Particle-Fluid Mass Transfer in Fixed and Fluidized Beds
P. N. Dwivedi and S. N. Upadhyay'
Department of Chemical Engineering, lnstitute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-22 1005, India
Previous experimental data on mass transfer between particles and fluid in fixed and fluidized beds are reana-
lyzed and correlating equations are developed for the various situations.
Introduction
Particle-fluid heat or mass transfer in fixed and fluidized
beds is an important item of the basic information required
for the design and development of various heat and mass
transfer operations and chemical reactors involving a system
of particles and a fluid. It has been widely investigated during
the past three decades and the volume of the literature on the
subject is enormous (Upadhyay and Tripathi, 1975a). Ex-
perimental measurements have been made with gases and
liquids. The gas-phase mass transfer rates have been mea-
sured for the absorption of liquid vapors from the gaseous
streams and evaporation of liquids from the surface of porous
particles and sublimation of suitable solids into gaseous
streams. In the case of liquids, most of the data have been
obtained by measuring the rate of dissolution of suitable solids
into a liquid stream. In a few cases the data have been ob-
tained by measuring the rate of adsorption, ion-exchange, or
crystallization or by measuring the diffusion current using a
suitable electrochemical system.
In most of the previous studies, the experimental results are
expressed in terms of the dimensionless groups; however, in
some cases the mass transfer coefficient is directly related to
operating variables such as flow velocity, particle diameter,
etc. The usual dimensionless groups used are the Chilton-
Colburn mass transfer factor (Chilton and Colburn, 1934),
Sherwood number, Schmidt number, and a particle Reynolds
number. In some cases, other dimensionless groups such as
the particle to column diameter ratio or particle diameter to
bed height ratio, Archimedes number, N A ~are , also included
to improve the correlations. Further, the various conventional
dimensionless terms are defined differently by research
workers. The common definition for the mass transfer factor
is one which includes the Schmidt group with an exponent of
2/3; however, in some cases it has been redefined with 0.58 as
the exponent. The characteristic length parameter in the
Reynolds and Sherwood numbers is usually the equivalent
particle diameter or the hydraulic diameter for a particulate
system. Occasionally it has been modified by incorporating
a term known as shape factor. Similarly, the mass flow rate
used is either the superficial flow rate, G, based on the empty
column cross section, or the effective mass flow rate ( G I € )
through the bed. Based on these, the following three forms of
particle Reynolds numbers have been used.
N R =~DpGIF
N R ~=, DpGIpt
N R ~ ,=, DpGIg (1 - t )
The first particle Reynolds number, N R ~has, been found
to be successful in correlating the data for various types of
packed and fluidized beds. The second Reynolds number,
N R ~has~ been
, used for correlating packed bed data and was
introduced by McCune and Wilhelm (1949) for correlating the
liquid-phase data. The third Reynolds number, N R ~ ,has
, , been
found successful in correlating the fluidized bed data and was
used for the first time by Ishino and Otake (1951) for corre-
lating liquid fluidized bed data. In one or two cases (Sengupta
and Thodos, 1962a; Taecker and Hougen, 1949) the particle
Reynolds number has been defined as G<ly where A p is
the geometric surface area of the particle. It easily reduces to
the particle Reynolds number, N R ~when , v"&
is replaced by
Dp because
Dp = 0 . 5 6 7 6 (41
Usually two or more correlating equations, to cover different
ranges of particle Reynolds numbers, have been developed by
the majority of the workers. In almost all cases, these are valid
only within the particle Reynolds number ranges covered in
the particular investigation. Thus, the lack of uniformity in
the selection and definition of the correlating variables and
the availability of so many equations makes the selection of
a suitable working correlation for design purposes difficult.
It therefore seems helpful to reanalyze the available published
data and to attempt to represent it in terms of simple corre-
lating equations for the entire range of particle Reynolds
number covered in the previous studies.
The Range of Published Correlations
In the past several attempts (Beek et al., 1971; Chu, 1956;
Chu et al., 1953; Colquhoum-Lee and Stepanek, 1974; De-
Acetis and Thodos, 1960; Ergun, 1952; Frantz, 1962;Gamson,
1951; Hughmark, 1972; Kat0 et al., 1970; McConnachie and
Thodos, 1963; Miyauchi, 1972; Riccetti and Thodos, 1961;
Sengupta and Thodos, 1962a,b; Upadhyay and Tripathi,
1975b; Weisman, 1955; Williamson et al., 1963; Yeh, 1961)
have been made to evolve generalized working correlations on
the basis of the then available data. These are listed with their
ranges in Table I. Some have attempted to develop conven-
tional linear correlations on the basis of logarithmic coordinate
plots (Beek et al., 1971; Chu, 1956; Chu et al., 1953; Colquh-
oum-Lee and Stepanek, 1974; Frantz, 1962; Gamson, 1951;
Hughmark, 1972; Kato et al., 1970; Miyauchi, 1972; Upadhyay
and Tripathi, 1975b; Weisman, 1955; Williamson et al., 1963)
whereas some have tried nonlinear relations (De-Acetis and
Thodos, 1960; Ergun, 1952; Sengupta and Thodos, 1962a,b).
Few have introduced new dimensionless groups in their cor-
relations (Kato et al., 1970; Sengupta and Thodos, 1962a), but
this has not helped in reducing the scatter of data. Even the
(1) same group of workers (De-Acetis and Thodos, 1960;
McConnachie and Thodos, 1963; Riccetti and Thodos, 1961;
(2) Sengupta and Thodos, 1962a,b) have frequently changed the
basis of their subsequent correlations without much justifi-
(3)
cation. Almost all have used only a minor cross section of the
published data which is a serious drawback in the universal
applicability of the correlations developed.
Present Approach
Available experimental mass transfer data for the various
systems reported in the literature were utilized to determine
Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev., Vol. 16,No. 2 , 1977 157
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158 Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev., Vol. 16, No. 2, 1977
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Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev., Vol. 16, No. 2, 1977 159
Table 111. Liquid-Phase Particle-Fluid Mass Transfer in Fixed and Fluidized Beds
Bed characteristics
Cross-
Particle sectional
____________. dimension,
Author System Shape D,,cm cm E NSC NRe
Hobson and Thodos 1-Butanol- Spheres 0.94- - 0.475- 776.3- 3.26-
(1949)a water; methyl 1.608 0.538 865.5 34.9
ethyl ketone-
water
McCune and Wilhelm 2-Naphthol- Modified 0.1275- 10.15 0.3547- 1189- 6.8-1755
(1949)b water spheres and 0.638 0.9535 1505
granules
Gaffney and Drew Salicylic acid- Modified 0.633- 7.67 0.372- 159- 0.4176-
(1950)" benzene ; succinic spherical 1.29 0.621 13258 605
acid-1-butanol; pellets
succinic acid-
acetone
Dryden e t al. Benzoic acid- Cylindrical 0.625 9.69 0.37 814- 0.01027
(1953y water; 2- and modified 1147 19.48
naphthol-water cylindrical
pellets
Evans and Gerald Benzoic acid- Granules 0.0558- 5.4 0.47- 991- 0.92-71.6
(1953)b water 0.211 0.91 1113
Dunn et al. Lead-mercury Spheres 0.205- 1.9304- 0.446- 123.5- 15.7-
( 1 9 5 6)a 0.437 3.6322 0.555 136.3 727
Selke e t al. cu2+-aq. Cuso, Spherical 0.042- - 0.35 517- 0.958-
(1956p resin particles 0.085 1125 24.3
Fan e t al. (1960)' Benzoic acid- Granules 0.0795- 5.08 0.65- 1020- 5-130
water 0.21 0.9 1540
Williamson et al. Benzoic acid- Spheres 0.589- 6.67 0.431- 940- 0.0367-
(1963)a water 0.604 0.441 1140 52.3
Bransome and MgS0,-aqueous Crystals (2.36- 10.16 0.69- 6250 0.8-3.92
Trollope ( 1 9 6 4 ) d MgSO, solution 8.24) 0.84
x 10-3
Rowe and Claxton Benzoic acid- Spheres 0.635- 10.16 0.26- 1310- 2.75-
( 1 96 5)b water 1.27 (square) 0.632 1670 1342
Venkateswaran and Benzoic acid, Spherical 0.9525- 3.81 0.459- 640- 7.87-575
Laddha (1966)a salicylic acid- pellets 1.27 0.555 892
water
Wilson and Geankoplis Benzoic acid- Spheres 0.6375 6.66 0.401- 760- 0 . 0 0 1582-
(1966)a water; 60% aq. 0.436 7 0 600 57.7
propylene glycol
Bhattacharya and Adipic acid; benzoic Cylindrical 0.789- 5.2- 0.39- 794- 4.96-
Raja Rao ( 1 9 6 7 y l acid-water pellets 2.34 15.1 0.53 930 1510
Snowden and Turner - Spherical - - 0.43- 1125 5.8-10.5
(1967)b 0.677
Upadhyay and Tripathi Benzoic acid- Cylindrical 0.5961- 3.901- 0.2681- 572- 0.3044-
(1972, 1975)b water and modified 1.1968 7.22 0.9237 1350 1610
cylindrical
pellets
Singh (1973)a Benzoic acid- Cylindrical0.5425- 6.95- 0.337- 767- 0.01378-
water; 6 0 % aq. pellets 1.1968 4.27 0.4760 42 4 0 0 195.4
propylene glycol
aFixed bed. bFixed and fluidized bed. CFixed and semifluidized bed. d Fluidized bed.

the relation between the mass transfer factor and three types
of Reynolds numbers defined by eq 1-3. The sources from
which the experimental data have been taken are listed sep-
arately for gas and liquid phases in Tables I1 and 111, respec-
tively. Many available data, especially for gas-phase systems
could not be used because of their abnormally low values.
The first attempt was made to correlate the mass transfer
factor directly against the three-particle Reynolds number
defined by eq 1-3. All the experimental data obtained from
the sources listed in Tables I1 and I11 were plotted separately
as J d VS. N R e , N R ~and
, N R ~plots.
,, In all these plots the ex-
perimental data of the various workers scattered widely. The
fixed bed data showed an effect of bed voidage for both gases
and liquids when plotted as J d vs. N R or ~ J d vs. N R ~The
,.
scatter of the data was much reduced in case of J d vs. N R ~ , ,
plots. An exactly similar trend was exhibited by the fluidized
bed data in each case. T h e effect of bed voidage was most
clearly shown by the data of Malling and Thodos (19671,
McConnachie and Thodos (1963), and Rowe and Claxton
(1965), where the bed voidage range studied is quite wide.
The effect of bed voidage on J d (or J h ) has also been ob-
served and considered by many previous investigators (Gupta
e t al., 1974; Malling and Thodos, 1967; Pfeffer, 1964; Ruck-
enstein, 1962; Sengupta and Thodos, 1962a,b, 1963; Weisman,
1955; Whitaker, 1972; Wilson and Geankoplis, 1966) in their
correlations for packed and fluidized bed heat and mass
transfer. However, the conclusions arrived a t are not consis-
tent. Weisman (1955) included bed voidage in his correlations
and observed that its exponent is a function of Reynolds
number. Gupta e t al. (1974) and Sengupta and Thodos
(196213) found that heat and mass transfer factor is inversely
proportional to the bed voidage. Pfeffer (1964) has considered
its effect by including a complex function of bed voidage in
his analytically derived relation. Wilson and Geankoplis
(1966) pointed out that Pfeffer's function can be easily re-
placed by t - l without causing appreciable error. Ruckenstein

160 Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev., Vol. 16,No. 2, 1977

I- , R C W E b CLAXTCN (1965)
i i
0 01 I , I l l ~ I I I 1
DpGl&
Figure 1. Effect of bed voidage on mass transfer factor. Open symbols,
gas-phase data; closed symbols, liquid-phase data.
(1962), on the basis of his model for heat and mass transfer in
fluidized beds, concluded that the Nusselt or Sherwood
number is inversely proportional to Malling and Thodos
(19671, however, observed that the transfer factors ( J d or J h )
are inversely proportional to c1.19. Many workers (Chu, 1956;
Chu et al., 1953; Ergun, 1952; Frantz, 1962; Hughmark, 1972;
Miyauchi, 1972; Upadhyay and Tripathi, 1975b) have in-
cluded bed voidage only in their definitions of the various
dimensionless groups which are based on the hydraulic di-
ameter for a bed and the interstial velocity. Thus the situation
is far from clear and needs fresh attention.
In order to estimate the exact dependence of Jd on t , the
former is plotted against the Reynolds number, N R in~ Figure
1 for the packed and distended beds of Malling and Thodos
(1967) and McConnachie and Thodos (1963) and ordered
packed beds of Rowe and Claxton (1965) containing only a
single active sphere. In each case separate parallel relation-
ships are obtained for each bed voidage. For two chosen
Reynolds numbers, 200 and 1000, J d values evaluated from
Figure 1when plotted against t as shown in Figure 2 produced
separate parallel straight lines with slopes -1. This is in
agreement with the conclusions drawn by Gupta et al. (1974),
Sengupta and Thodos (1962a,b),and Wilson and Geankoplis
(1966).
For verifying the above conclusion, experimental data for
all types of beds were plotted as t J d VS. NRe, NRe', and N R e "
plots. From these plots it was observed that the inclusion of
bed voidage along with the Chilton-Colburn Jd factor reduced
the scatter of the points considerably when plotted against
N R and~ N R ~ but
, , the scatter became more pronounced with
c - 1
0 McCONI\AuHIE 8 THODOS
0 ROWE 8C-AXTON
(1963)
(1965) 1
A MALLING b T H O D O S (1967)
00
01
Figure 2. Variation of Jd with e .
N R ~ , Similar
,. behavior was also shown by the J d and t l
J dvs. various Reynolds number plots prepared separately, but
the scatter of the data points was not better.
Correlation of the Data
The preliminary regression analysis was done to fit the well
tried form of relation between mass transfer factor and
Reynolds number, Le.
J = A Re-m (5)
4 Regression analysis of all the fixed and fluidized bed data was
first made separately and then collectively by taking pairs of
, 0.01 one of the J d , € J d , t 1 l9 J d , and t 1 . l C 5 J dfactors and one of the
three particle Reynolds numbers a t a time. A comparison of
the corresponding plots for gas and liquid phases indicated
that the entire gas-phase fixed bed data can be correlated by
a Single relation of the form of eq 5 in the range considered.
Similar behavior was also shown by the gas-phase fluidized
bed data. For the liquid-phase fixed bed data, no single rela-
tion of the form of eq 5 was valid. Hence two separate equa-
tions of the above form, one applicable for the lower N R range ~
and the other for the higher range, were fitted. The complete
data were divided into two groups, one for N R <~ 10 and the
other for N R > ~ 10. This division is purely arbitrary and is
based on personal judgment only. Hence, no theoretical sig-
nificance should be attached to h ' =~10. ~
During the regression analysis some of the data shown in
various plots, which did not conform with the bulk of the data,
were not considered. For example, in the case of the gas phase,
the lower N R range
~ ( N R ?< 1)data of Bar-Ilan and Resnick
(1957) have to be omitted due to their considerably low values.
The data of Galloway et al. (1957) for some of the packing
arrangements were also discarded because of their abnormal
values and small variation with Reynolds number. Similarly,
a few data points of Hobson and Thodos (1951) and Sengupta
and Thodos (1963) have to be discarded due to their higher
values and nonconformity with the bulk of the data. In the
case of liquid-phase results, some data of Dryden et al. (1953),
Hobson and Thodos (1949), and Selke et al. (1956) have also
been discarded because of their larger deviations from the bulk
of the data.
These deviations might be due to one or more of the fol-
lowing factors: the predominance of natural convection and
back-diffusion a t low flow rates, presence of protuberances
on the particle surface, inaccuracies in the evaluated or mea-
sured particle surface temperatures, nonadiabatic nature of
evaporation, differences in the temperatures a t the top and
bottom ends of the bed, and presence of counterdiffusion. Low
flow rate data of Bar-Ilan and Resnick (1957) are likely to have
Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev., Vol. 16, No. 2, 1977 161
 10

E 'd

01

0 01
00
DpG I U
Figure 3. Gas-phase mass transfer in fixed bed--cJdvs. D , G/u ., Gamson et al. (1943); 0 , Wilke and Hougen (1945); 0 , Taecker and Hougen
(1949); 0,Hobson and Thodos (1951); A, Chu et al. (1953); 0,Satterfield and Resnick (1954); 0 Bar-Ilan and Resnick (1957); 0,Galloway
et al. (1958) ; 0,De-Acetis and Thodos (1960); V ,Bradshaw (1961); 0 ,Riccetti and Thodos (1961); 0 ,McConnachie and Thodos (1963); V,
Sengupta and Thodos (1963); 0 ,Sengupta and Thodos (1964);., Rowe and Claxton (1965); A , Malling and Thodos (1967); *, Petrovic and
Thodos (1967); *, Petrovic and Thodos (1968); +, Wilkins and Thodos (1969).

i
fJd 01

I
DpGW

Figure 4. Gas-phase mass transfer in fluidized bed-dd vs. D,G/F plot: A , Chu et al. (1953); 0 , Bradshaw (1961); 0, Riccetti and Thodos
(1961); C ) , Petrovic and Thodos (1967); 0 , Wilkins and Thodos (1969); 0 Yoon and Thodos (1972).

been affected by the presence of back-diffusion and surface
protuberances. At the same time, a low rate of transfer ne-
cessitates a longer duration for the runs which in turn may
cause large changes in local surface areas and thereby affect
the transfer rates. Besides the effects of some of the factors
mentioned above, the results of Galloway et al. (1957) seem
to be in error due to a shortcoming in their experimental
procedure itself. They have studied the rate of drying of or-
dered beds of porous spheres soaked in water. After soaking,
the excess (unabsorbed) water was removed by shaking the
beds only. This procedure does not ensure the complete re-
moval of the free (unabsorbed) water. The presence of large
amount of free water is likely to change the effective transfer
areas and mode of mass transfer and hence ultimately may
lead to abnormal transfer factors. In the case of Hobson and
Thodos (1951) and Sengupta and Thodos (1963),errors might
have been introduced due to surface roughness, inaccurate
surface temperatures, the nonadiabatic nature of vaporization,

162 Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev., Vol. 16,No. 2, 1977
 ~-____-
-t--------

0 001 0 01 01 I 10 I00 1000 IOPOO

DpG/U
Figure 5. Liquid-phase mass transfer in fixed bed-dd vs. D,G/p plot: 0 , Hobson and Thodos (1949); V , McCune and Wllhelm (1949); A ,
Gaffney and Drew (1950); 0 ,Dryden et al. (1953); 0,Evans and Gerald (1953); 0 , Dunn et al. (1956); 0, Selke et al. (1956); e ,Fan et al. (1960);
0 , Williamson et a1 (1963); Rowe and Claxton (1965);0 ,Venkateswaran and Laddha (1966);0 ,
a, Wilson and Geankoplis (1966),0,Bhattacharya
and Raja Rao (1967); +, Snowden and Turner (1967); A ,Upadhyay and Tripathi (1972); 7 ,Singh (1973)

and differences in the top and bottom bed temperatures. ' O r - - - - ' '

Higher values of transfer factors reported by Hobson and k\-.<<Jd-l 1068N~(;''~ V M c t U N E B WILHELM 1,9491

Thodos (1949) and Selke et al. (1956) might be due to the

\ . . 0 EVANS B GERbLO 119531

I
BRbNSOME B TROLLOPE 119641
presence of counterdiffusion which none of these workers have ROWE B CLAXTON 119651 I
m.*\
considered. Selke et al. (1956) have made only a casual refer- \ 4 SYOWDEN a TURNER 119671 3
ence to its effect. Hobson and Thodos (1949) too have not
Jd
mentioned anything about the presence of a free (unabsorbed)
solution and the method used for its removal. Besides this, c z
their concept of a solvent-rich film in equilibrium with a sat-
urated solute-rich film and the evaluation of transfer rates by
extrapolation to a zero time is also questionable. The results -
of Dryden et al. (1953) are likely to be affected by surface GO L- I
o CD 000 0 300
protuberances. The analysis procedure employed may not give C I
3 p c LL

true exit concentration at very low flow rates.

Figure 6. Liquid-phase mass transfer in fluidized bed--tJd vs. DpG/p
The regression analysis results for the various situations plot.
considered are presented in Tables S1 and S2. (Deposited as
supplementary material. See the paragraph a t the end of the
paper regarding supplementary material.) These results also
confirmed the conclusions arrived a t from the visual obser- N R <~10 were not included because they deviated too much
vation and comparison of the various plots that the fixed and from the corresponding liquid-phase data. From a comparison
fluidized bed data can be best correlated either in terms of t J d of the values of the percent deviations for the above three cases
and N R or~ N R ~orJin terms of the J d and N R ~ , Plots
,. of t J d it was observed that the best correlating equations for use with
vs. N R for
~ fixed and fluidized beds for liquid and gaseous both fixed and fluidized beds are
phases are shown as typical examples in Figures 3-6. In order tJd = 1.1068 N ~ ~N ~R <~10)
R , - ~ , ~(for (6)
to avoid overcrowding of data points, gas- and liquid-phase
data and the corresponding fixed and fluidized bed data in and
each case are plotted separately.
tJd . ~N ~K >~10)~
= 0.4548 N R ~ - ~ (for (7)
In order to develop generalized correlations, on the basis
of both gas- and liquid-phase results, which can be used for which correlate all the data with average deviations of 23.15
design purposes, all the data were processed together. Only and 16.83%,respectively. These equations are compared with
d d vs. N R and
~ N R ~ and
J , J d vs. N R ~ relations
,, were consid- the experimental data in Figures 3-6.
ered. The trend of the experimental data is shown by differ- A serious objection against the above form of correlations
ently bounded areas in Figure 7. The regression analysis of the is the range of their applicability and the arbitrary nature of
entire data was made by dividing them into two groups, one the limiting Reynolds number. Further, it is also clear from
for N R <~ 10 and other for N R >~10. The gas-phase data for the various plots presented in Figure 7 that the data in the

Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev., Vol. 16,No. 2, 1977 163
 REYNOLDS NUMBER
Figure 7. Mass transfer in fixed and fluidized beds-overall correlations: -, liquid-phase fixed bed data; - - -, liquid-phase fluidized bed data;
-.-.- , gas-phase fixed bed data;. . . ., gas-phase fluidized bed data.
entire range of Reynolds number (0.01-15 000) can be corre-
lated by a single nonlinear correlation which will be more
handy to use. The curved nature of these plots suggests that
a relation similar to that developed by Gupta et al. (1974) for
particle-fluid heat transfer in fixed and fluidized beds can be
fitted. The iterative least-squares analysis with minimization
of residual errors gave
0.765 0.365
d d = - + ~
NRe0.82 NRe0.386
which correlated the data with an average deviation of 17.95%.
The average deviations for corresponding d d - N R ~and , Jd
- N R ~ relations
,, were again slightly higher. The three non-
linear relations thus developed are shown in Figure 7.
The validity of the proposed equations beyond the Reyn-
olds number ranges for which these have been developed will
184 Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev., Vol. 16, No. 2, 1977
be limited due to uncertainty in the nature of the experimental
data a t very low and high Reynolds number. I t would be ad-
vantageous to obtain more experimental data in these regions.
Further, the authors have experienced great difficulty in se-
lection of the suitable data due to the lack of complete infor-
mation and differences in the methods of analysis of results
by various workers. Therefore it would be also advantageous
to follow a standard procedure for obtaining and reporting the
relevant data.
Conclusions
On the basis of the above discussion it can be concluded that
the mass transfer factor is inversely proportional to the bed
voidage, and gas and liquid-phase data can be best repre-
sented either by eq 6 and 7 or by eq 8. The recommended
equation, however, for use is eq 8 which can be used in the
entire N R range
~ of 0.01 to 15 000. The use of any one of the Bhaftacharya, S. N., Raja Rao, M., Indian Chem. Eng., 9, T65 (1967).
above equations for evaluating the gas-phase mass transfer Bradshaw, R. D., Ph.D. Thesis, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., 1961.
Bradshaw, R. D.. Bennett, C. O., A.I.Ch.E. J., 7,48 (1961).
rates for N R <~ 10 is not recommended because of a com- Bransome. S.H., Trollope, G. A. R., A.I.Ch.E. J., 10,842 (1964).
pletely different trend shown by these systems. Chilton, T. H., Colburn, A. P., Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 1183 (1934).
Chu, J. C., in Othmer. D. F., Ed., "Fluidization", p 20,Reinhold, New York, N.Y.,
1956.
Nomenclature Chu, J. C., Kalil, J., Wetteroth, W. A,, Chem. Eng. Prog., 49, 141 (1953).
Colquhoum-Lee, I., Stepanek, J., Chem. Eng., No. 282, 108 (1974).
A = constant De-Acetis, J., Thodos, G., Ind. Eng. Chem., 52, 1003 (1960).
Dryden, C. E., Strang, D. A,, Withrow. A. E., Chem. Eng. Prog., 49, 191
A , = geometric surface area. L 2 (1953).
a = total interfacial area of packing, L 2 / L 3 Dunn, W. E., Bonilia, C. F.. Ferstenberg, C., Gross, B., A.l.Ch.e. J., 2, 184
b = coefficient depending upon Reynolds number (1956).
C, = specific heat of fluid, QIMO Ergun, S.. Chem. Eng. Prog., 48, 227 (1952).
Evans, G. C., Gerald, C. F., Chem. Eng. Prog., 49, 135 (1953).
D = molecular diffusivity, L 2 / t Fan, L. T., Yang, Y. C., Wen, C. Y., A.I.Ch.E. J., 6,482(1960).
D , = equivalent diameter of channel, (2c/3(1 - c))Dp,L Frantz, J., Chem. Eng., 69 161 (1962).
D , = equivalent particle diameter, L Gaffney, B. J.. Drew, T. B., Ind. Eng. Chem., 42, 1120 (1950).
d = bed diameter, L Galloway. L. R., Komarnicky, W.. Epstein, N., Can. J. Chem. Eng., 35, 139
(1957).
f = area availability factor used by Sengupta and Thodos Gamson, B. W., Chem. Eng. frog., 47, 19 (1951).
(1962) Gamson, B. W., Thodos, G., Hougen 0. A,, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem., Eng., 39,
f = a function l(1943).
G = superficial mass flow rate, M / L 2 t Gupta. S. N., Chaubey, R. B., Upadhyay, S. N., Chem. Eng. Sci., 29, 839
(1974).
J = transfer factor (equal to J d or J h ) Hobson, M., Thodos. G.. Chem. Eng. Prog., 45, 517 (1949).
J d = mass transfer factor, ( k , / u ) Nsc2/3 Hobson, M., Thodos, G., Chem. Eng. Prog., 47,370 (1951).
J h = heat transfer factor, (h/C G ) NP,*'~ Hughmark, G.A,. A./.Ch.E. J., 18, 1020 (1972).
Ishino, T.. Otake, T., Kagaku Kogaku, 15,225 (1951).
K = thermal conductivity, Q / t h Ishino, T.. Otake, T., Okada, T., Chem. Eng. (Tokyo), 15, 255 (1951).
k , = mass transfer coefficient, L / t Kato, K.. Kubota, H., Wen, C. Y.. Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Ser., 86, (105), 87
L = length, L (1970).
L = beddepth,L Mailing, G. F., Thodos, G., Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 10, 489 (1967).
McConnachie, J. T. L., Thodos, G., A.I.Ch.E. J., 9, 60 (1963).
L , = characteristic length parameter, L McCune, L. K., Wilhelm, R. H., Ind. Eng. Chem., 41, 1124(1949),
L e = actual length of path taken by fluid in traversing depth, Miyauchi, T., Kagaku Kogaku, 36, 633 (1972).
L , of bed, L Petrovic, L.J., Thodos, G., paper presented at the International Symposium on
M = mass, M Fluidization, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1967.
Petrovic, L. J.. Thodos, G., Ind. Eng. Chem., Fundam., 7,274 (1968).
m = constant Pfeffer, R., Ind. Eng. Chem., fundam., 3, 330 (1964).
Jd' = mass transfer factor, ( k , / u )N s ~ ~ , ~ ~ Riccefti, R . E., Thodos, G., A.I.Ch.E. J., 7,442 (1961).
Npr = Prandtl number, (gC,/K) Rowe, P. N., Claxton, K. T., Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. (London), 43, T 320
(1965).
N R =~ particle Reynolds number, (D,G/g) Ruckenstein, E., Zh. Prikl. Khim., 35, 377 (1962).
N R ~ =, particle Reynolds number, (D,G/p) Satterfield, C.N., Resnick, H., Chem. Eng. Prog., 50,505 (1954).
N R ~ ,=, particle Reynolds number, (D,G/p (1 - c)) Selke, W. A., Bard, Y., Pasternack, A. D., Aditya, S. K., A.I.Ch.E. J.. 2, 468
N s , = Schmidt number, (p/pD) (1956).
Sengupta, A., Thodos, G., Chem. Eng. Prog., 58 (7),58 (1962a).
N S h = Sherwood number, ( k , D,/D) Sengupta, A., Thodos, G., A.6Ch.E. J., 8, 608 (1962b).
Q = heat, Q Sengupta, A., Thodos, G.. A.I.Ch.E. J., 9, 751 (1963).
Re = Reynolds number, (G L J g ) Sengupta. A., Thodos, G., Ind. Eng. Chem., Fundam., 3, 218 (1964).
T D = mass transfer factor for fixed beds defined by Yeh Singh, D.R., M.Sc. Thesis, Banaras Hindu University, 1973.
Snowden. C. B., Turner, J. C. R., Proc. Int. Symp. Fluidization, 599 (1967).
(1961),N s N~s , - ~ ' ~ Taecker, R. G.. Hougen, 0. A,, Chem. Eng. Prog., 45, 188 (1949).
T D = mass transfer factor for fluidized beds defined by Yeh Upadhyay, S.N., Tripathi, G., Indian J. Techno/., 10, 361 (1972).
' ~+ U g ) / U ( € - € O ) / € O ) €
(19611, N S h N S C - ~ (u Upadhyay, S.N., Tripathi, G., J. Sci. Ind. Res., 34, 10 (1975a).
t = time Upadhyay, S. N., Tripathi, G., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 20, 20 (1975b).
Venkateswaran, S.D., Laddha, G. S., Indian Chem. Eng., 8, T 33 (1966).
u = superficial fluid velocity, ( G l p ) , Llt Weisman, J., A.I.Ch.E. J., 1, 342 (1955).
u, = actual velocity in packing channels, (ulc) ( L e / L ) ,L/t Whitaker. S.,A.I.Ch.E. J., 18,361 (1972).
u t = average terminal free falling velocity of particles in still Wilke, C.R., Hougen, 0. A,, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 41, 445 (1945).
Wilkins, G. S., Thodos, G., A.I.Ch.E. J., 15,47 (1969).
fluid, L / t Williamson, J. E., Bazaire, K. E.. Geankoplis, C. J., h d . Eng. Chem., Fundam.,
8 = temperature 2, 126 (1963).
e = void fraction Wilson, E. J., Geankoplis, C. J., Ind. Eng. Chem., Fundam., 5, 9 (1966)
€ 0 = maximum fractional void volume in fixed bed Yeh, G.C., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 6,526 (1961).
Yoon, P., Thodos, G., Chem. Eng. Sci., 27, 1549 (1972).
p = absolute viscosity, M/Lt
u = kinematic viscosity, L 2 / t
p = density, MIL3 Receiued for review February 12,1975
Accepted August 2, 1976
pf = density of fluid, M / L 3
ps = density of solid, M / L 3 T h e authors are grateful t o the Department of Electrical Engineering,
4ea = shape factor used by Gamson (1951) I n s t i t u t e of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, for providing the
IC# = arrangement exponent computational facilities a n d t o the U n i v e r s i t y Grants Commission,
N e w Delhi, f o r p r o v i d i n g p a r t i a l financial assistance.
Literature Cited
Bar-llan, M., Resnick, W., Ind. Eng. Chem., 49, 313 (1957). Supplementary Material Available. T w o tables of regression
Beek. W. J., in Davidson, J. F., and Harrison, D., Ed., "Fluidization", p. 431, analysis results f o r gas-phase a n d liquid-phase data (6 pages). Or-
Academic Press, London, 1971. dering i n f o r m a t i o n is given o n any current masthead page.

Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev., Vol. 16, No. 2, 1977 165