1)

1.1.3 Indian Peoples and Language Families

The 1961 Makkad census reported that 1652 languages were spoken in India. One-third of
these, i.e. 57.4 languages, are Indo-Aryan. 73.30 percent of the Indian Makkad amount was
spoken by these people. The Indo-Aryan language family ranks first in terms of population.
According to the survey, there are 153 languages in the Dravidian language family. Many of
these are considered by linguists as regional cases rather than as separate languages. The
Dravidian language family ranks second in terms of speakers in the Indian language family.
24.47 percent of the Indian population speak these languages.

There are 65 languages in the Munda or Austro-Asiatic language family. In 1961, the sum of
Makkad
There are 65 languages in the Munda or Austro-Asiatic language family. In 1961, the sum of
Makkad
According to the census, only 6,192,495 people speak these languages. In addition to these,
the survey revealed that there are 530 unclassified languages. The Makkad census conducted
in 1981 further shed new light on Indian languages. 0.73 percent spoke the Tibeto-Burmese
language family, part of the Tibeto-Sinolingual family. 226 languages have been identified in the
Sino-Tibetan language family.

The number of Hindi speakers was 38 percent in 1971. It has increased to 42.88 percent in
1981. According to the 1981 census, 17.14 percent of Dravidian speakers were Malayalam
speakers, 9.69 percent Tamils, 6.85 percent Telugus, 9 percent Kannadas and 9 percent
learned Hindi. Know that they are talented

As per 1981 census only 6106 people speak Sanskrit language. It is spoken by 1745 people in
Bihar, 1166 people in Uttap Pradesh, 882 people in Karnataka and 559 people in Maharashtra.
Others speak Hindi, Marathi and Kannada as well as Sanskrit. They are Binguals. Based on the
number of speakers, Indian language families can be classified as follows.

Arian or Indo-European language family, Dravidian language family,

Munda or Kol or Austro-Asiatic language family, Sino-Tibetan language family

Caldwell's study of the Dravidian languages is outstanding in the study of the Indian language
family. Caldwell was followed by John Beames on the modern Aryan languages of India . He
published three volumes of the book, Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of
India, in 1872, 1875, and 1879 respectively. This has given rise to many new dimensions in the
study of Indian languages. Renowned Sanskrit scholar Mr. Ramakrutna Gopal Bhandarkar
delivered a comprehensive lecture on Indo-Aryan languages in 1877 at Bombay University. In
his speech, he explained in detail that the Aryan languages have developed over time in three
stages namely Sanskrit, Prakrit and Pasha respectively Old Indo-Aryan, Medieval Indo-Aryan
and New Indo-Aryan. Following these, many scholars have studied the development of various
separate languages like Sindhi, Hindutani, Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada,
Maithili, Kashmiri and published many good books.

2)
It was Dr. Caldwell who named the languages of South India as Dravidian languages. He is a
Irish Scholar; He came to Tamil Nadu as a Christian priest. In 1856 he published A Comparative
Grammar of the Dravidian Languages. Tamil is a language derived from Sanskrit; Together with
Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada, they form a separate language family called Dravidian
languages. Tamil is the oldest of the Dravidian language family. Caldwell established that Tamil,
which belongs to the Dravidian language family, and Sanskrit, which belongs to the Aryan
language family, have no connection.
The antiquity and uniqueness of Tamil was established. Caldwell distinguishes between written
and literate languages as transliterated languages and non-literate languages as non-literate
languages. Accordingly, in 1856, he mentioned five languages namely Tamil, Telugu, Kannada,
Malayalam and Tulu as transgressive languages and four languages namely Toda, Kondu, Goo
and Koda as non-transgressive languages. In the reprint of his book published in 1875, Kodaku
called Tiruntiya
He has mentioned the language and the unaltered languages of Rajmahal and Orovan. Today
Dravidian languages such as Tamil and Telugu are spoken in places like Eelam, Burma,
Malaysia, Singapore, Fiji, South Africa etc. According to the 1981 Population Census, more than
twenty crore people in India speak Dravidian languages. But the number of Dravidian speakers
has decreased in the 1991 census. Tamil is the oldest of the Dravidian languages. Tamil has
ancient literature. Tamils live all over India. There are Tamils all over the world.

1.2.1 Tamil and South Dravidian

Malayalam language is closely related to Tamil. Malayalam has similar elements to the extent
that it is a dialect of Tamil. Among the Dravidian languages, Telugu is the most widely spoken
language. Also known as Vaduku in Telugu language. Kannada is the third Dravidian language.
Kannada literature dates back to the tenth century. Languages like Hindi and Bengali are
influenced by Dravidian languages. Due to the influence of Dravidian language many changes
took place in vernacular language
1.2.2 Dravidian Vocabulary

Many Dravidian words are still found in North Indian languages. Vernacular grammarians call
them indigenous words. A comparison reveals the Dravidian influence in the Oriya language.
Four language families are spoken in India alone. The Dravidian language family can be
considered as the complete Indian language family. Dravidian languages have many
peculiarities.

3)
1.3.3 Classics of Tamil

Certain qualifications are required for a language to be accepted as a classical language.

Georgehard believes that if a language is to be called a classical language, it must be ancient
and have a culture of its own, and that culture must be independent and rich in literature. Many
languages such as Greek, Latin, Arabic, Sanskrit, and Chinese are among the classical
languages of the world. Along with these, Tamil has also been accepted as a classical
language.

Tamil is ancient, has a unique culture, is rich in literature and is also a living language. Most of
the classical languages have dropped out of the case. Among the people they are especially
Sanskrit, Pali, etc. Not even a spoken language. Hebrew but languages like Tamil are archaic.
Traditions etc. are still preserved unchanged and not dispersed. The most important reason for
this is the structure of the Tamil language. It is remarkable that Tamil has been preserved even
after kings, poets and people raised it even after they died.
In general, eleven elements can be mentioned as the merits of classical language.
1. Antiquity 2. Uniqueness 3. Generality 4. Mediocrity 5. Motherhood 6. Cultural intellectual
expression 7. Non-linguistic influence 8. Literary 9. High thought 10. Artistic literary uniqueness
11. Macro theory. Tamil also has something like this. Thirukkurullukku is dated to be two
thousand years old. Because of this, it is clear that Tamil is unique in antiquity. Sangha literature
of Tamil is understood to have eleven classical characteristics. Due to this, the literature of Tamil
is established as a classical language. Sangha literature is located

Among the Tamil scholars who realized the classical nature of Tamil, Parithimath artist is
notable. Bawanar, Caldwell and many others. There are many opinions about their classical
language. It is an undeniable fact that Tamil has all the definitions they give. Bhavanar believes
that Tamil has acquired its classical character due to sixteen characters
1. Antiquity

2. Priority

3. Number (Simplicity)

4. Singularity (light
5. Youth 6. Prosperity 7. Motherhood

8. Purity

9. Refinement

10. Trinity

11. Sweetness 12. Loneliness 13. Pride 14. Generosity 15. Ease 16. Vienmai Tamil has sixteen
characteristics.

considers Due to this, it is known that Tamil has acquired the status of a classical language.

Caldwell talks about the uniqueness of Tamil. "The idea that Dravidian was born from Sanskrit
was acceptable to the linguists of the previous generation, but today it has become a baseless
myth," he said.

In this way, many scholars have highlighted the classical nature of Tamil to the extent that the
world realizes it. Through this continuous action, Tamil has now acquired the status of a
classical language.

Professor Dr. George Hart, who lives in California, is the person who has made classical
language known to the world. He posits four reasons for Tamil's classical status.

of Tamil

The Tamil language is unique in its antiquity. Tamil has a unique literary tradition of its own.
Sangha literature, which is the classical literature of Tamil language, is comparable to the
literature of other classical languages. Tamil alphabets are unique to Indian cultural traditions.
He not only stated these four points but also pointed out the evidence for them. The classical
nature of Tamil to the world
6)

1.13

Short stories(sithru illakiyangal)

It is said in the history of Athamilakya that there was an abundance of small literatures during
the Nayak period. During this period, serialized literature such as Kappiyams and Puranas did
not arise. Instead, small literatures like Pallu, Kuravanchi, Ula appeared. Such literatures were
called Prabandhas. The history of Tamil literature mentions that there are 96 categories of
treatises and the Patial texts give a grammar to those texts. These treatises are given the name
of Citlilakyas.
About any one or both of the four types of fixed objects namely virtue, materiality, pleasure and
home.Those that are sung only are called Sitalyakyas. These cover only a few sectors. They
are concise and easy to read. They aim to highlight the merits of Lord, King, Valla and Guru.
These literatures are classified as internal, external and both internal and external.

96 types of lowercase Chaturakarathi are 96 names. Lists the books composed by

Veeramamunivar. Some of them are short stories that have influenced people. They are
Kalambagam, Dhootu, Ula, Pillaith Tamil, Kuravanchi, Pallu and Parani

1.13.1 Kalambakam

Kalambakam is a literature that is sung by mixing internal and external materials with various
types of internal organs, just like mixing many flowers into a garland. Gods, kings, and those
who excel among people are the leaders of this literature. The Kalambhaka literature consists of
18 parts. (Chapter- 12. Page 6) Some Kalambaka Books - Thiruvaranga Kalambaka, Nantik
Kalambaka, Thillaik Kalambaka.
1.13.2 Nandikalambagam

This book sings about Nandivarman III. The Kalampaka texts are outdated. Its period is 9th
century AD. The author of this book is not known. Contains 144 songs. 44 songs may have
been written later. The people of Nandivarman's stepfather, unable to beat him in valor and
knowledge, finally decide to sing a hymn of virtue. Nandivarman, mesmerized by the virtuously
sung lyrics, loved the whole song. If you listen to the entire book, the body burns to listen to the
king's song It is said that despite knowing that he was going to die, Taniya sacrificed his life for
his love for Tamil and sat under a burning pandal listening to a song and gave up his life. The
Somesar ancient Venpa line "Nandik Kalambagadal Mandakatha Natariyum" testifies to this
point.
1.13.3 Delegation(thudu)

To send someone on one's behalf to convey one's opinion to another is called dutu. This
message is internal message. Outsourcing is of two types.

1.13.4 Promenade(ulla)

Ula literature is a song in which seven adolescent girls, including Bethai, Bedumbai, Mangai,
Matandaita, Arivai, Terai, and Parilampen, fall in love with a man who excels in all qualities as
the leader of the song, explaining his clan, drunken birth, and pride. guinea

Some Ula books - Tirukaiilaya Gnana Ula, Muvarula.

1.13.4 Pillaith Tamil

This literature is called Pillai Patu and Pillai Kavi. Pillaith Tamil is sung by the poets using their
favorite king, leader or valla as a child. From the third month to the 21st month of the child, ten
seasons are divided into ten songs for each season. There are two types of male child Tamil
and female child Tamil.
Aanbal pillaithamil

The seasons of Bhava, Dal, Sengeerai, Sappani, Mutham, Akhlaam, Ambuli, Chittil Distortion,
Siruparai Kotal, and the rolling of the small chariot are the seasons of Anpalpillai Tamil.

Penbal Pillaithamil

Bhava, Dal, Sengirai, Sappani, Mutham, Akhalam, Ambuli, Neeradal, Ammanai, Oosal are the
seasons of Penbalpillai Tamil. Some Pillaith Tamil Books Muthukumaraswamy Pillaithamil.
Meenakshiyammai Pillaithamil, Sekkizhar Pillaithamil.

1.13.5 BINDING

Pallu literature depicts the life of Pallu people. This is also known as plowing. This book narrates
about a son marrying two wives, the conflict between the two wives, and the suffering caused to
the son. Some of the pallu texts are Tirumalai Murugan pallu, Sirkazhipallu, Mukudapallu.

1.13.6 Kuravanji

This book is sung with the king or deity as the leader. The story of Kuravanchi consists of parts
such as the leader's stroll, the lady's love, Kurathi's sign, the leader's gift to Kurathi, Kurathi's
search for Kurathi, Kurathi's suspicions after seeing Kurathi's jewelry, and Kurathi's dispelling his
doubts. Some Kuravanji Texts – Koortalak Kuravanji, Sarabendra Bhupalak Kuravanji

1.13.7 Parani

Bharani is a literature that praises a victorious warrior who kills a thousand elephants on the
battlefield. It will be sung along with settings such as God greetings, shop opening, Kali worship.

Some Bharani texts – Kalingatup Bharani, Takyak Bharani, Basavat Bharani.