CHEMOTHERAPY AND ANTIBIOTICS  Biological Therapy  Orally in tablet or capsule form, liquid form.

 Stem Cell Transplantation  By application onto the skin.

CANCER
What is cancer?
- Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal
cells anywhere in the body. These abnormal
cells are termed CANCER CELLS, malignant
cells, or tumor cells.
- These cells can infiltrate normal body tissues.
- Many cancers and the normal cells that
compose the cancer tissue are further
identified by the name of the tissue that the
abnormal cells originated from. (ex. Breast
cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer)
WHAT ARE RISK FACTORS AND CAUSES OF
CANCER?
Risk factors:
CHEMOTHERAPY
- The aim of chemotherapy is “to do the
maximum damage to cancer cells while
causing the minimum damage to healthy
tissue”.
- It is the use of cytotoxic drugs to destroy
cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy affects the entire body.
- This is a combination with it affecting both
healthy and cancer cells means it can be quite
aggressive.
- However, it is used widely today because of its
ability to reduce and even eliminate cancer.
CHEMOTHERAPY CAN BE USED TO?
Chemot
herapy can be used to:
 By placing a catheter into the bladder.
 By placing a catheter into the chest.
INJECTION – the chemotherapy is given by a shot in
a muscle in your arm, thigh, hip or right under the skin
in the fatty part of your arm, leg, or belly.
INTRA-ARTERIAL – the chemotherapy goes directly
into the artery that is feeding the cancer.
INTRAPERITONEAL – the chemotherapy goes
directly into the peritoneal cavity (the area that
contains organs such as your intestines, stomach,
liver, and ovaries).
INTRAVENOUS – the chemotherapy goes directly
into a vein.
TOPICALLY – the chemotherapy comes in a cream
that you rub onto your skin.

a. Hereditary  Cure the cancer. ORALLY – the chemotherapy comes in pills,

capsules, or liquids that you swallow.
b. Ionizing Radiation  Slow the growth of cancer cells.
c. Chemical Substances  Keep cancer cells from spreading to other HOW DOES CHEMOTHERAPY
d. Dietary Factors – meat, energy balance, fat, parts of the body.
WORK?
proteins, alcohol, nitrates  Kill cancer cells that may have spread to other
e. Estrogens parts of the body from the original tumor.  Tumor cells have poor DNA repair
f. Viruses  Relieve symptoms caused by cancer. mechanisms.
g. Age
 Normal cells can repair or replace themselves
HOW DOES CHEMOTHERAPY
WHAT ARE THE AVAILABLE TREATMENTS FOR more efficiently.
GIVEN?
CANCER?  Intermittent chemotherapy damages both
normal replicating cells and tumor cells but the
 Injection into a vein with a syringe or as an
 Surgery tumor cells do not recover as quickly.
infusion (drip).
 Radiation Therapy  DNA damage may prevent production of
 Injection into the muscle.
 CHEMOTHERAPY daughter cells or cause cell death e.g.,
 Injection under the skin.
 Hormone Therapy through induction of apoptosis.
 Injection into the spinal cord.
 THE GOALS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
CURATIVE (eradication) – when chemotherapy
destroys cancer cells to the point that your doctor can
no longer detect them in your body and will not grow.
CONTROL – when chemotherapy keeps cancer cells
from spreading, slows the growth, or destroys cancer
cells that have spread to other parts of your body.
PALLIATIVE (Ease cancer symptoms)
- Provide comfort.
- Improve/prolong quality of life.
- When chemotherapy shrinks tumors that are
causing pain or pressure.
SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
 The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer
cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by
killing cells that divide rapidly. But as they wipe
out fast-growing cancer cells, they can also
damage fast-growing healthy cells.
 Damage to healthy blood cells can lead to side
effects such as fatigue or infection.
 Chemotherapy can also damage the cells that
line mucous membranes throughout the body,
including those inside the mouth, throat, and
stomach. This can lead to mouth sores,
diarrhea or other issues with the digestive
system and damage to cells at the hair roots
or follicles can lead to hair loss.
o Fever and Infections
o Nausea and Vomiting
o Diarrhea
o Constipation
o Mouth Sores
o Loss of Appetite/ Alteration of Taste
o Hair Loss
o Effects on skin and nails
o Fatigue
o Effects on Kidney and Bladder
o Effects on Reproductive System
o Bleeding
o Peripheral Neuropathy
THE IDEAL TARGET FOR CANCER
THERAPY
 Has a high level of expression in neoplastic
tissues.
 Plays a fundamental role in the pathologists of
the cancer.
 Does not have a vital role in normal tissues.
 Target activation correlates well with its
functions.
 Can be inhibited pharmacologically.
 Target inhibition results in anti-tumor effects.
THE IDEAL AGENT FOR CANCER
THERAPY
 Has a high specificity and affinity for its target.
 Interaction with targets results in anti-tumor
effects.
 Has predictable and consistent
pharmacological attributes.
 Has minimal normal tissue toxicity.
 Agent is easy to administer and ideally
suitable for chronic administrative e.g., oral
use.
 Potential application in either prevention or
therapy of cancer.
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT – These are the
drugs used in chemotherapy to interfere functions of
pathogenic. Ex. Antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral,
antiprotozoal, antineoplastic.
ANTIBIOTICS
 The word antibiotic comes from the Greek anti
meaning against and bios meaning life.
 It is a bacterium form of life.
 Antibiotics are drugs derived wholly or
partially from bacteria or molds and are used
to treat bacterial infections.
 Antibiotics either kill microorganisms or stop
them from reproducing allowing the body’s
natural defenses to eliminate them.
 Antibiotics is a substance produced by
microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, molds) that is
capable of inhibiting or killing bacteria and
other microorganisms (Waksman 1941)
HOW DOES ANTIBIOTIC WORKS?
Although there are a number of different types of
antibiotics, they all work in one of two ways:
1. BACTERICIDAL – antibiotics kills the bacteria.
Penicillin is bactericidal. A bactericidal is
usually either interferes with the formation of
the bacterium’s cell wall or its cell contents.
2. BACTERIOSTATIC – stops bacteria from
multiplying.
WHAT ARE ANTIBIOTICS FOR?
 An antibiotic is given for the treatment of an
infection caused by bacteria.
  Antibiotics target microorganisms such as BACTERIOSTATIC – inhibits or stops only the growth  Vancomycin
bacteria, fungi, and parasites. of bacteria.
As to chemical structures:
 However, they are not effective against
Examples of Bactericidal
viruses. If you have an infection, it is important MOA – Inhibition of an enzymes involved in
to know whether it is caused by bacteria or a  Penicillin synthesizing cell wall structure.
virus.  Cephalosporins
Examples
 Most upper respiratory tract infections, such as  Vancomycin
the common cold and sore throats are  Bacitracin  Penicillin
generally caused by viruses – antibiotics do  Streptomycin  Oxacillin
and work against these viruses.  Polymyxins  Cloxacillin
 If antibiotics are overused or used incorrectly  Methicillin
there is a chance that the bacteria will become Examples of Bacteriostatic
 Ampicillin
resistant – the antibiotic becomes less
 Chloramphenicol  Amoxicillin
effective against that type of bacterium.
 Erythromycin  Carbenicillin
MECHANISMS OF ACTIONS OF  Tetracyclines  Ticarcillin
ANTIBIOTICS  Lincomycin
CEPHALOSPORINS
As to spectrum of activity:
1. Inhibitions of cell wall synthesis First generation:
a. Ex. Penicillin, bacitracin, BROAD SPECTRUM – useful against wide range of
 Cefaclor
cephalosporins, vancomycin, microorganisms.
cycloserine.  Cefalexin
NARROW SPECTRUM – useful only against few  Cefadroxil
2. Inhibitions of cell membrane functions
organisms.  Cefradine
a. Ex. Polymyxins
3. Inhibitions of protein synthesis Examples of Broad Spectrum  Cefazolin
a. Ex. Chloramphenicol, tetracyclines,
 Chloramphenicol Second generation
erythromycin, lincomycin, streptomycin,
kanamycin, and gentamycin.  Tetracycline  Cephamandole
4. Inhibitions of nucleic acid synthesis  Kanamycin  Cefoxitin
a. Ex. Actinomycin, mitomycin’s,  Cephalosporins  Cefonicid
rifampicin.  Ampicillin
Third generations/ MOA – same as penicillin
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS Examples of Narrow Spectrum
 Cefoperazone
 Penicillin  Cefotaxime
As to mechanism of actions:
 Streptomycin  Ceftizoxime
BACTERICIDAL – kills bacteria.  Erythromycin  Ceftazidime
 Lincomycin
AMINOGLYCOSIDES / MOA – prevention and TYPES OF ANTIBIOTICS
distortion of proteins synthesis.

 Streptomycin Although there are over 100 antibiotics, the majority

 Gentamycin comes from only a few types of drugs. These are the
 Tobramycin main classes of antibiotics:
 Kanamycin
 PENICILLINS – such as penicillin and
 Amikacin
amoxicillin
 Neomycin  CEPHALOSPORTINS – such as cephalexin
 Netilmicin (Keflex).
SULFONAMIDES  MACROLIDES – such as erythromycin (E-
mycin), clarithromycin (Biaxin), and
MOA – prevent the utilization of para aminobenzoic azithromycin (Zithromax)
acid (PABA) by bacteria thereby preventing bacterial  FLUOROQUINOLES – such as ciprofloxacin
growth. (cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), and ofloxacin
Miscellaneous antibiotic agents (floxin)
 SULFUNAMIDES – such as co-trimoxazole
 Vancomycin (Bactrim) and trimethoprim (proloprim).
 Chloramphenicol  TETRACYCLINES – such as tetracycline
 Erythromycin (sumycin, pamycin) and doxycycline
 Polymyxin (vibramycin)
 Bacitracin  AMINOGLYCOSIDES – such as gentamicin
 Clindamycin (garamycin), and tobramycin (tobrex)
 Metronidazole
 Quinolones

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS

 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
 Pentamidine isethionate
 Nitrofurantoin

ANTIFUNGAL

 Amphotericin B
 Nystatin
 Griseofulvin