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Average
Defination: It is defined as sum of all the terms (or data) divided by total number of
terms.
𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔(𝑺)
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 =
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔(𝑵)
Example 1: Find the average of given terms: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10
Solution:
Number of terms = 6
Sum of all terms = 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 10 = 30
So, Average = 30/6 = 5
Some Basic Formulas:
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
1. Sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers =
𝟐
(𝒏+𝟏)
Average of first “n” natural numbers =
𝟐
2. Sum of first ‘n’ even numbers = n(n +1)
Average of first ‘n’ even numbers = (n+1)
3. Sum of first ‘n’ odd numbers = n2
Average of first ‘n’ even numbers = n
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)
4. Sum of squares of first ‘n’ natural numbers =
𝟔
(𝒏+𝟏)(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)
Average of sum squares of first ‘n’ natural numbers =
𝟔
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) 𝟐
5. Sum of cubes of first ‘n’ natural numbers = [ ]
𝟐
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐
Average of sum of cubes of first ‘n’ natural numbers =
𝟒
6. Average of ‘n’ consecutive numbers = (First number + Last number)/2
7. The average of n consecutive numbers is always the middle term of all the numbers
when n is an odd number. And when n is an even number, the average of all consecutive
numbers is always the mean of two middle terms.
Some special points:
1. The average of given observations always lies between the value of highest term and
the value of lowest term.
2. If the value of each number is divided by the same value “a”, then the average of all
given numbers will also get divided by “a”.
3. If the value of each number is multiplied by the same value “a”, then the average of all
numbers will also get multiplied by “a”.
4. If the value of each number is decrease by the same value “a”, then the average of all
numbers will also get decrease by “a”.
5. If the value of each number is increase by the same value “a”, then the average of all
numbers will also get increase by “a”.
Some Direct Formulas:
1. If the average of “x” numbers is “p” and that of “y” numbers is “q”, then the average
of (x + y) numbers
𝒙𝒑+𝒚𝒒
=
𝒙+𝒚

2. If the average of “x” numbers is “p” and that of “y” numbers taken out of “x” numbers
is “q”, then the average of rest of the numbers
𝒙𝒑−𝒚𝒒
=
𝒙−𝒚

3. If the average of “n” quantities is equal to “p” when a particular quantity is removed,
the average becomes “q”. Then the value of quantity removed is = [n(p - q) + q]

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Mixture & Alligation

Definition: When two or more types of liquids are mixed with each other in a vessel, we
get what is called as a “mixture”. Here the amount or quantities of two or more liquids is
expressed in terms of respective ratios or percentage values.
For example, milk and water can be mixed to get a mixture. Mixtures can be identified
by the name of liquids and their ratio.
Mixtures are of 3 types:
1. Solid mixture.
2. Liquid mixture.
3. Gaseous mixture.
Depending upon the number of ingredients of Types of mixtures:
Simple Mixtures: When two or more different ingredients/solutions are mixed together.
Compound Mixtures: When two or more simple mixtures are mixed together.
In mixture and solutions, we deal with 2 concepts:
(a) Alligation
(b) Replacement
Alligation: It is a method in which two or more solutions/ingredients are mixed in different
ratios and a desired mixture is obtained or a desired mixture is given and the respective
ratio in which the given solutions are mixed is asked in question.
Note: The basic concept of Alligation lies in “weighted average”. If we mix 2 things, and
the average of both are A 1 and A2, and the quantities of both are n 1 and n2. Then the
average of the mixture is called as “weighted average”.
𝒏𝟏𝑨𝟏+𝒏𝟐𝑨𝟐
Weighted Average =
𝒏𝟏+𝒏𝟐
Important Formulas for Mixture and Alligation:
1. If two different articles priced at CP1 and CP2 with their quantities Q1, and Q2 then the
Cost Price of the Mixture is calculated by following Method:

2. Let a container contains “x” units of liquid from which “m” units of liquid are taken out
and replaced by water or any other liquid. And this operation is repeated for “n” times.
Thus, the quantity of remaining pure liquid after “n” operations:
𝒎 𝒏
= [𝒙 (𝟏 − )
𝒙