
10 - 20 8 15 120 -10 -80 -1 -8
20 - 30 10 25 250 0 0 0 0
30 - 40 12 35 420 10 120 1 12
40 - 50 5 45 225 20 100 2 10
∑fd= -
N= 45 ∑fm= 1065 60 ∑fd'= -6

Now,

From direct method

∑ fm
Now mean (𝑋̅) =
N
 1065
=
45

=23.67
Assumed Mean Method
∑ fd
mean = A +
N

−60
=25 +
45

= 25 - 1.33

=23.67

Step Deviation Method

∑ fdʹ
mean (𝑋̅) = A + ∗h
N

−6
=25 + ∗ 10
45

=25 -1.33

=23.67

Question : From the given frequency distribution find AM

Marks Above Above Above 50 60 70 80 90

(more 20 30 40
than)
No of 100 95 80 60 55 50 30 15
students

Solution

Since the given frequency distribution is more than cumulative frequency

distribution, we first need to convert it into simple frequency distribution as
Marks 20- 30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
No of 5 15 20 5 5 20 15 15
students

Class f m fm
20 - 30 5 25 125
30-40 15 35 525
40-50 20 45 900
50-60 5 55 275
60-70 5 65 325
70-80 20 75 1500
80-90 15 85 1275
90-100 15 95 1425
N = 100 ∑fm= 6350

∑ fm
Now mean (𝑋̅) =
N
6350
=
100

=63.5
HW: Find AM
Marks 0-10 0-20 0-30 0-40 0-50 0-60 0-70 0-80
No of 5 12 25 50 68 84 92 100
Students
Question:
If mean of the given distribution is 15.38, find the missing frequency.
X 10 12 14 16 18 20
F 3 7 ? 20 8 5

S0lution:
Given mean (Ẍ) = 15.38
X f fx
10 3 30
12 7 84
14 f 14f
16 20 320
18 8 144
20 5 100
N= 43 +f ∑fx= 678+14f

∑ 𝐟𝐗
Now, mean (𝑋̅) =
𝐍
𝟔𝟕𝟖+𝟏𝟒𝒇
0r, 15.38 =
𝟒𝟑+𝒇

0r, 661.34+15.38f = 678 + 14f

Or, 15.38f- 14f = 678 - 661.34
Or, 1.38f =16.66
𝟏𝟔.𝟔𝟔
Or, f =
𝟏.𝟑𝟖
Or, f = 12
Hence the missing frequency = 12
Question: If mean of the given data is 30.2, find missing frequencies.
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Total
Frequency 4 a 10 b 10 50

Solution:
Here, Mean (𝑋̅) = 30.2
N= 50

Class f m fm
0-10 4 5 20
10-20 a 15 15a
20-30 10 25 250
30-40 b 35 35b
40-50 10 45 450
N= 24+a+b ∑fm= 720+15a+35b

∑ fm
Now mean (𝑋̅) =
N
720+15𝑎+35𝑏
0r, 30.2 =
50

0r, 720+15a+35b=1510
Or, 15a+35b = 1510-720
Or, 15a+35b=790 ……………. (i)
Again
N=50
Or, 24+a+b =50
Or, a+b = 50-24
Or, a+b = 26
Or, a= 26 -b …………….. (ii)
Substituting the value of a in equation (i)
Or, 15(26-b) +35b= 790
Or, 390 -15b+35b=790
Or, 20b=790-390
Or, 20b= 400
400
Or, b=
20

Or, b=20
From equation (ii)
a = 26-b
or, a = 26-20
or, a= 6
Hence the missing frequencies are
a=6
b=20

HW: Question:
The AM of the given data is 33 find the value of x if the distribution is
x+10, 30, x+20, 4x+5, 40.
Find AM.
Marks 0-10 0-20 0-30 0-40 0-50 0-60
Frequency 12 25 40 60 76 80

Combined Mean

Let n1 be the number of items in first group and their arithmetic mean is
Ẍ1. Again let n2 be the number of items in 2nd group and their arithmetic
mean is Ẍ2. Then the combined mean is denoted by Ẍ12 and defined by

n1 X1 +n 2 X 2
X 12 =
n1 + n 2
Example:
The average wage of 90 male workers of a factory is Rs 700 and
average wage of 70 female workers of same factory is Rs 600. Find
combined wage.
Solution:
Here,
For Male workers for female workers
n1 = 90 n2= 70
Ẍ1 = 700 Ẍ2 =600
Now, combined mean is

n1 X1 +n 2 X 2
X 12 =
n1 + n 2

90∗700+70∗600
=
90+70
105000
=
160

=656.25
 HW: In a class of 50 students 10 have failed and their average of marks
is 2.5. The total marks secured by the entire class were 281. Find the
average marks of those who have passed .

Median

The median is the middle most or central value of the observations made on a
variable when the values are arranged either in ascending order or descending
order.
The place of the median in a series is such that an equal number of items lie on
either side of it, i.e. it splits the observations into two halves.

Data Series Individual Series Discrete Series Continuous Series

Position of Median 𝑁+1 th 𝑁 th

term class
𝑛+1 th 2 2
term
2
Median Corresponding Corresponding 𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓
Value Value 𝐿+ 2 ∗ℎ
𝑓

Individual Series

Find Median.

10, 15, 13, 18, 17, 22, 27

Solution:
Arranging the data in ascending order

10,13,15,17,18,22,27
Number of observations (n) = 7

𝑛+1 th
Position of median= term
2
7+1 th
= term
2
= 4 th term

Hence Median = 17

Find Median.

10, 15, 20, 18, 26, 22, 27,30, 31, 32

Solution:
Arranging the data in ascending order

10, 15,18, 20, 22, 26, 27,30,31,32

Number of observations (n) = 10

𝑛+1 th
Position of median= term
2
10+1 th
= term
2
= 5.5 th term
Here median lies in between 22 and 26.
𝟐𝟐+𝟐𝟔
Hence Median =
𝟐
=24
OR
So, Median = 5 term + 0.5(6th term - 5th term)
th

= 22 +0.5(26-22)
=22+0.5*4
=22+2
=24

Find Median:
 a. 10,12,20,25,18,26,35,32,15
b. 120,340,250,660,820,780

Discrete Series

Find Median

Marks 10 20 30 40 50 60
No of 5 8 10 12 9 6
students

Solution:
Marks(X) f Cf
10 5 5
20 8 13
30 10 23
40 12 35
50 9 44
60 6 50
N=50

𝑁+1 th
Position of Median = term
2
50+1 th
= term
2
=25.5 th term

Here cf just greater than 25.5 is 35. Its corresponding value is 40.

Hence Median = 40

Continuous Series

Find Median of given data.

Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
Frequency 4 8 12 15 10 7

Solution:
Class F Cf
0-10 4 4
10-20 8 12
20-30 12 24
30-40 15 39
40-50 10 49
50-60 7 56
N=56

𝑁th
Position of median = class
2
56 th
= class
2
=28 th class
Cf just greater than 28 is 39. It corresponding class is (30-40)
So median lies in between 30 and 40

𝑁
−𝑐𝑓
2
Median=𝐿 + ∗ℎ
𝑓
28−24
=30 + ∗ 10
15

4
=30 + ∗ 10
15
=30+2.667
=32.667

HW: Find Median.

a. From 10 students of class who appeared in examination three of them
were failed and marks obtained by remaining students were 57,
66,85,74,61,90 and 59. Calculate the median of all students.
b.
X 2 4 6 8 10
F 10 20 25 15 5

c.
Marks (More 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
than)
No of 100 90 75 50 35 25 15
students

Partition Values :
1. Quartiles
2. Deciles
3. Percentiles

Quartiles:

Quartile is that value which divides the total distribution into four equal parts. So
there are three quartiles, i.e. Q1, Q2 and Q3 . Q1, Q2 and Q3 are termed as first
quartile, second quartile and third quartile or lower quartile, middle quartile and
upper quartile respectively.

Deciles:

Deciles are those values which divide the series into ten equal parts. There are
nine deciles i.e. D1, D2, D3…….. D9 in a series.

Percentiles:

Percentiles are the values which divides the series into hundred equal parts. There
are 99 percentiles i.e. P1, P2, P3, ……..,P99 in a series.
 Individual Data Discrete Data Continuous Data

𝑖(𝑁)
= th class
Position of Qi 𝑖(𝑛+1) 𝑖(𝑁+1) 4
= th term = th term 𝑁
𝑖( ) − 𝐶𝑓
4 4 4
Q i= L + ∗ℎ
𝑓

𝑖(𝑁)
= th class
Position of Di 𝑖(𝑛+1) 𝑖(𝑁+1) 10
= th term = th term 𝑁
𝑖( ) − 𝐶𝑓
10 10 10
D i= L + ∗ℎ
𝑓
𝑖(𝑁)
= th class
Position of Pi 𝑖(𝑛+1) 𝑖(𝑁+1) 100
= th term = th term 𝑖(
𝑁
) − 𝐶𝑓
100 100 100
Pi= L + ∗ℎ
𝑓

Individual Series
𝑖(𝑛+1)th
Position of Qi = term ; i= 1,2,3
4

𝑖(𝑛+1)th
Position of Di = term; i = 1, 2 ,3 ……..,9
10

𝑖(𝑛+1)th
Position of Pi = term; i= 1, 2, 3,………99
100

Question:

Find Q1, D6 and P75

10,11,14,12,20,18,17,16,22,21,25
Solution:

Arranging the data in ascending order.

10,11,12,14,16,17,18,20,21,22,25

Number of observations (n) = 11

(𝒏+𝟏)th
Position of Q1= term
𝟒

(11+1)th
= term
4

=3rd term

Hence, Q1= 12
6(𝑛+1)th
Position of D6 = term
10

6(11+1)th
= term
10

=7.2th term

So D6 = 7th term+0.2(8th term-7th term)

=18+ 0.2(20-18)

=18+0.4

=18.4
75(𝑛+1)th
Position of P75 = term
100

75(11+1)th
= term
100

=9th term

Hence P75= 21

Discrete Series
 𝑖(𝑁+1)th
Position of Qi = term ; i= 1,2,3
4

𝑖(𝑁+1)th
Position of Di = term; i = 1, 2 ,3 ……..,9
10

𝑖(𝑁+1)th
Position of Pi = term; i= 1, 2, 3,………99
100

Calculate Q1, Q3 , P90, P10 , D6, D8 of given data.

Marks 40 50 60 70 80 90
Frequency 12 16 20 23 18 11

Solutions
Marks (X) Frequency (f) Cf
40 12 12
50 16 28
60 20 48
70 23 71
80 18 89
90 11 100
Total N = 100

(𝑁+1) th
Position of Q1 = term
4

(100+1) th
= term
4

= 25.25 th term

Here cf just greater than 25.25 is 28. Its corresponding value is 50.

So Q1 = 50
3(𝑁+1) th
Position of Q3 = term
4
 3(100+1) th
= term
4

= 75.75 th term

Here cf just greater than 75.75 is 89. Its corresponding value is 80.

So Q3 = 80
90(𝑁+1)
Position of P90 = th term
100

90(100+1)
= th term
100

=90.9 th term

Here cf just greater than 90.9 is 100. Its corresponding value is 90.

So , P90= 90
10(𝑁+1) th
Position of P10 = term
100

10(100+1) th
= term
100

=10.1 th term

Here cf just greater than 10.1 is 12. Its corresponding value is 40.

So , P10= 40
6(𝑁+1) th
Position of D6 = term
10

6(100+1) th
= term
10

=60.6 th term

Here cf just greater than 60.6 is 71. Its corresponding value is 70.

So , D6= 70
8(𝑁+1) th
Position of D8 = term
10
 8(100+1) th
= term
10

=80.8 th term

Here cf just greater than 80.8 is 89. Its corresponding value is 80.

So , D8= 80

Continuous Series
Quartiles:

Find Q1, D5 and P80.

Height Below 5 5 - 10 10 - 15 15- 20 20 - 25

Frequency 5 7 8 6 2

Solution,

Height (Class) Frequency (f) Cf

Below 5 5 5
5 - 10 7 12
10 - 15 8 20
15- 20 6 26
20 - 25 2 28

𝑁 th
Position of Q1 = class
4

28 th
= class
4

= 7 th class

Here cf just greater than 7 is 12. Its corresponding class is (5-10). So Q1 lies in
class 5-10
𝑁
− 𝐶𝑓
4
So, Q1= L + ∗ℎ
𝑓
 7−5
=5+ ∗5
7

10
= 5+
7

=5 + 1.429

=6.429

For Decile;
5𝑁 th
Position of D5 = class
10

5∗ 28 th
= class
10

= 14 th class

Here cf just greater than 14 is 20. Its corresponding class is (10-15). So D5 lies in
class 10-15
5𝑁
− 𝐶𝑓
10
So, D5= L + ∗ℎ
𝑓

14−12
=10+ ∗5
8

10
= 10+
8

=10 + 1.25

=11.25 Ans

Height (Class) Frequency (f) Cf

Below 5 5 5
5 – 10 7 12
10 – 15 8 20
15- 20 6 26
20 – 25 2 28
 𝟖𝟎𝑵 th
Position of P80 = class
𝟏𝟎𝟎

80∗ 28 th
= class
100

= 22.4 th class

Here cf just greater than 22.4 is 26. Its corresponding class is (15-20). So P80 lies in
class 15-20.
80𝑁
− 𝐶𝑓
100
So, P80= L + ∗ℎ
𝑓

22.4−20
=15+ ∗5
6

12
= 15+
6

=15 + 2

=17 Ans

Question:
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
No of 5 8 9 10 12 10 7 6
students
From the given frequency table find

Maximum marks obtained by lower 25% students. (Q1)

Minimum marks obtained by upper 25% students.

Marks obtained by middle 40% Students.

MODE

The mode or the modal value is that value in a series of observations which occurs
with the greatest frequency or must repeated value of data series.

For Individual:

Mode = Most repeated value.

For Discrete Data :

Mode = Number having maximum frequency.

For Continuous Data

𝑓1−𝑓0
Mode = 𝐿 + ∗ℎ
2𝑓1−𝑓0−𝑓2

Ex: Find mode:

3, 5,8,5,4,5,9,3

Mode = Most repeated value

= 5.

Age 5 7 10 12 15 18

No. of Boys 4 6 9 7 5 3

Mode = Number having maximum frequency

= 10

Hence mode= 10

Find mode.

Class 10-20 20- 30 30- 40 40- 50 50- 60 60- 70

F 90 110 160 150 120 80

Solution,

X F
10 – 20 90
20 -30 110 (f0)
30 – 40 160 (f1)
40- 50 150 (f2)
50 – 60 120
60 - 70 80

Here maximum frequency is 160. Mode lies in between (30 - 40)

𝑓1−𝑓0
Mode = 𝐿 + ∗ℎ
2𝑓1−𝑓0−𝑓2

160−110
= 30 + ∗ 10
2∗160−110−150
50
= 30 + ∗ 10
60
= 30+8.33
=38.33
Hence, Mode = 38.33

Measure of Dispersion

Dispersion

The word dispersion means deviation or difference. Measures of dispersion

indicate the extent to which individual observations vary from their averages i.e.
mean, median or mode. It shows the spread of items of a series from their central
value. This is otherwise known as variation or dispersion.

Definitions:

“Dispersion is the measure of variation of the variables about a central value”.

“Dispersion is a measure of the extent to which the individual items vary”.

Types of measures of dispersion:

The following are the important measures of dispersion.

1) Range
2) Quartile deviation or Semi-inter quartile range.
3) Mean absolute deviation or Mean deviation
4) Standard deviation

Absolute measure Relative Measure

Range Coefficient of range
Q.D or semi -inter quartile range Coefficient of Q. D
Mean Deviation Coefficient of mean deviation
Standard Deviation Coefficient of Variance

1. Range

It is the simplest measure of dispersion among all. Range is defined as the

difference between the largest (Highest) and smallest (Lowest) value from given
observations. If L denotes the largest value and S denotes smallest value than,

Range= L - S
𝑳−𝑺
Coefficient of Range=
𝑳+𝑺

Examples

For individual Series

a. Find Range and its Coefficient.

 12, 17, 23, 30, 14, 50, 44, 48

Solution,
Largest value (L) = 50
Smallest value (S) = 12
Range (R) = L- S
= 50- 12
=38 Ans

𝐿−𝑆
Coefficient of Range=
𝐿+𝑠
50−12
=
50+12
38
=
62

=0.6129

Find Range and Coefficient of Range.

X 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
F 6 22 27 36 28 19 10

Solution,

Largest value (L) = 70

Smallest value (S) = 10
Range (R) = L- S
= 70- 10
=60

𝐿−𝑆
Coefficient of Range =
𝐿+𝑠

70−10
=
70+10
60
=
80
 =0.75

Range and Coefficient of Range.

Class 0- 10 10- 20 20- 30 30-40 40- 50 50- 60 60 -70

Frequency 6 22 17 36 28 19 10

Solution,

Largest value (L) = 70

Smallest value (S) = 0
Range (R) = L- S
= 70- 0
=70

𝐿−𝑆
Coefficient of Range =
𝐿+𝑠
70−0
=
70+0
70
=
70
=1.0

QUARTILE DEVIATION

Quartile deviation is measure of dispersion based on upper quartile and lower

quartile.

a. Inter-quartile Range= Q3 - Q1
1
b. Semi - inter quartile Range or (Quartile Deviation) = (Q3 - Q1)
2
Q3 − Q1
c. Coefficient of Quartile Deviation =
𝑄3+𝑄1

Question:

Find QD and its coefficient.

10,11,14,12,20,18,17,16,22,21,25

Solution:
Arranging the data in ascending order.

10,11,12,14,16,17,18,20,21,22,25

Number of observations (n) = 11

(𝒏+𝟏)th
Position of Q1= term
𝟒

(11+1)th
= term
4

=3rd term

Hence, Q1= 12
𝟑(𝒏+𝟏)th
Position of Q3 = term
𝟒

3(11+1)th
= term
4

=9th term

Hence, Q3 = 21

Inter-quartile Range= Q3 - Q1 = 21-12 = 9

1 1
Quartile Deviation = (Q3 - Q1)= (21- 12) = 9/2 = 4.5
2 2

(Q3 − Q1) (21− 12)

Coefficient of Quartile Deviation = = =9/33 = 0.2727
𝑄3+𝑄1 21+12

Calculate QD and its coefficient of given data.

Marks 40 50 60 70 80 90
Frequency 12 16 20 23 18 11

Solutions
Marks (X) Frequency (f) Cf
40 12 12
50 16 28
 60 20 48
70 23 71
80 18 89
90 11 100
Total N = 100

(𝑁+1) th
Position of Q1 = term
4

(100+1) th
= term
4

= 25.25 th term

Here cf just greater than 25.25 is 28. Its corresponding value is 50.

So Q1 = 50

3(𝑁+1) th
Position of Q3 = term
4

3(100+1) th
= term
4

= 75.75 th term

Here cf just greater than 75.75 is 89. Its corresponding value is 80.

So Q3 = 80

Inter-quartile Range= Q3 - Q1 = 80-50 = 30

1 1
Quartile Deviation = (Q3 - Q1)= (80- 50) = 30/2 = 15
2 2

Q3 − Q1 80− 50
Coefficient of Quartile Deviation = = =30/130 = 0.2307
𝑄3+𝑄1 80+50

Find QD and its coefficient.

Height Below 5 5 - 10 10 - 15 15- 20 20 - 25

Frequency 5 7 8 6 2
Solution,

Height (Class) Frequency (f) Cf

Below 5 5 5
5 - 10 7 12
10 - 15 8 20
15- 20 6 26
20 - 25 2 28

𝑁 th
Position of Q1 = class
4

28 th
= class
4

= 7 th class

Here cf just greater than 7 is 12. Its corresponding class is (5-10). So Q1 lies in
class 5-10
𝑁
− 𝐶𝑓
4
So, Q1= L + ∗𝑖
𝑓

7−5
=5+ ∗5
7

10
= 5+
7

=5 + 1.429

=6.429

3𝑁 th
Position of Q3 = class
4

3∗28 th
= class
4

= 21 th class
Here cf just greater than 21 is 26. Its corresponding class is (15-20). So Q3 lies in
class 15-20
3𝑁
− 𝐶𝑓
4
So, Q3 = L + ∗𝑖
𝑓

21−20
=15+ ∗5
6

5
= 15+
6

=15 + 0.83

=15.83

Inter-quartile Range= ?

Quartile Deviation = ?

Coefficient of Quartile Deviation =?

Mean Deviation
Mean Deviation from Mean

Mean Deviation from Median

Mean Deviation from Mode

Mean Deviation from Mean

Data Individual Series Discrete series Continuous Series

Mean deviation ∑ |𝑋 − 𝑋̅ | ∑ 𝑓|𝑋 − 𝑋̅| ∑ 𝑓|𝑚 − 𝑋̅|
from mean 𝑛 𝑁 𝑁

𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
Coefficient of MD from mean=
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
| |=modulus (Always gives positive value only)

|5|=5

|-7|=7

2 Mean Deviation from Median

Individual Series Discrete series Continuous Series

MD from Median ∑ |𝑋 − 𝑀𝑑| ∑ 𝑓|𝑋 − 𝑀𝑑| ∑ 𝑓|𝑚 − 𝑀𝑑|
𝑛 𝑁 𝑁

𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
Coefficient of MD from Median=
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

Mean Deviation from Mode

Individual Series Discrete series Continuous Series

MD from mode ∑ |𝑋 − 𝑀𝑜| ∑ 𝑓|𝑋 − 𝑀𝑜| ∑ 𝑓|𝑚 − 𝑀𝑜|
𝑛 𝑁 𝑁

𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒
Coefficient of MD from mood =
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒

Numerical

For Individual Series

Mean Deviation Individual Series

Mean deviation from mean ∑ |𝑋 − Ẍ|
𝑛
Mean deviation from median ∑ |𝑋 − 𝑀𝑑|
𝑛
Mean deviation from mode ∑ |𝑋 − 𝑀𝑜|
𝑛
 𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
Coefficient of MD from mean=
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
Coefficient of MD from median =
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
Coefficient of MD from mode=
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒

Find MD from mean, median and mode and also its respective coefficient.

20, 25, 30, 30, 38, 40

Solution,

For mean deviation from mean

X |X- Ẍ|= |X- 30.5|

20 |20- 30.5|=10.5
25 |25- 30.5|=5.5
30 0.5
30 0.5
38 7.5
40 9.5
∑ 𝑋 = 183 ∑ |X − Ẍ| = 34

∑𝑋
Mean =
𝑛

183
=
6

= 30.5
∑ |𝑋−Ẍ| 34
Now, Mean deviation from mean = = = 5.667
𝑛 6
 𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 5.667
Again, Coefficient of MD from mean= = = 0.1858
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 30.5

For mean deviation from median

20, 25, 30, 30, 38, 40

No of observations (n) = 6
𝑛+1 th
Position of median = term
2

6+1th
= term
2

= 3.5 th term

So, median = 3rd term + 0.5 (4th term - 3rd term)

= 30 + 0.5(30 - 30)

= 30

X |X- Md|= |X- 30|

20 10
25 5
30 0
30 0
38 8
40 10
∑ |X − Md| = 33

∑ |𝑋−𝑀𝑑| 33
Now, Mean deviation from median = = = 5.5
𝑛 6

𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
Again, Coefficient of MD from median=
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

5.5
= = 0.1833
30

For mean deviation from mode

20, 25, 30, 30, 38, 40

Here, maximum repeated number is 30.

So its mode = 30

X |X- Mo|= |X- 30|

20 10
25 5
30 0
30 0
38 8
40 10
∑ |X − Mo| = 33

∑ |𝑋−𝑀𝑜|
Now, Mean deviation from mode=
𝑛

33
=
6

= 5.5
𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
Again, Coefficient of MD from mode =
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒

5.5
=
30

= 0.1833

HW: Find MD from mean, median and mode and also its respective coefficient.

850, 360, 420, 760, 550, 610, 930, 705, 1000

For Discrete series

Mean Deviation Individual Series
Mean deviation from mean ∑ 𝑓|𝑋 − Ẍ|
𝑁
Mean deviation from median ∑ 𝑓|𝑋 − 𝑀𝑑|
𝑁
Mean deviation from mode ∑ 𝑓|𝑋 − 𝑀𝑜|
𝑁

𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
Coefficient of MD from mean=
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
Coefficient of MD from median =
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
Coefficient of MD from mode=
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒

Find MD from mean, median and mode and also its respective coefficient.

X 10 20 30 40 50 60
F 12 17 24 26 20 16

1. For mean deviation from mean.

X f. Fx |X-Ẍ|= |X-36.35| f|X-Ẍ|

10 12 120 |10- 36.35| =26.35 316.2
20 17 340 16.35 277.95
30 24 720 6.35 152.4
40 26 1040 3.65 94.9
50 20 1000 13.65 273
60 16 960 23.65 378.4
Total N= 115 ∑fx= 4180 ∑f|X - Ẍ| =1492.85

∑ 𝑓𝑋
Now, Mean =
𝑁

4180
=
115
 = 36.35
∑ 𝑓|𝑋−Ẍ|
Now, Mean deviation from mean =
𝑁

1492.85
=
115

= 12.98
𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
Again, Coefficient of MD from mean=
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

12.98
= = 0.3571
36.35

2. For mean deviation from Median

X f. Cf |X-Md|= |X-40| f|X-Md|

10 12 12 30 360
20 17 29 20 340
30 24 53 10 240
40 26 79 0 0
50 20 99 10 200
60 16 115 20 320
Total N= 115 ∑f|X-Md|= 1460

𝑁+1th
Position of median= term
2

115+1th
= term
2

= 58 th term

Here cf just greater than 58 is 79. Its corresponding value is 40.

Hence, Median= 40
∑ 𝑓|𝑋−𝑀𝑑|
Now, Mean deviation from median=
𝑁

1460
=
115
 = 12.69
𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 12.69
Again, Coefficient of MD about median= = = 0.3173
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 40

Mean deviation from mode.

X 10 20 30 40 50 60
F 12 17 28 26 20 16
Solution,

X F |X- Mo|= |X-30| f|X-Mo|

10 12 20 240
20 17 10 170
30 28 0 0
40 26 10 260
50 20 20 400
60 16 30 480
Total N= 119 ∑f|X-Mo|= 1550

Here maximum frequency is 28. Its corresponding value is 30.

Hence, Mode = 30
∑ 𝑓|𝑋−𝑀𝑜|
Now, Mean deviation from mode=
𝑁

1550
=
119

= 13.025
𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
Again, Coefficient of MD about mode=
𝑀𝑂𝑑𝑒

13.025
=
30

= 0.434
 3. Continuous Series

Mean Deviation Individual Series

Mean deviation from mean ∑ 𝑓|𝑚 − Ẍ|
𝑁
Mean deviation from median ∑ 𝑓|𝑚 − 𝑀𝑑|
𝑁
Mean deviation from mode ∑ 𝑓|𝑚 − 𝑀𝑜|
𝑁

𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
Coefficient of MD from mean=
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
Coefficient of MD from median =
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
Coefficient of MD from mode=
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒

Find MD from mean, median and mode and also its respective coefficient.

Class 10-20 20- 30 30- 40 40- 50 50- 60 60- 70

F 90 110 160 150 120 80

For mean deviation from mean.

Class f M Fm |m-Ẍ|=|m-39.788| f*|m-Ẍ|

10- 20 90 15 1350 24.788 2230.92
20- 30 110 25 2750 14.788 1626.68
30- 40 160 35 5600 4.788 766.08
40- 50 150 45 6750 5.212 781.8
50 - 60 120 55 6600 15.212 1825.44
60- 70 80 65 5200 25.212 2016.96
Total N= 710 ∑fm= 28250 ∑f|m - Ẍ| =
9247.88

∑ 𝑓𝑚
Now, Mean =
𝑁
 28250
=
710

= 39.788
∑ 𝑓|𝑚−Ẍ|
Now, Mean deviation from mean =
𝑁

9247.88
=
710

= 13.025
𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
Again, Coefficient of MD about mean=
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

13.025
=
39.788

= 0.3273

Class 10-20 20- 30 30- 40 40- 50 50- 60 60- 70

F 90 110 160 150 120 80

Mean deviation from Median

Class F Cf m |m-Md|= |m-39.68| f*|m-Md|

10- 20 90 90 15 24.68 2221.2
20- 30 110 200 25 14.68 1614.8
30 - 40 160 360 35 4.68 748.8
40 - 50 150 510 45 5.32 798
50 - 60 120 630 55 15.32 1838.4
60- 70 80 710 65 25.32 2025.6
Total N= 710 ∑f|m-Md|= 9246.8

𝑁 th
Position of median= class
2
 710th
= class
2

= 355 th class

Here cf just greater than 355 is 360 .So median lies on class (30 - 40)

𝑁
−𝑐𝑓
2
Median = 𝐿 + ∗𝑖
𝑓

355−200
=30 + ∗ 10
160

= 30+ 9.68 =39.68

∑ 𝑓|𝑚−𝑀𝑑|
Now, Mean deviation from median=
𝑁

9246.8
=
710

= 13.023
𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
Again, Coefficient of MD from median=
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

13.023
=
39.68

= 0.3282

Mean deviation from mode.

Class 10-20 20- 30 30- 40 40- 50 50- 60 60- 70

F 90 110 160 150 120 80

Solution,
X F m |m- Mo|= |m-38.33| f *|m-Mo|

10 - 20 90 15 23.33 2099.7
20 -30 110 (f0) 25 13.33 1467.3
30 - 40 160 (f1) 35 3.33 532.8
40- 50 150 (f2) 45 6.67 1000.5
50 - 60 120 55 16.67 2000.4
60 - 70 80 65 26.67 2133.6
Total N= 710 ∑f|m-Mo|= 9234.3

Here maximum frequency is 160. Mode lies in between (30 - 40)

𝑓1−𝑓0
Mode = 𝐿 + ∗𝑖
2𝑓1−𝑓0−𝑓2

160−110
= 30 + ∗ 10
2∗160−110−150

50
= 30 + ∗ 10
60

= 30+8.33

=38.33

Hence, Mode = 38.33

∑ 𝑓|𝑚−𝑀𝑜|
Now, Mean deviation from mode =
𝑁

9234.3
=
710

= 13.006
𝑀𝐷 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
Again, Coefficient of MD from mode =
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒

13.006
=
38.33

= 0.339
 Find Mean Deviation from mean, median and mode. Also find their respective
coefficients.

CI 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

Frequency 4 6 10 8 2

20, 18,14,22,26,30

X 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
F 3 5 9 11 8 6 4

Standard Deviation

Data Series Actual Mean Direct Method Shortcut Method

Method
Individual ∑ 𝒙² ∑𝒙 ∑ 𝑑² ∑𝑑
∑(𝑋 − Ẍ)² √ −( )² √ −( )²
Series SD (σ) √ 𝒏 𝒏 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛
Discrete
∑ 𝑓(𝑋 − Ẍ)² ∑ 𝒇𝑿² ∑ 𝒇𝑿 ∑ 𝑓𝑑² ∑ 𝑓𝑑
Series SD (σ) √ √ −( )² √ −( )²
𝑁 𝑵 𝑵 𝑁 𝑁
Continuous
∑ 𝑓(𝑚 − Ẍ)² ∑ 𝒇𝒎² ∑ 𝒇𝒎 ∑ 𝑓𝑑² ∑ 𝑓𝑑
Series SD (σ) √ √ −( )² √ −( )²
𝑁 𝑵 𝑵 𝑁 𝑁

Where , d = X-A ( For Discrete Series)

d= m- A (For Continuous Series)
and , A= Assumed mean.

Variance:

The Square of the SD is known as Variance.

Variance = (SD)2
 𝝈
Coefficient of Variance= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Ẍ

𝑺𝑫
= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏

For individual Series

Find standard deviation.

10, 13, 15, 16, 21, 24, 27, 30

i. Actual mean method

ii. Direct method
iii. Short cut method.

Actual mean Method:

X (X-Ẍ) = (X - 19.5) (X-Ẍ)²

10 10-19.5= -9.5 90.25
13 13-19.5= -6.5 42.25
15 -4.5 20.25
16 -3.5 12.25
21 1.5 2.25
24 4.5 20.25
27 7.5 56.25
30 10.5 110.25
∑x= 156 ∑(X-Ẍ)²= 354

∑𝑥
Here, Mean (Ẍ) =
𝑛
156
=
8
= 19.5
 ∑(𝑋 − Ẍ)2
𝑆𝐷 = √
𝑛

354
=√
8

= √44.25

=6.6520

Variance = (SD)2

=(6.6520)2

=44.25
𝝈
Coefficient of Variance= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Ẍ

𝟔.𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟎
= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟏𝟗.𝟓

=34.11

Direct method.

X X2
10 100
13 169
15 225
16 256
21 441
24 576
27 729
30 900
∑X= 156 ∑X2 =3396
 ∑ 𝒙² ∑𝒙
SD= √ −( )²
𝒏 𝒏

3396 156
=√ −( )²
8 8

=√424.5 − 380.25

=√𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟓

=6.6520

Short cut method.

Let assumed mean (A) = 21

X d=X-A = X-21 d2
10 -11 121
13 -8 64
15 -6 36
16 -5 25
21 0 0
24 3 9
27 6 36
30 9 81
∑d= -12 ∑d2=372

∑ 𝑑² ∑𝑑
SD =√ −( )²
𝑛 𝑛

372 −12
=√ −( )²
8 8

=√46.5 − 2.25
=√44.25

=6.6520

Variance= (SD)²

=(6.6520)²

=44.249
𝝈
Coefficient of Variance= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Ẍ

𝟔.𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟎
= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟏𝟗.𝟓

=34.1128%

HW.

Find SD, Variance and Coefficient of variance.

a. 112, 125, 130, 132, 133, 133, 139, 140, 145

b. 50, 50, 50, 50 , 50, 50

Discrete Series

Find standard deviation.

X 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
F 10 15 18 20 16 11 8
Solution:

X F fx X2 fX2
6 10 60 36 360
8 15 120 64 960
10 18 180 100 1800
 12 20 240 144 2880
14 16 224 196 3136
16 13 208 256 3328
18 8 144 324 2592
N= 100 ∑fX= 1176 ∑fX2= 15056

SD= 3.50

HW: Find SD, Variance and COV

X 10 20 30 40 50 60
F 100 120 150 200 180 140

Continuous Series

Class 300- 400- 500- 600- 700- 800- 900- 1000- 1100-
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
F 20 40 56 78 71 59 50 18 8

Direct method

Class f m Fm fm2
300-400 20 350 7000 2450000
400- 500 40 450 18000 8100000
500- 600 56 550 30800 16940000
600- 700 78 650 50700 32955000
700- 800 71 750 53250 39937500
800- 900 59 850 50150 42627500
900- 1000 50 950 47500 45125000
1000- 1100 18 1050 18900 19845000
1100-1200 8 1150 9200 10580000
∑fm=
N= 400 285500 ∑fm2= 218560000

∑ 𝒇𝒎² ∑ 𝒇𝒎
SD=√ −( )²
𝑵 𝑵

𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟎
=√ −( )²
𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎

=√𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟗. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓

=√𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟕𝟓

=192.2509

Variance= (SD)2

= (192.2509)2

=36960.3975

∑ 𝒇𝒎
Here, Mean=
𝑵

𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟎
=
𝟒𝟎𝟎

=713.75

𝝈
Coefficient of Variance= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Ẍ
 𝟏𝟗𝟐.𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟗
= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟕𝟏𝟑.𝟕𝟓

=26.94%

HW. Find SD, Variance and CV by Actual mean method, Direct and
Shortcut method.

120,122, 145, 155, 156, 165, 170

X 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
F 12 14 18 20 16 13 10

Class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

F 12 16 22 25 18 10

Coefficient of Variations
Lesser the CV Greater the CV
More Consistence Less Consistence
More homogeneous Less homogeneous
More Uniform Less Uniform
More Stable Less Stable
More representative to mean Less representative to mean
More equitable (Fairness) Less equitable (Fairness)
Less variable More variable
Less Disparity More Disparity

Question: Coefficient of variation of a distribution is found to be 20% and

variance of distribution is 45. What is the mean value of distribution?
Solution,

Given

CV= 20%

Variance (σ²)= 45

SD(σ) = √𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

=√45

SD =6.71

Now,
𝜎
CV= ∗ 100%
Ẍ

6.71
Or, 20 = ∗ 100
Ẍ

Or, 20Ẍ= 671

671
Or, Ẍ =
20

Ẍ = 33.55 Ans.

Question: A buyer (Researcher) obtained samples of electric fan from two different
companies A and B. He got these samples tested in his laboratory for length of life
in number of hours. The following are the results of these tests.

Length of life (hours) Number of electric fan

Company A Company B
600-800 20 6
800-1000 32 20
1000-1200 52 84
1200-1400 20 24
1400-1600 16 6
What would you conclude as to which company’s fan are more uniform of length
of life?

Solution:

For fans company A

No of fans
Length of life (f1) M f1 m f1 m 2
600-800 20 700 14000 9800000
800- 1000 32 900 28800 25920000
1000- 1200 52 1100 57200 62920000
1200- 1400 20 1300 26000 33800000
1400- 1600 16 1500 24000 36000000
Total N1= 140 ∑f1m= 150000 ∑f1m²=168440000

∑ 𝒇𝟏𝒎 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
̅ 1)=
Here, Mean (𝑿 = =1071.43
𝑵𝟏 𝟏𝟒𝟎

Again,

∑ 𝒇𝟏𝒎² ∑ 𝒇𝟏𝒎 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

SD (σ1)=√ −( ) ² =√ −( )²
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟏 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟒𝟎

=√𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟕 − 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟐𝟒

=√𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟑. 𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟑

=234.91

𝝈𝟏
Coefficient of Variance of A = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Ẍ𝟏

𝟐𝟑𝟒.𝟗𝟏
= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟏.𝟒𝟑
 =21.92%

For fans company B

No of fans
Length of life (f2) M f2 m f2 m 2
600-800 6 700 4200 2940000
800- 1000 20 900 18000 16200000
1000- 1200 84 1100 92400 101640000
1200- 1400 24 1300 31200 40560000
1400- 1600 6 1500 9000 13500000
Total N2= 140 ∑f2m= 154800 ∑f2m²=174840000

∑ 𝒇𝟐𝒎 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎
̅ 2)=
Here, Mean(𝑿 = =1105.71
𝑵𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟎

Again,

∑ 𝒇𝟐𝒎² ∑ 𝒇𝟐𝒎 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎

SD (σ2)=√ −( ) ² =√ −( )²
𝑵𝟐 𝑵𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟒𝟎

=√𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟕. 𝟏𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟒. 𝟎𝟖

=√𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟑. 𝟎𝟔

=162.02

𝝈𝟐
Coefficient of Variance of B = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Ẍ𝟐

𝟏𝟔𝟐.𝟎𝟐
= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟓.𝟕𝟏

=14.65%

Since CV of company A less than CV of company A.

Hence fans of company B are more stable.

Question: Students age in regular daytime BCA program and the morning time
BCA program of a campus are described by two samples. If homogeneity in age of
the class is positive factor in learning, make suggestion with reason which two
groups are easier to teach?

Regular BCA program Morning BCA program

Age No. of students Age No. of students
23 9 27 10
29 2 31 8
28 5 30 5
22 10 29 4
30 1 28 6
31 4 33 5
25 11 34 5
26 6 35 11
27 3 36 2
24 9 32 4
Solution:

For Regular BCA program

X f fX fX²
23 9 207 4761
29 2 58 1682
28 5 140 3920
22 10 220 4840
30 1 30 900
31 4 124 3844
25 11 275 6875
26 6 156 4056
27 3 81 2187
24 9 216 5184
∑fX²=
60 ∑fX= 1507 38249
 ̅ 1)= ∑ 𝒇𝑿
Here, Mean (𝑿 =
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟕
=25.117
𝑵 𝟔𝟎

Again,

∑ 𝒇𝑿² ∑ 𝒇𝑿 𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟕

SD (σ1)=√ −( )² =√ −( )²
𝑵 𝑵 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎

=√𝟔𝟑𝟕. 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟒

=√𝟔. 𝟔𝟑

= 2.57

𝝈𝟏
Coefficient of Variance = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Ẍ𝟏

𝟐.𝟓𝟕
= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟐𝟓.𝟏𝟏𝟕

=10.23%

For morning BCA Program

X f fX fX²
27 10 270 7290
31 8 248 7688
30 5 150 4500
29 4 116 3364
28 6 168 4704
33 5 165 5445
34 5 170 5780
35 11 385 13475
36 2 72 2592
32 4 128 4096
N= 60 ∑fX=1872 ∑fX²=58934
 ̅ 2)= ∑ 𝒇𝑿
Here, Mean (𝑿 =
𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟐
=31.2
𝑵 𝟔𝟎

Again,

∑ 𝒇𝑿² ∑ 𝒇𝑿 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟑𝟒 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟐

SD (σ2)=√ −( )² =√ −( )²
𝑵 𝑵 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎

=√𝟗𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟑 − 𝟗𝟕𝟑. 𝟒𝟒

=√𝟖. 𝟕𝟗

= 2.96

𝝈𝟐
Coefficient of Variance = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Ẍ𝟐

𝟐.𝟗𝟔
= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟑𝟏.𝟐

=9.48%

Since coefficient of varinace of morning shift is less than the coefficient of

variance of regular program, Hence Morning BCA program