ANS:2

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The sample space S of a random experiment is defined as the set
of all possible outcomes of an experiment. In a random experiment
the outcomes, also known as sample points, cannot occur
simultaneously. An event is thus a subset of the sample space of an
experiment.

ANS:1

iven, P(A)=0.4,P(B)=p, and P(AUB)=0.7

A and B are independent events.
⇒P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A)×P(B)
0.7=0.4+p−0.4p
p=12

ANS:5

nCr=nCn−r.

The number of combinations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time will be nCr.

Now if we take out a group of r things, we are left with a group of (n-r) things.
Hence the number of combinations of n things taken r at a time is equal to the
number of combinations of n things taken (n-r) at a time.
∴ nCr=nCn−r.
Alternative method :
nCr=n!r!(n−r)!

nCn−r=n!(n−r)!(n−n+r)!=n!r!(n−r)!

∴ nCr=nCn−r.
$.

ANS:6

What is a Permutation?

In the realm of mathematics, a permutation refers to the arrangement of all elements of a set
in a specific order. If the set is already ordered, rearranging its elements is considered
permuting. Permutations are prevalent in various areas of mathematics, especially when
considering different orderings of finite sets.

Permutation Formula
The formula of permutation is expressed in the following way:

nPr=n!(n−r)!">nPr=n!(n−r)!���=�!(�−�)!

Where,

n is the total number of elements in a set

r is the number of elements that were chosen and put in a particular order.

! is the factorial

Factorial is the sum of all positive integers that are less than or equal to the number before the
factorial sign and is denoted by the symbol “!”

WHAT IS COMBINATION:

A combination is a selection of items from a collection where the order of selection does
not matter. In simpler cases, it's feasible to count the number of combinations. More technically,
a combination refers to the selection of 'n' things taken 'k' at a time without repetition. For
combinations where repetition is allowed, terms like k-selection or k-combination with repetition
are often used.

This selection can be made by taking all or some number of objects irrespective of their
arrangement. The number of combinations of ‘n’ different objects, taken ‘r’ at a given time, is
denoted as nCr">nCr���.

nCr=n!r!(n−r)!">nCr=n!r!(n−r)!���=�!�!(�−�)!, where 0≤r≤n">0≤r≤n0≤�≤�, which is the

general combination formula.

nCr=n!r!(n−r)!">nCr=n!r!(n−r)!���=�!�!(�−�)!

This formula is also known as ncr formula. The only thing we should know before using the
formula is factorial. The value of n! = 1.2.3.4…(n-1).n

Also, this formula can also be termed as ncr formula.

ANS:7
Number of combinations of four cards =
(52*51*50*49)/(4*3*2*1)= 270,725. Number of combinations of 2
red cards = (26*25)/(2*1) = 325 = number of combinations of two
black cards. (325*325) = number of combinations of 2 red and 2
black cards.

ANS:8
First, we make sample space for getting head or tail for 3 coins, tossed
simultaneously…
Order is 1st coin, 2nd coin, 3rd coin, H for head & T for tail
HHT ……..●
HTH ……..●
HTT…….. ●
HHH
THT……….●
TTH………..●
TTT………..●
THH …….●
Here, we can see that Total no of outcomes = 8
And no of outcomes favourable to event getting at most 2 heads.= means all should
not be heads ( meansHHH is exempted), means starting from no heads, gradually
you can go up to 2 at the most)
So outcomes favourable to the event (getting 2 heads at most) = 8–1 = 7
Probability ( E) = (favourable outcomes)/ (total outcomes) = 7/8
ANS: 7/8
ANS:9
Explanation:
We're choosing 6 women from a group of 10 and 4 men from a group of 7. We don't care in
what order they are picked and so we'll use the combination formula, which is:
Cn,k=n!(k!)(n−k)! with n=population,k=picks
We'll multiply the results of the women and men together. And so we have:
(C10,6)(C7,4)=(10!(6!)(10−6)!)(7!(4!)(7−4)!)⇒
⇒(10!(6!)(4!))(7!(4!)(3!))=10!7!6!4!4!3!⇒
⇒10×93×8×7×6!×7×6×5×4!6!×4!×4×3×2×3×2⇒
⇒10×3×7×7×5=7350 ways
ANS:10
The probability that the two ladies should occupy extreme corners
for a photograph in a line-up of 3 gents and 2 ladies is 0.6 or 60%.
ANS:11

As we know P( A ∪ B) ≤1
∴ P( A ) + P(B) − P( A ∩ B) ≤1
⇒ 0.8+0.7− P( A ∩ B) ≤1
⇒ P( A ∩ B) ≥1.5−1
→ P( A ∩ B) ≥0.5
Hence, the minimum value of P( A ∩ B) is 0.5.
ANS:12

ANS:4

The correct option is C n2p2+npq

We have n∑r=0r2nCrprqn−r
=n∑r=0[r(r−1)+r]nCrprqn−r
=n∑r=0r(r−1)nCrprqn−r+n∑r=0r⋅nCrprqn−r
=n∑r=0r(r−1)nr⋅n−1r−1n−2Cr−2prqn−r+n∑r=0r⋅nrn−1Cr−1prqn−r
=n(n−1)p2(q+p)n−2+np(q+p)n−1
=n(n−1)p2+np[∵q+p=1]
=n2p2−np2+np
=n2p2+npq[∵q+p=1]