(Sa) Agriculture by Shiv Arpit Sir For Geography

NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 (SA) AGRICULTURE BY SHIV ARPIT SIR  To China, Vietnam , Bangladesh

2. Fish
 SOURCES
1. NCERT:- +1, +2  (marine products) both fresh and Brackish
2. GC leong Part-I, Part-II more important water
th
3. ICSE:- class 10 book 3. Buffalo meat
4. Economic survey  largest producer and exporter
5. Yellow book  Up  Maharashtra to Vietnam , Laos, SE-
6. Atlas
Asian nations to west Asia , N-America
7. Summary of yojana & kurukshetra vajiram portal
8. Monday:- Ideas and explained page of Indian express 4. Rice
:- Harish Damodaran , ashok Gulati articles  Basmati
9. Hindu full especially FAQ page  largest cultivation area of rice
 2nd largest producer
TOPIC:- AGRICULTURE  PB, HR, Western UP to USA, Canada, W-
Europe, W-Asia
 Some facts  Non-Basmati
 Economy survey 2020-21 = 54% directly  To :- Indonesia, Bangladesh
agriculture 5. Sugarcane
 Farmer:- who owns and tills land  2nd largest producer
 2004:- national commission of farmers  Largest consumer
(Swaminathan commission) says the farmer is  UP MH KR
who  Sugarcane prices directly links to crude oil
 Own land, tills land  (ethanol factor –biofuels)
 Tills land, paying rent or a tenant farmer 6. Spices
 Tills land, gives share to owner or share  Net surplus exporter
crops 7. Meat
 Landless agriculture workers getting daily 8. Wheat
wages from other land
 Poultry , bee-keeping, apiculture  INDIAN AGRICULTURE IMPORT
 Agriculture=Largest employer in country  < 3% world trade of agriculture commodities
 17% = contribution to national GDP  Edible oil:-
 Demand in India:- 25mnton
 SUBSIDY :- TOTAL 20LAKH TAX COLLECTION
 Production = 11 mn ton
 Ration of 2.8 lakh crore subsidized only spent on
 Import = 14 mn ton
it out of total collection of tax
 $11bn India spends on palm oil , sun flower
 For Welfare of farmers (MSP)
 For Food security of nation oil, soybean oil import
 Schemes like :- Greeb Kalayan Ann Yojana  So Indian import from world
 Urea:- 1. Edible oil
 45kg bag  242 Rs + tax is rate of one bag 2. Fertilizers
 95000 crore only for the subsidy of this 3. non-agriculture commodities:- help in doing
fertilizer spent by govt. approximately agriculture like for urea , natural gas is used
Rs.12000/ ton is paid by govt {cost for Govt for manufacturing urea (taxed by state govt)
17000/ton , govt making it available for  so inflation also impacted by agriculture factors
 Power
farmers at 5000/ton}
 VILLAGE, TOWN, MIGRATION
 PB, Telegana , TN, Andhra Pradesh almost  Village:- no definition , but the term “Mauza:- is
free of cost electricity to farmers a basic areal unit meant for revenue collection”
 Punjab around 6000 crores spends on power  Towns:-
subsidy  Statutory towns
 Other states highly subsidized  A containment board
 It result in high rates of commercial and  Municipal body
industrialized power  Town area committee
 Census town:-
 AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS (INDIA)  At least 5000 , or 5000+
1. Cotton (Raw form)  At least 400/SqKm or more
 GJ  MH  Telengana
 Largest producer and exporter
NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022 1
 At least 75% males engaged in activities  Water wastage
other than agriculture  Water use efficiency:- as low as 38% as water
 Rural to urban migration gets wasted during transportation (evaporation
 Distress migration (rural out migration) factor)
 Lead to social issues  Total Indian area = 26% irrigated by canals
 Alter sex ratio (for both source &  Evaporation is very high in water reservoirs
destination) and cause water wastage therefore the
 Crimes against women concept of solar (floating) power plants is
 Feminization of agriculture taken as a solution to minimize the
evaporation under “national solar mission”
 CLIMATE CHANGE , GLOBAL WARMING ,
 Seepage loss of water – rivers are built “pacca”
GREEN HOUSE GASES to stop it
 CH4 , CO2 , water vapour = greenhouse gasses as  flood irrigation techniques also contribute to
all trap heat and result into global warming water wastage
 According to UNFAO + WRI (world resource
 tube wells = ground water depletion =
institution) the total greenhouse emissions are
30cm/year {PB= 70-100 cm/year, sangrur= 24-
by
25m/year}
 13.5% transportation
 21% industries 2. Low levels of mechanization or Non-
 18% agriculture mechanized
 Agricultural land use has changed  Largely human and animal based agriculture ,
 Paddy fields release CH4 as a green house gas by machines are very less
transplantation method as during decomposition  Every 1000 hectares of land = only 20 tractors
of died weeds under water (anaerobic ) this gas because
releases  Small and fragmented land
 Urea:- CO2 Greenhouse gas releases  Small and marginal farmers
 Manure :- Nitrox oxide Green house gas releases  Less revenue
 Livestock :- CH4 , 40% greenhouse gas  Last agriculture census 2018 (data 3015-16)
st nd
………..1 class ended, 2 started…….  86.2% small and marginal farmers
 Average size of land holding in India
 FEATURES OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE  1970-71
1. Rain fed agriculture  70million farms
2. Low levels of mechanization  Avg. size of farm= 2.28 hectare
3. Seasonal employment  2010-11
4. Indian agriculture is marked by backward (up  138 million farms
streams ) and forward (down streams ) linkages  Greater division of land
1. Rain fed agriculture  1.6 hectare average size of farm
 Monsoon dependence= lack of irrigation  2015-16
 50% area irrigated by tube wells  146 million farms
 6% area irrigated by canals (managed by state  Average size farm = 1.06 hectare
govt) generally so farmers depend upon the  per capita availability of agricultural land
state govt for irrigation also. Therefore the  India 0.1195 hectares
system of “rotational irrigation” also called “  Canada = 300 hectares
Barabandi” has been used {in Punjabi we say  USA= 150 hectares
pani di vari }  Israel= 0.0326
 60% rain fed of total farm holding  USA, Canada , Israel highly mechanized and
 Net sown area under irrigation have high revenue reasons
 PB> 98%  Collective farming adopted by these nations
 HR ≡ 87% whereas India has still independent farming
 UP ≡ 76%  India has machines but for large farms not
 Bihar ≡ 63% for small farms
 Andhra Pradesh ≡ 64%  Custom hiring centers
 MH ≡ 18% (have dams but not irrigation)  Shop in a villages in India or town of India
 Sikkim ≡ 18% where machines for usage of small and
 Mizoram ≡ 14% marginal farmers are provided. Gram sabha
 Assam ≡ 6% decides the rent of this (40,000 in total =
6lakh+ villages are there so very limited  By PAU:- PR121,PR122,PR126 rice varieties are
number of these shops are there) there which are quick yield varieties and have
 Private machine renting companies 120-135 days maturing period
 Halo tractor app  This less maturing period of crops can prevent
 OLA tractor App stable burning , ground water depletion as spare
 Trringo (Mahindra) time can be received by farmers to decompose
 However, all are in developed agriculture the crop remains
regions  HYV seeds problem
 Regarding machines large scale introduction into  Cannot be reused
Indian agriculture, there is a debate also of  Cannot reproduce
losing demographic dividend and debate to get  Terminator seeds
machines or not ………..2nd class ended, 3rd started…….
3. Seasonal employment
 Agriculture is not a permanent employer so GM CROPS IN INDIA
MGNREGA scheme was launched
 BT-Cotton –Only GM crop in India
 There are disguised un-employment, under
 Bacillus thuringiensis :- soil bacteria used t make
employment as in rural areas more agricultural
pesticide also
workers are available than required due to lack
 It produces toxic protein :- cry1ac or cry protein
of job opportunities
which prevents crop from attack of “ballworm” ,
 Therefore a worker is employed but under
the no-1 enemy of cotton
employed  2002:- GOI permitted cultivation of BT-Cotton
 Marginal productivity of labour = zero and 7.6 lakh hectare was under cultivation
 Solution :-  Present :- 130 lakh hectares and >95% farmers
 Introduce labour intensive manufacturing cultivate different hybrids of BT-cotton
factories
 HT-Cotton in India- Not permitted
 Skill development programs
 Illegally cultivated in Maharashtra as refer it civil
4. Indian agriculture is marked by disobedience movements type by local famers
backward (up streams ) and forward  HT:- herbicide tolerant cotton
(down streams ) linkages  Chemical “Glyophosate” (Brand- Round up
 Backward linkages ready) proved as causing cancer in USA court,
 Fertilizers used In India as Herbicide
 Pesticides  Why famers prefer HT-cotton:- cost effective ,
 Seeds no workers needed to pluck weeds
 Credit  WHO:- declared GM crops safer but many
 Irrigation countries still do not consider it for this
 Machines  Canada , Brazil= permitted
 Forward linkages  Western Europe= Non-permitted
 Transportation
 Storage
 India = Only BT-Cotton {PB 2007 it was
permitted)
 Market
 Facilities related to value addition  Moncentro Company:-
BT-cotton first variety
 Both these linkages are somehow missing in
Bollgard-I = cry1ac protein
Indian agriculture
Bollgard-2 =cry2ab protein
 Low seed replacement rate:- less rate of former
 Recent attacks on cotton
crop’s seeds used for next cultivation
 PB + HR = white fly attack
 Solution:- make sure the availability of seeds
 GJ + RJ = Pink Boll worm attack
of heat tolerance & of HYV
 Example:- Arhar has 30% only seed  GM crop problem:- leads to loss of biodiversity
replacement rate
 Solution like HYV seeds for Paddy SEEDS
 Punjab ≡ in 30 lakh hectare paddy is grown Seed is an agricultural input which can increase
(approx. 4 lakh hectare basmati and left non- agricultural production and green revolution in
basmati especially Parmal variety) world can be attributed to the hybrid seeds
 PUSA-44 :- 150-160 days maturing period developed first by “Norman Borlaug”-Father of
green revolution
 Most of the farmers in India do not have access units at Ramagundam (Telengana), baroni
to quality of certified seeds and are largely (Bihar) , Talcher (odisha), Gorakhpur (UP), &
dependent on farm saved seeds Sindri (Jharkhand).
 Therefore seed replacement rate In India is low f) Although domestically produced fertilisers
which is especially true for oil seeds and pulses are costlier than the imported fertilisers but
 There are issues related to availability of seeds it is a part of “Aatam Nirbhar Bharat” with
and affordability of seeds as most of the HYV an additional benefit of employment
hybrid seeds are terminated seeds generation
 Introduction of the GM crops is a matter of g) IFFCO has developed liquid nano-urea which
debate with concerns raised over biodiversity will reduce the wastage of urea and bring
loss, human health, creation of the monopolies down govt subsidies.
etc (patent system)  When plants cannot get nutrients from the soil
then they need fertilizers
 FERTILIZERS  Macronutrients:- NPK:- nutrients like Nitrogen
 Write up given by sir in 4th class about , Phosphorous , potassium are required in large
fertilisers is in this box here below quantity
 Plants need certain micro and macro nutrients for  Micronutrients:- required by plants in less
their growth which they obtain from the soil. If the quantity e.g:- zn, fe, B, Ca
soil is deficient in these nutrients, fertilizers are  Secondary nutrients :- which are required in
added.
quantities more than micro but less than macro
 Although the fertilizers usage in India has increased
since the past few decades but the usage is not e.g:- calcium , magnesium, sulphur
uniform. There are states like PB, HR, Bihar etc where  During the deficiency of the macro and
the usage of chemical fertilizers is more than secondary nutrients
200kg/hectares while there are states like Sikkim and
 Farmers use fertilizers.
Meghalaya which are fully organic
 1950-51:- 0.5kg/hectare
 Urea is the most commonly used fertilisers in
 1970-71:- 13.5kg/hectare
India and it is not part of nutrient based subsidy.
Its price and production is administered by the  1980-81:- 34kg/hectare
govt and urea meant for agriculture is canalised  2000-01:- 90kg/hectare
as it is cheaper it is over used compare to the  2020-21:- almost 135kg/hectare
other fertilisers  Increase of the chemical fertilizers can be seen
 There are also concerns related to diversion of now as compare to past. This is just an average.
subsidised urea to Industries & its smuggling to  PB, HR, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh ,
Nepal and Bangladesh Pondicherry, Delhi where use is more than
 Govt has taken the following steps 200kg/hectare of land (Pondicherry almost
a) Soil health card scheme aims to rationalise 400kg/hectare). These states cannot get
the usage of fertilisers in India. Under this converted into organic very easily as of high
scheme soil samples taken from the farmers dependency on fertilizers and non-uniform
field are analysed on 12 parameters and distribution of fertilizers
based on the results soil health card is given  Sikkim, Meghalaya, Lakshadweep are fully
to the farmers organic = no fertilizers are used here
b) Neem coating of urea program aims to  Arunachal Pradesh:- 32.4kg/hectare
prevent the wastage of urea. Urea is coated  Nagaland:- 3.2kg/hectare
with neem oil, which reduces the rate at  These two can easily become organic states
which urea is hydrolysed and nitrified 1. Nitrogen
c) Govt has started with DBT where farmers  Urea most common
purchase fertilisers through point of sale  Increases food production
machine (if available) & the subsidy is  Increases development/growth of plants
transferred to the companies account only
2. Phosphorous
when the company is able to present the  DAP:- Di-ammonium phosphate is used
record of the transection (after fertilisers are commonly
sold to the farmers)  Before sowing it is applied for development of
d) The govt is likely to come up with direct cash roots
transfer which may be in the form of E- 3. Potas(K)
Rupee or some similar mechanism Muriate of potas fertilizer

e) Govt is keen on reviving some old fertilisers  Protects from diseases
 Provides shine
 N:P:K ratio needed and in use
 Idea use is 4:2:1 for Indian soil
 Average used now:- 6.7: 2.4 : 1
 Punjab uses :- 31 : 8 :1
 Shows overuse of urea because it is cheaper as
govt controls the price of it
 Problems
 Wastage of urea
 Smuggling to Nepal and Bangladesh
 Over use of Urea
 SOLUTIONS:- TO STOP WASTAGE OF  But during experiment it takes 10-15 minutes
FERTILIZERS ESPECIALLY UREA per farmer to do this
1. Soil health card scheme  Therefore the mistrust issue arose among
 Mobile soil testing labs are there and they take farmers, even internet is an issue
samples and measures soil health on 12  GOI now allowed to take any identity proof to
parameters like ph value, organic carbon get urea from retail outlet
content, electrical conductivity) etc , these 4. Direct cash transfer
things are tested and based on results the card is  Just in planning phase not yet drafted or
issued implemented
 Planning is in the form of E-rupee or similar
mechanism
 GOI is planning to send coupon code by sms within 1-
2 years
5. Reviving old fertilizers units
 At rangundhan= telegana
 At baroni= Bihar
 At Talcher== odisha
 At Gorakhpur =UP
 At sindri = Jharkhand
 Although domestically produced fertilizers are
 Therefore these cards are for rational use of
costlier than imported but it is a part of
fertilizers
“Aatamnirbhar Bharat” with additional benefits
2. Neem coated urea program of employment generation
 For every 1-ton urea the spray of 600grams of
 LIQUID NANO-UREA
Neem oil is needed
 IFFCO:- developed liquid nano-urea which
 Here urea is coated with neem oil to reduce the
reduces wastage of UREA and can bring down
rate at which urea is hydrolyzed and nitrified
govt subsidy burden
 Advantage
 It is developed to replace conventional urea and
 Illegal use can be stopped
it can curtail the requirement of the same by at
 It slowdowns conversion of the urea to
least 50%.
become soluble nitrates and also prevents
 It contains 40,000 mg/L of nitrogen in a 500 ml
urea from getting wasted because it takes
bottle which is equivalent to the impact of
time to dissolve when coated with the neem
nitrogen nutrient provided by one bag of
3. Direct benefit transfer (DBT) conventional urea
 2018 introduced to prevent smuggling  Bottle price= 240Rs
 Farmers can purchase fertilizers through point of  Efficiency :- 85-90% contrast to conventional
sale machine (if available) urea(25%)
 Subsidy is transferred to companies only when  PM Modi visited Gujarat “kalol” first nano urea
company is able to present record of transaction plant
(after fertilizers sold to farmers)  India has become the first country globally to
 Here subsidy now transferred for fertilizers to start commercial production of nano urea. kalol
farmers account plant has been set up by Indian farmers' fertilizer
 Understand by the diagram

cooperative limited (IFFCO) with an investment  2021-Jan-Rajendran Committee
of rs 175 crore  Submitted report = November 2021
 Ramesh Raliya developed Nano Urea at Nano  Now april 2022 ban some chemicals but due
Biotechnology Research Centre (NBRC) to Russia-Ukraine war GOI differed the plan
 White in colour to ban
………..3rd class ended, 4th started…….  Still GOI has not banned all those chemicals
with immediate effect
PESTICIDES  PESTICIDES APPLICATIONS IN INDIA
 Two types  Shop keepers generally advice to farmers about how
a) Bio-pesticides to use pesticides not GOI
b) Chemical pesticides  Because these shopkeepers were6 given targets ,
 Use of chemical pesticides incentives by companies to sell pesticides. Which lead
 India= 600g/hectare (very very less) to Overuse of pesticides and Makes pests immunitive
 USA= 7 KG/hectare to pesticides
 Japan= 12kg/hectare  Therefore, More pesticides use needed as their
effect reduces , which may damage the crop
 Case 2018:- pesticide residue was found in
Basmati beyond limit and by saying this ,  SOLUTIONS OF THIS PROBLEM
rejected by the European countries 1. Frame a new law
 How it happens when we use only 2. Amend existing law
600g/hectare 3. Integrated pest management
 In western countries upto 2018 maximum 4. Use more bio-pesticides
residue limit of Tricyclazole was 1ppm and  Integrated pest management (IPM)
then reduced to 0.01ppm a) Here the use of a trap crop
b) Using natural predators
 Farmers do not know “waiting time of
c) Use of Pheromone Trap
pesticides “ (deadline with which harvest
a) Here the use of a trap crop
should be done after spraying pesticides)
 This trap crop attracts pest away from the main
 Farmers don not have cheaper alternatives
crop
of Tricyclazole
 Farmers so need to be told
 Improper application techniques like
spraying by Airplanes as airily sprayed . case
happened in Kerala kasargard cashew
plantation)
 Note:- PB+HR+UP:- Tricyclazole is used for
fungal and Buprofezin used for killing white
fly
 Why GOI is not banning Tricyclazole  However in India there are small land farms so this is
 Banning needed  need committee  not done
recommendations  either accepted or rejected b) Using natural predators
by GOI  complex process  Okra attracts “lady bird which is natural predator of
 Example: 1972 Monocrotophos (highly toxic) bollworm
 The insecticides Act-1968  So without using pesticides we can kill bollworm. It is
 Sale, purchase and control of pesticides is also a type of integrated pest management
done under this Act
 Register molecule under this Act
 Submit report to GOI about how the
chemical works and affects environment
 Register for infinite time (no-restriction)
 2013:-Pesticides Anupam Verma committee
 290+ pesticides molecules in India
 90= highly toxic
 Recommended: ban on 45-47 molecules and
gave report in 2016 and upto 2018 no action
was taken. after that only 12 banned and 6
will be banned on dec2020
c) Use of Pheromone Trap “APMR”Act which led to creation of APMC
 It is a chemical in urine of tiger used to markets
demarcate territory  These are regulated markets where farmers sell
 Companies started producing this chemical as it their produce through mechanism of auction
produces smell that female bollworm produces  APMC-AIM:- to find the best price discovery to
for matting purposes farmers
 Bollworm gets attracted and gets trapped in net  APMC mandi are set up for benefits of farmers
along crop field where this chemical is put or nut are not functioning as envisioned
used
 India has only 35 IPM centers (issue) and farmers
 AGRICULTURE PRODUCE AND
should be made aware about IPM MARKET REGULATION ACT:- (STATE
 PESTICIDES MANAGEMENT BILL 2020 SUBJECT 1960S-1970S) (APMR Act)
 It is still a bill, has not become an Act  Regulated markets were set up called as APMC
 Seeks replacement of “the Insecticides act,1968” mandi :- agriculture produce and market
 It will regulate the imports, manufacture, committee mandi (by all state govt)
distribution, storage, sale, use etc of pesticides  Farmers will not be allowed to sell produce apart
in India from APMC Mandi (to save farmers produce
 Objective is to minimize harmful effects of from money lenders)
pesticides on humans, animals, environment  In APMC Mandi farmers can sell their produce to
 Central Govt will create “Central Pesticide higher/best bid or price buyers
Board” which will advice state and central Govts  Farmers can sell their produce by auction.
on scientific & technical matters Generally commission charged from farmers but
 “the registration committee” will issue in some states both the farmer and buyer pays
certification of registration required for commission to shops { these shops are in Mandi
manufacturing, import of pesticides. It will also and get license from state govt. these are not
periodically review the pesticides & will notify buyers but rather they help the farmers to sell
those substances that have same biological their produce .they act as middle man}
effect as of pesticides  Tax to mandi:- (market tax or mandi tax or
 “a licensing officer “will be appointed by state:- market levy) paid by the buyer only
license will be required for distribution, sale,
storage etc  FARMER’S CREDIT:-
 License can be revoked if convicted of an offence  60% credit get from RRB, cooperative banks by
under the Act small and marginal farmers
 The central govt may form an authority to  “Arhatiya” or the middle man also major credit
regulate the price of pesticides providers to farmers but at generally 24-36%
 The central govt , through a notification may interest rate. However , the problem with the
prohibit the sale or use of pesticides in any area Arhatiyas is that very often they purchase and
if store the produce of farmers due to loan
a) It owes a health risk provided by them and decide the price
b) It acts as a barrier in international trade themselves in APMC Mandi
 Note:- pesticides come under drugs and are in  ISSUE WITH APMC MANDI
concurrent list so central govt can make laws  Lack of transparency in APMC mandi as buyers
 It will create database of pesticides which will group pre-decide a fixed price during auction
empower the farmers by providing them system
information of pesticides , risk involved or  No objective criteria to check quality so farmers
associated alternatives if any etc are not given the correct prices
 There is also a provision of compensation in case  Mechanism of the auction is not transparent ,
of the farmers who incur loss due to spurious prices are often pre-decided by the cartel
chemicals  Farmers take loan from middle man called
AGRICULTURAL MARKETS “Aarthyias”, they are bound to sell their produce
to them without auction
 Importance:- (regulated markets):- to save  APMC – lack of infrastructure needed for value
farmers from money lenders (Non-formal) addition , according to NITI Aayog maximum
 Market reforms were initiated in most of the post harvest loses take place within APMC
states in 1960s-70s when states enacted mandis

 No-uniform tax levied by mandis & it varies from  2003 APMC Mandi Act
one state to another , as some states levying  NDA govt brought this Act to liberalise the APMC
very high tax Mandi
 Commission also varies from one crop to  As APMC is under state so very few states has
another crop & generally high for perishables took provisions of this act
 NITI AYOG:- mentioned that tax of 1.5% is  Bihar:- took provisions of this act , now no APMC
enough to maintain the infrastructure of mandi mandi is there
 APMC covers large area and on an average
432lm/sq increases the cost increased by farmer
 WHY STATES ARE RELUCTANT
 States are financially dependent on center
on transportation of Agri-commodity from field
to mandi {according to national commission of  PB,HR,UP and many other states are dependent
farmers headed by MS Swaminathan } average on revenue of APMC Mandi
 States have no many areas to generate own
area of an agriculture market should not be
more than 80kmsq expenditure
 Revenue will be affected if states liberalize the
 In many states , there are farmers market where
the farmers sell their produce directly to end- APMC
user , these gramin agriculture markets are  SOME STATES CREATED MANDIS
known by the different names like “Apni mandi WHERE FARMERS CAN DIRECTLY SELL
in Punjab etc” TO BUYERS (LEGALLY)
 2019 GOI for upgrading the Grams had come up
 All these are called “rural hearts” or “Gramin
with a fund agri market infrastructure fund.
agricultural market” or “primary rural
There are about 22000 grams in India (GRAMs:-
agricultural market”
Gramin Agriculture markets)
 PB= Apni mandi
 For creating a single unified market that can provide
better price discovery to farmer , ensure
 Andhra Pradesh + telegana:- Rythu Bazar
transparency in Auction, reduce price dispersion , GOI  MH:- Shethari Bazar
in 2015 came up with e-NAM. It is a virtual market or  TN:- Uzhavar santhai
an online platform where farmers can sell the agri-  Total now 22000 such mandi are there in India
commodities to the buyers located in different parts ………..4th class ended, 5th started…….
of India  e-NAM
 However, only about 1000 APMC part of e-NAM
 it is a virtual market by ministry of Agriculture + SFAC
excluding Azadpur mandi Delhi and Vashi mandi
 it is a trading platform , online market
Mumbai the two larger ones in India
 login category includes
 Even in Bihar has no APMC mandi , so e-NAM won’t
a) farmer,
be able to help them as APMC required to be told
b) buyer,
during registration at e-NAM
c) commission agents:- number of license needed
 Cost incur on farmers of transportation to mandi is
here to register
also very high { as 432 kmsq APMC varies, n PB
d) service providers
119kmsq means every 11km has an APMC Mandi
whereas Meghalaya 11000kmsq means 110 km has  Note:-
one mandi only . so problem is faced by farmers) price of agricultural commodity in India vary from
 Post-harvest loses as maximum APMC mandi has no area to area-
storage and lack of storage  let rice 100/kg in Maharashtra of variety A
 Like Punjab = approx. 8.5% APMC Mandi tax paid as (lowest In country ) and
including  200/kg in Assam of variety A (highest in country)
 3% rural development fees ,  Price dispersion:- ratio of a particular commodity of
highest & lowest price
 3% market levy by buyer,
 P:D:- 2:1 = 2
 3% commission :-  India :- we do not have single unified market so we
 all affecting the farmers as purchase would be have high price dispersion
less and at end consumers would be affected  1000 approximately out of 6000+ APMC are now part
{inflation} of this e-NAM
 Else need to be included
 SOLUTIONS OR WAY FORWARD FOR  Largest APMC :- Azadpur Mandi-Delhi is also not a
APMC MANDI part of e-NAM
 Liberalize the APMC mandi
 In reality, 47% the sale of total produce of
 PROBLEM WITH e-NAM :-
 Not all APMC are included
farmers in India is sold outside the APMC
 Un-educated farmers who do not know about
(illegally) only 53% is sold inside APMC mandi interest technology (not digitally aware) so e-
NAM is not completely alternative to physical  Need to export processed products not raw produce ,
APMC transport cost so we need private investment in country
 Need stable export policy
 BENEFITS OF e-NAM  NEED LIBERALIZING AGRICULTURE MARKET
 Interstate sell/purchase easy
 The country which was dependent on food aid , India
 Farmers/buyers have more choices to get best
has come up a long way where we can not only be
price/quality
self-sufficient in food production but also emerged as
 Auction become easy
important exporter of certain agriculture
 THREE FARMS LAWS commodities but much of our agriculture

commodities basket comprises raw, unprocessed
1) The Farmer’s Produce Trade & Commerce (Promotion items with low shelf life and low profit margin
& Facilitation)Act, 2020  Moreover , export policy in India is used for
2) The Farmer’s (Employment & Protection) Agreement controlling domestic inflation , most of the times , as
On Price Assurance & farm Services Act 2020 we do not have a stable export policy connecting
farmers to international markets which can help us in
3) Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act 2020
achieving the objective of doubling of farmers income
1. The Farmer’s Produce Trade & Commerce  Agriculture in India needs both pubic and private
(Promotion & Facilitation)Act, 2020 investment as the GOI needs to focus on its primary
 Basically for APMC Mandis objectives like ensuring welfare of farmers through
 Now repealed well targeted subsidies’, the business needs to be left
to the market with Govt acting as a regulator that can
a) Inter or intra state
prevent mal-practices
 Selling of produce legal outside the APMC  For reducing the post harvest loses , we need
like selling to a processing unit investment in cold storages , ripening chambers ,
 Farmers can directly sell from farms also processing of food etc and in order to attract the
b) Electric trading done through platform much needed investment for the above mentioned
developed by any private company / systems the agriculture markets need to be
cooperatives (registered) :- multi platform is liberalized
permitted 2. The Farmer’s (Employment & Protection)
c) States will be prohibited to levy tax if Agreement On Price Assurance & farm
produce is sold outside the APMC Mandis Services Act 2020
 BENEFITS OF THIS ACT  To protect from exploitation in APMC & fluctuation of
 New agriculture markets come up so APMC 482kmsq prices in APMC through an Agreement
problem solved (monopolistic structure , cartel  Basically dealt with contract farming
broken)  Dispute resolution mechanism (concern)
 Farmers can have more choices to discover more or
better price
 WHY OPPOSITION BY FARMERS
 Mainly from PB , HR, Western UP:- where best APMC
connectivity is there and they get MSP and Govt
support and have irrigation also
 However, 85% approximately were supporting these
laws among farmers
 What guarantees that unregulated private markets
cannot exploit the farers as APMC’s monopolistic
character does. So laws could be made on facts not
based on assumption
 If all farmers go to private mandis , APMC could not
sustain as farmers can face private monopoly (again it
as assumption)
 Even foreign companies competition will arise but
GOI has to act as a regulator even if private markets
introduced
 From APMC now FCI procures produce at MSP so
farmers had also concern of MSP if private market
come
 No mechanism to compensate the state as when they
lose revenue as not allowed to levy tax outside APMC
if private markets come
 No post harvest loss infrastructure and support

 Farmers demanded we should be given right to  It is calculated by CACP and MSP announced
go to civil courts due to Nexus b/w the before sowing season by CCEA so that farmers
bureaucrat and the private companies can take an informed decision.
 However Act said no auction can be taken for  MSP is announced for
recovery by selling land  14 kharif crops
 CONS OF CONTRACT FARMING &  6 rabi crops
 2 commercial crops :- jute + Copra
SUGGESTIONS RELATED TO THIS LAW
 MSP on toria and de husked coconut is
 It is well acknowledged that companies prefer
calculated with MSP on mustard & rape seed
better geographical locations & they will invest
and copra as reference respectively
in those areas which are relatively better
 And govt announces FRP for sugarcane
developed , this may increase regional disparity
 FRP or SAP for sugarcane is announced in
all the more
form of MSP. The Cabinet Committee on
 Certain crops whose demand is high in
Economic Affairs, at its meeting chaired by
International and domestic market may be
Prime Minister Narendra Modi here on
preferred that may affect food security
Wednesday, has approved Fair and
 Sponsor prefer large farmers but majority of
Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane for
farmers in India are small and marginal
sugar season 2022-23 (October - September)
 In order to provide benefits to farmers &
at ₹305 per quintal. It is paid by mills not by
consumers we need contract farming but law
the govt. {SAP means state advised price}
should have appropriate mechanism for dispute
 Sometimes a bonus is announced on MSP even if
resolution, which can protect interest of farmers
there is any risk further involved during time of
as farmer is weaker of two parties.
procurement. it can be either political or
 Moreover , the mechanism of dispute resolution
economic decision
should be swift with focus on alternate
mechanism of dispute resolution A. COMMISSION OF AGRICULTURE
 CONTRACT FARMING COSTS AND PRICES (CACP):-
 It is a form of agriculture where farmers cultivate
crop or practice non-crop options of agriculture like 1. Calculates MSP
Dairy farming for a sponsor through a written Factors CACP take into account

agreement a) cost of cultivation is considered during
 Many states in India have made changes in APMC to calculation so that farmers may get profit
accommodate contract farming while in many states  e.g Now govt provided 50% profit on Paddy
there are separate laws for it and 80% on Bajra
 BENEFITS OF CONTRACT FARMING  why 80% :- to increase the nutrient food
 Farmers can get access to number of services like
production
seed and planting material , cheaper credit , training
b) Demand and supply and what will happen
etc
 Most farmers like in Punjab cultivate tomato on a
to supply if MSP is decreased or increased
raised bed , a technique introduced by “PepsiCo c) Stock holdings of previous year (for these
company” crops MSP is always not very high due to
 Consumers get fresher produce at a less price and surplus stock sometimes)
farmers make it a better share as a number of d) Domestic and international prices (how MSP
intermediaries will be eliminated will affect the domestic inflation is
3. Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act considered like govt announced high MSP
2020 for a crop therefore an outsider buyer has to
pay high to buy same crop at which Govt is
 Not yet discussed
procuring , ultimately consumer gets
………..5th class ended, 6th started……. affected and international issues also
 MSP: MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE considered)
 MSP is the Price support announced by Govt to
e) Inter crop parity:- how will announcement of
protect the farmers from market related risks MSP on one particular crop affects the other
 Risks related to
crop in same season. Like there are two
 Cultivation:- any damage by weather, crops paddy (water intensive) and maize
animal attack, drought . for this we have (semi-arid areas crop) and both are kharif
fasal bima yojana (PM-FBY) crops, Govt wants farmers to cultivate more
 Market :-for this risk we have a system MSP paddy as compare to surplus paddy , so govt
announces MSP on paddy less as compare to
on maize (if all other factors are constant)(so  Need is that natural climatic factors should
in order to encourage the production of a be considered to have cropping pattern
particular crop) accordingly
2. Then recommends the GOI c) Ground water depletion
3. GOI makes announcement CCEA (Cabinet  89% fresh water used by Rice and sugarcane
committee on economic affairs) announces MSP only
chaired by PM of INDIA  79% fresh water used for agriculture
B. MSP & PROCUREMENT CONCERNS d) Malnutrition
 Zinc deficiency as now millets are not
a) Delayed Procurement and delayed included in diet due to less cultivation
payment:- process of govt is very slow like in e) Regional disparity
Punjab harvest is done in mid of april of wheat
 PB + HR + W-UP
but FCI procurement lasts upto 31 may which
leads to storage problems and shortage of cash  Although the govt provides MSP for
or credit for farmers to sow next crop . in large number of crops , many farmers
Madhya Pradesh wheat procurement by FCI last do not get benefits of MSP and
till end of June
following are some of the reasons
b) Tenants problem:- many tenants have not a) Arhitayas provide security free loan to the
registration with APMC as they have not their
farmers and the farmers sell their produce to
own land and they even not have the contract of
Arhatiyas without waiting for governments
lease in written ,therefore they cannot get the
procurement
benefit of MSP
b) Govt procurement starts late and is often
c) If state finds the price in APMC is less than MSP
associated with delayed payments
then state says center to procure, center
c) This system of procurement often bypasses
imposes some conditions to procure and if state
tenants farmers who do not have recorded lease
gets agreed then center asks his agencies to
as farmers are required to get themselves
procure. in this whole process very much time is
registered
taken and farmers have to sale at lower prizes in
d) There is a cap or a ceiling on quantity of the
APMC as of fear of long process and storage
crops that can be sold by farmers to the
problem
government
d) Limited procurement or Lack of well e) Although the govt announces MSP for a number
establishment procurement:- PB and HR have of crops but MSP linked procurement takes
the maximum FCI infrastructure as these two states place largely for rice , wheat , cotton and
have surplus crop production to sell in markets.
sugarcane {(rice and wheat are procured by FCI
Therefore other states have to suffer. For example in
Bihar , PACS and “vaipar mandals” procure from
or state Food corporations, cotton by cotton
farmers the crop produce and through mills like rice corporation of India and sugarcane is sold to the
mills they sell to FCI and state but state govt has put a mills at FRP or SAP (state advised price)}
limit on procurement per land owner (250 quintal) so f) Even for these crops the procurement takes place
if produce is more where the surplus goes and they from few states only. example 60% of wheat and 33%
have to sell at very lower prices, so issue is there of rice which is sold under PDS is procured from just
two states Punjab And Haryana
C. PROBLEMS LED by MSP & RELATED g) Many problems that we are facing today like ground
TO AGRICULTURE water depletion , monoculture, change in cropping
pattern, malnutrition, regional disparity , high
a) Monoculture
dependence on import oils etc can be attributed to
 Dominance of paddy and wheat MSP and related procurement
b) Cropping patterns h) There is an urgent need to reform the MSP to make it
 Arid areas are sowing water intensive crops like more transparent and effective
in Punjab rice is sown
 Southern Karnataka now cultivates rice and using
D. PRADHAN MANTRI-ANNDATA AAYA
a lot of water instead of “Ragi” (Kaveri water SANRAKSHAN ABHIYAN {PM-AASHA}
dispute)  PM-AASHA is For better procurement pulses and
 Marathvara also has sugarcane plantation oil seeds
 Northern Rajasthan cultivates wheat and  Three schemes are part under this
basmati rice now due to Indra Gandhi canal 1. Price support scheme
and using a lot of water instead of millets  For Pulses , oil seeds and copra
 State govt procures as the price falls below MSP
 The procurement is limited to 25% of total recommendations in transparent manner or
produce correct form as govt calculated MSP as 150% of
 Payment is to be made within 3 days of A2+FL, where the farmers are demanding MSP=
procurement 150% of C2
2. Price deficiency payment scheme  When CACP calculates MSP considering cost of
 For those oil seeds which are not part of price cultivation , it uses certain terms like the
support scheme following:-
 Here famers sell their produce in market at a) A2= Actual paid out cost {actual amount paid by
Market price and the difference between MSP the farmer like for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides
and Modal price (most quoted price) is b) FL: - imputed value of family labour.
transferred by Govt to the farmers c) C2:- Comprehensive cost includes A2+ FL +
 Same scheme was Bhavantar bhugtan yojana by opportunity cost like interest on capital and rent
forgone
MP (for soyabean) but after two months rolled
 According to Govt MSP = 150% of A2+FL
out because of heavy loss to Govt as USA
 Farmers demanding MSP= 150% of C2
dumped a lot of soyabean in markets due to
 As in India C2= 38% more than A2+FL
which Arhatiyas did not pay to farmer the
 Therefore, MSP calculation is also debatable
required amount and govt had to take a lot of
 When govt increases MSP ,it also increases
expense to pay against it as support
Market prices also (inflation reason)
3. Private procurement & stockiest scheme
 Note:- MS Swaminathan did not mention clearly
 For some oil seeds which are not part of other
what should be considered as the cost of
two schemes and it is to be taken up In few
cultivation after it when debate started , in
mandis of state on pilot basis
interviews he said he always considered
 Here a private company will procure farmers
comprehensive costs (C2)
produce at MSP
 But govt said if MSP is increased furthermore , it
 A service charge of 15% of MSP along with
will also lead to inflation
certain indirect benefits that the govt may
decide are given to the company G. SHOULD MSP BE GOVERNED BY LAW
E. MARKET INTERVENTION SCHEME OR THERE BE A LEGAL GUARANTEE
 For perishables though there is no MSP at national TO MSP?
level but procurement may be done under market
intervention scheme at market intervention price 1) Why Famers demand a Law for MSP
 This is taken up if the production increases and/or a) MSP is only an administrative decision and is
price falls compare to previous years values not binding to Govt to provide MSP
………..6th class ended, 7th started……. b) Maximum procurement of farmers produce
is taken place in APMC
F. DEBATABLE MSP & NATIONAL c) As due to farms laws, Farmers felt insecure
COMMISSION OF FARMERS (2004):- that MSP will be taken back if private
 Headed by Dr. MS Swaminathan mandis will come
 MS Swaminathan in National commission of d) Thus There has been a demand from various
farmers recommended Govt should increase the farm organizations that MSP which at
MSP at least 150% of the cost of cultivation i.e Present is an administrative decision should
on cost of cultivation Govt should give 50% as be governed by a law
profit to farmers in order to give income support e) In this case the law will be bind the
to farmers. government which will have to procure the
 MS SWAMINATHAN commission said MSP must farmers produce from all the areas
be given 150% of the cultivation cost 2) Problems with MSP
 Before 2014:- BJP said in manifesto to a) Ground water depletion
implement the MS Swaminathan b) Malnutrition
recommendations c) Monoculture
 In 2018:- NDA Government in 2018 after 2014 d) Change in cropping pattern
increased MSP and claimed the implementation e) Regional disparity
has been done of recommendations of  Most of the problems are because of the
Swaminathan commission few crops procurement by govt
 Although there was a good increase in MSP but  If India have a law that governs MSP all
some farmer’s organizations were unhappy that problems associated with MSP can be solved
the government has not implemented the
 Government saying:- If govt makes law on  It is well acknowledged that agriculture
MSP then Govt will be bound to procure all needs the govt support but MSP cannot be
23 crops on MSP throughout the India and considered as the sustainable solution
govt will be answerable in the court  Moreover, the agri-commodities like
horticulture or milk that don’t have MSP
3) If a law implemented it may bring the
have shown a good growth since the past
following benefits few years. The focus , instead, should be on
a) It will change the cropping patterns and the
development of infrastructure that will
farmers may cultivate crops according to
provide long term benefits to the farmers
natural climatic conditions
 Also the govt may not have fiscal capacity to
b) It may reduce the regional disparity as the
procure the agri-commodities from any
procurement will take place from every part
farmer of the country
of India.
 In case it is done there will be number of
c) It may also make agriculture sustainable
challenges related to logistics &
economically (where farmers will have a
management of these agri-commodities
guaranteed income ) and ecologically (where
a number of problems related to wrong H. DECENTRALIZED PROCUREMENT
choice of crops like ground water depletion
may be solved)
SYSTEM (DCP)
4) How can Govt ensure the procurement if 1. UNDER CENTRALIZED PROCUREMENT
the law would be there? SYSTEM
a) Govt itself starts the work of procurement a) center through FCI or state govt through
either through FCI or any other body state food agency procure produce of
b) Govt makes it compulsory for traders that farmers
any trader has to give at least MSP to the  Understand by example
farmer either within APMC or Outside  Let say Procurement from Punjab of rice at Rs
procurement 10 is sent to different states like Andhra
c) It Can be done through PDPS (Price Pradesh by the FCI , FCI issue a “Central issue
deficiency payment scheme) {discussed price” of the grains to Andhra Pradesh let say it
before in notes} is Rs3
5) What will be the challenges if there would  Andhra govt bears the cost of distributing to its
be a MSP law people this rice
a) A good infrastructures will be needed like  Impact:-
man power, storage systems, transport  Unnecessary transport expenditure of FCI
system , good supply system throughout the (central govt)
country (take time and resources)  Central govt (FCI)losses Rs 10-3= 7 Rs
 No MSP benefit for Andhra Farmers
b) Additional burden of Almost 11 lakh crore:-
to procure all of these 23 crops , as 1/3rd of 2. UNDER THE DCP
India’s expenditure will be needed if only  The grains procured by FCI (or by state food
govt procures market surplus produce and agencies ) which in turn handed over to FCI are
needs extra almost 11 lakh crores rupees issued to different states at “Central issue price”
c) Note:- Case study:- 2018 Maharashtra govt  These grains are then distributed by the state
came up with a law and made it compulsory under PDS. This system is known as centralized
for traders that any trader has to give at procurement
least MSP to the farmer within APMC .  Under the DCP system the state governments
Traders shut down the shops and didn’t procure the grains from their own farmers at
come to APMC to buy the produce of MSP (or MSP + Bonus) and then the grains are
farmers distributed under PDS
 HR=UP=BH=UK=PB = sugar cane cultivators  It offers the following benefits
are dominant group and Govts announced a) The farmers in different states get the
SAP (state announced price ) for sugarcane benefits of MSP
like in PB 360rs/quintal as MSP has to be b) It saves the cost which is otherwise incurred
given to farmers by sugarcane mills on transportation on the grains from one
 India = largest consumer of sugar state to another
6) Conclusion or way forward c) The state govt is able to cater to local taste

 Under Decentralized Procurement  Therefore:- India went from Under-
system utilization to acute shortage
 MSP let say is same 10Rs /Kg c) Excessive procurement:-
 Andhra Pradesh procures from its farmers  2018 govt increased MSP, so procurement
at Rs 10/kg and distributes among people at increased of grains , here also need to store
Rs 3 of food grains
 Now Andhra Pradesh loses 7 Rs  That is why only in 2018 GOI permitted
 Now Andhra Pradesh bears loss conversion of rotten food grains into ethanol
 Now central govt says if states go with (first time in India)
decentralized procurement, then whatever
is the difference b/w the economic cost of
d) Uneven and non-uniform distribution of
the grain and central issue price will be paid FCI godowns:-
 Shanta kumar committee:- there is an
by central govt directly to the state bank
account uneven and non-uniform distribution of FCI
 Transportation expenditure are saved here godowns and
 These are maximum only in few regions like
 As in Punjab “Parmal “ variety of rice is
cultivated and if is sent to Andhra, the PB,HR, Western UP, tarai region of UK,
people don’t like as they like “Sona malwa belt of MP, some are in Chhattisgarh
massori” rice variety , but in decentralized it and Andhra
will never happen as state govt will be to e) Poor maintance :-
cater local taste  Most of the godowns do not have tarpaulin
 TOPIC:- WAREHOUSING AND sheet. Thus most of the grains get moisture
and sprouting of grains starts leading to the
TRANSPORTATION damaging of grains
1. WAREHOUSING f) Inadequate cold storage capacity:-

 Warehousing protects the farmers from distress sale  For Horticulture, cold storages are needed .
 Warehousing is only Effective if against the storage  National center for cold chain development
farmers will be given a loan from some credible or (NCCCD) says that India have 35million tons of
formal institution cold storage capacity and another 35 million tons
of capacity is required.
 Problems of warehousing:-  Horticulture items are highly perishable so need
a) Under-utilization:- cold storages which are maintained in fixed
proportion of gases
 Dalwai committee said in India we have a
 Ripening chambers , pack houses are also needed
warehousing utilization of just 70% , 30% of
capacity is not utilized  NWR: NEGOTIABLE WAREHOUSE
(The government announced to double farm RECEIPT SCHEME:-
income es by 2022 in its Union Budget 2016-  WDRA (warehousing development
17. In line with this it appointed an 8- regulatory authority )
member inter-ministerial committee headed  Understand this scheme by the following
by Ashok Dalwai, to consider major reforms example
in agriculture sector. )  Let us assume a godown registered under
WDRA and farmer stored 1000kg grain in
b) Acute shortage godown and received a receipt.
 Today no space is left to store the food  Farmer now went to bank for loan and the
 2014= drought, monsoon was just 88% of receipt can be used as security for short
long period average term loan (6months ) at 7% per annum loan
 2015= drought, monsoon was just 86% of is given (loan is given under interest
long period average subvention scheme)
 2015= production of food grains was almost  But in 2017 WDRA found that there were fake
252 million tons receipts being used by people to take loan
 2021= + 306million tons production of food  so in 2017 WDRA came up with “electronic
grains NWR” and
 within 5-6 years period:- 50 million ton  In 2019 WDRA stopped issuing physical receipts
increased so there is need to store food and is issued for more than 120 agri-
because the food demand is limited globally commodities

2. TRANSPORT :- warehouse without having to deliver it
physically. These receipts are issued in
 Roadways , Railways, Water ways, every means
negotiable form, making them eligible as
of transport Needs to be cost efficient
collateral
 If an agri-commodity is transported
a) Through roadways= 1.50 rs  GREEN REVOLUTION {GR}:
b) Through railways= 1 rs and
c) Through water= 0.30 rs  BACKGROUND LED TO GREEN REVOLUTION
 It was not a program or a scheme started in
 PROBLEM WITH WATERWAYS world or India by Govt
 Limited navigable channels  After 1950s-60s , across the world good
 Most of the peninsular rivers go drier during the agriculture produce was seen due to change in
peak summer seasons and are not navigable
system of agriculture and agricultural practices
 Need:- To make waterways success, need is to
and farmers found good increase in yield and
build ports along the rivers
productivity. This increase due to change in
 RAILWAYS BIGGEST PROBLEM IS system of agriculture and agricultural practices is
 congestion called as Green revolution
 2022 april power crises in India , railway was not  Revolution is a sudden change whereas reforms
able to transport coal are gradual change
 Basic reason for congestion is that the same track  So what happens is that, Rockefeller
is used for passenger as well as freight traffic
Foundation (America) gave aid and funded
 Need:- Dedicated Freight Corridor:- separate
Norman Borlaug & his team to conduct
track for freight track
experiments in Mexico to develop a hybrid
 KISSAN RAIL SCHEME 2021:- variety of wheat initially
 On 18 routes for one year a a) (as USA doesn’t cultivate rice, they cultivate
 Meant for mainly perishable goods and farmers
wheat , maize etc)
were given subsidy of 50% .
 But subsidy was used with 6 months and govt  Problem:- stem lodging:- earlier we used
did not left with subsidy amount , to have a “wheat variety that had a good height
 It shows the effective transport and trust and Greater the height of plant, greater is the
among people of railways pressure of wind blowing (greater PGF) makes
 Refer vans :- are needed in all types of the stem tilting, in this case
transportation  Harvesters or machine cannot be used to
………7th class ended,8th started……. harvest
 so dwarf crops were need of the time
 NEGOTIABLE WAREHOUSE RECEIPT
SCHEME
 Farmers can store the agriculture produce in
warehouses registered under WDRA. A receipt is
issued against the storage which can be used as
a security in a financial institution like Bank to
avail a short term loan (like for 6 months)
 WDRA acts as a guarantor to increase the trust
b/w the depositors and the banks
Warehousing Development and Regulatory
Authority (WDRA) was setup by the Government of
India on 26.10. 2010 to ensure implementation of the  Therefore in 1950s:- Norman Borlaug & his
provisions of the Warehousing (Development & team created and developed a dwarf variety of
Regulation) Act, 2007 wheat, where panicles are same but height is
 Receipts are issued for more than 120 agri- relatively smaller. So it solved the problem of
commodities including horticulture items stem lodging. During experiments with dwarf
 The govt started electronic NWRs in 2017, which variety, use of machines can lead to increase in
were made mandatory in 2019. productivity as high as 7000 to 9000kg/hectare.
 The receipts issued are negotiable or tradable This revolutionized the cultivation of wheat in
 The negotiable warehouse receipt (NWR) system the world
was launched in 2011 allowing the transfer of  But people in world also consume rice
ownership of a commodity stored in a (especially in tropical areas it is a staple diet like

in India the areas of eastern and southern India) in India agriculture has been practiced since
 So in 1960s, with help of “Ford foundation”, a ages, so farmers don’t need much support, and
institute was set up in Philippines (manila), said we are a country heavily dependent upon
named as “international rice research institute” imports of machines and machine tools, we
, with basic objective of hybrid rice like as wheat. need to focus on strategy of import substitution,
 This has led to green revolution in country and in capital industry, iron and steel industry to
world develop agriculture tools, ships and other
 The term green William Gaud and Norman infrastructure. So agriculture was places on
Borlaug first used revolution is the Father of the backburner, as maximum investment was made
Green Revolution. on industrial sector
 After second five year plan:- we were barely
 SOME PROGRAMS WHICH LED TO GREEN
able to meet the target , just because of the
REVOLUTION IN THE COUNTRY
inertia of first five year plan
 Battle of plassey 1757, marks the british rule
 But in 1965-66-67:- continuous droughts for 3
entry in country, this was the same time when
years, for example “Jai Jawan, Jai Kissan” slogan
the industrial revolution was at peak in countries
was given as we were facing problem of hunger
like Britain
and famines were very frequent.
 Industrial revolution, was more successful in
 This was a time
Britain than France , Spain etc due to more
a) India had limited production of food grains.
number of colonies , these acted as market for
b) Population of India and world increasing at
british industrial products and these colonized
very high rate
countries supplied raw material to industries of
c) 1921= year of demographic divide of India.
Britain
Up till 1921 we had stationary and stable
 They started making India as the market for the
population (as BR and DR both were high),
finished products and a country that could
but 1911- 1921, there was decline in
supply raw material to industries of Britain ,
population (due to world wars, Bengal
 In India, for this, many policies were brought and
steps were taken, steps like commercialization of
famine, soldiers lost life in Spanish flu
agriculture (farmers were forced to cultivate brought by war soldiers), after 1921 there
commercial crops like Indigo was used in cotton was a continue increase in population (BR
textile industry of Britain), differential trade policies was high but DR declines because of
 But that time in germany, synthetic dye was investment in field of medical infrastructure
made and with that demand for Indigo started d) In 1950s-60s, TFR was more than 5, and
falling, and price crashed, so Indian farmers population was exploding in India
were not able to purchase the food grains from e) So more demand of food grains , India was
the market that resulted in Champaran revolt not able to meet the demand as because of
 This trend continued till Independence and even commercial farming food grains production
after independence, we found approximately was very limited
25% of Indian agriculture land was cultivated f) Due to hunger and shorter of food people
with commercial groups. were dying
 So had less of area for cultivating food grains =  This was a time when the foundation was led for
led to shorter of food grains whereas the green revolution
demand was very high. So it was time of hunger  This is the time period , the cold war was at
in country peak, world was divided in two poles (bi-polar=
 Second, Indian political leaders after capitalism v/s socialism, USA v/s USSR)
independence, were mostly influenced by  1955 Bandung Conference (Asian-African
socialistic ideas, where USSR was role model for Conference), 1955., India made it clear of not
many of Indian political leaders. So from there, taking any side (no USSR, no USA, we followed
we adopted 5 years plans. NAM)
 First fiver plan , gave importance to agriculture  In April, 1955, representatives from twenty-
and said agriculture is the backbone of India’s nine governments of Asian and African
economy, so the farmers needed a lot of nations gathered in Bandung, Indonesia to
support and huge investments were made in discuss peace and the role of the Third World
agriculture sector and a target was set up for in the Cold War, economic development, and
food grain production. And surpassed the target decolonization.
 Second five year plan:- some change in policy,  USSR had no enough grains to provide India
Mahalanobis plan, close to Nehru, this man said  So USA under PL-480 scheme provided India

grains, but the grains were given to us under  Intensive agriculture means agriculture practiced
some humiliating conditions with a lot of input
a) Rotten grains used to feed animals, were  1966-67 HYV development programme launched
sent to India in India (role played by MS Swaminathan)
b) No long term commitment was made to  Then agriculture minister , C, Subramanian
India of supplying food grains, every year Invited Norman Borlaug and they helped India
congress of USA used to pass this PL_480 to develop HYV seeds.
scheme and then the grains were sent to  This was a time when the foundation was led for
India. Why each year because to Message green revolution In India
was very clear as India was near to USSR  When the programmes were started in India, we
c) Awe were humiliated at international forms, had an urgency to become self-sufficient for
like Mrs Gandhi (Indra Gandhi) when went food grains production.
to USA, there was a headline in newspaper  But we had very limited production of HYV seeds
called Alabama , which says “another Indian and chemicals, so in this limited capacity case , a
leader comes with a bagging bowl” strategy was brought known as “deliberate
d) During Pokhran experiments, this was time imbalance”
numbers of cartoons were published in USA  So the programmes were implemented in
newspapers humiliating India. developed regions in agriculture like PB, HR,
e) USA was very close to Pakistan and needed Western UP , to get results in possible minimum
military base to spy on USSR and in turn time
Pakistan was given a lot of economic, food  Green revolution was started in Punjab
aid, military aid bypassing eastern India (fertile soil and climate
f) There are also allegations that USA wanted favourable),
to destabilize the agriculture in India, that  Punjab has only <75cm /yr rainfall whereas Bihar
deliberately when the grains were sent has 110-115cm/year of rainfall and fertile land
under this scheme , the unwanted plants for agriculture but Bihar was more prone to
(weeds) were also sent along with food floods.
grains. i.e for making permanent dependent  Then Why Punjab was chosen, answer is
for grains on USA. This weed is called as “deliberate imbalance” strategy adopted by GOI
“congress grass” and still a major problem in  As green revolution was about modern inputs
Northern India for producing grains. a) Use of chemical pesticides
 So India wanted to be self-sufficient, and wanted b) Use of machines
to increase the production (to increase the yield c) Use of irrigation especially tubewells
and productivity). As farmers were not using d) Use of HYV
hybrid seeds, chemicals, machines, tubewells etc e) Use of fertilizers
 So during this time, Asian countries including  Machine usage in India is low due to fragmented
India decided to use these modern methods of land in India
agriculture, but at same time in western world  Punjab had per capita land holding is 3.8hectare
environmentalism was taking strong base (New- Whereas in Bihar 0.4 hec land holding is there
social movements in western world) per capita
 New-social movements were different from Old  34% of farmers in PB, are SMF (can buy and use
social movements of the time of industrial machines) whereas 97% farmers in Bihar are
revolution for better standard of living) SMF (small marginal famers)
 But in 1960s-70s, workers in western world had  Nehru said “dams as temples of India” so ,
already standard of living, so now they called for Multipurpose river valleys projects set up in HP
“quality of life”, like talking about civil rights, to provide water and electricity to PB and HR
human rights, and also environmentalism farmers. So irrigation support was available
emerged as a very strong social movement. there inn PB, HR
 Norman Borlaug said “food first, environment  So GOI said in PB, HR, western UP, very limited
next” and said the people of western world are investment was required to get good results, so
just talking now about environment because were chosen for Green revolution
they are well fed, because all other basic needs  Dr. Atwal (from Punjab agriculture university),
are fulfilled produced the first HYV of wheat known as
 1961-67 INDIA “kalyan sona” {kanak=gold=sona, Kalyan was his
 1961- India started IADP:- Intensive agriculture village}
development plan  In Mexico, a seed was developed known as
“Sonora”, and taken to India and renamed as soil & favourable climate. This was part of
“sonalika” for wheat cultivation. “deliberate imbalance” approach, with an
 So PB, HR, Western UP, were the natural choice anticipation of trickledown effect or spread
for green revolution as these areas were already effect.
producing wheat and green revolution was also  EFFECTS OF GREEN REVOLUTION
started with wheat
 Was it a successful or failure?
 Early 1962:-IRRI in Manila , developed IR-8
(international rice-8 variety) A. SUCCESSFUL IN FORM OF OBJECTIVES
 In India, ICAR:- developed rice HYV like “jaya,  For objective perspective, it was successful like
Padma, Patna” it fulfilled following objectives
 Now for rice cultivation the areas were chosen a) Solved the program of hunger
now were coastal Andhra, Kaveri basin bypassing b) Made India self-sufficient in food grain
eastern parts, GOI said lets first focus on getting production
results in less times as these areas were more c) Increased agriculture production by increasing
productivity = India became major exporter
developed for rice than eastern part of India
d) Developed agriculture infrastructure (forward
 In the year 1965, the government of India and backward)
launched the Green Revolution with the help of e) shifted the focus back to the food crops
a geneticist, now known as the father of the 1) Comparison of Total food grain production
Green revolution (India) M.S. Swaminathan.(  1960-61 = 82mnt
Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan)  2020-21 = >300 million tons
 With aid from Rockefeller Foundation (America),  This is because of Increased agricultural
Norman Borlaug & his team developed hybrid productivity
variety of wheat , it was a dwarf variety that  3.6 times more production
could prevent stem lodging and was found 2) But population comparison was
during experiments that if it is cultivated over a
 1960-61 =approx 44crore
large area with sufficient inputs, the yields could
 2020-21 = approx 140 crore
be exceptionally high.
 Increase of 3.1 or 3.2 times
 But as in the world, a large number of people
 Food production increased in India at a rate
had rice as the staple diet, IRRI (international
higher than the rate of increased population
rice research institute) was set up in Philippines  Today, therefore, the per capita availability of
with aid from “Ford foundation” to develop cereals is much more than 1960-61
hybrids for rice
 Production of rice in India increased
 In India, Govt took programmes like intensive
 1960-61 = 35mnt
agriculture programmes (IADP) in 1960-61 and
 2020-21 = 115million tons
HYV development programme in 1966-67. The
 Almost 3.6 times
objective was to develop agriculture and aim of
 Production of Wheat in India increased
these programmes was’
 1960-61 = 11mnt
a) To solve the program of hunger
 2020-21 = 109million tons
b) To make India self-sufficient in food grain
 Almost 10 times increase
production
c) Increase agriculture production by  Development of agriculture infrastructure
increasing productivity  Irrigation systems were put up in those places
d) To develop agriculture infrastructure where green revolution started
(forward and backward)  Industries must be located where
e) To shift the focus back to the food crops a) Raw material is available
f) With limited resources & urgency to deliver, b) Near to ports
the programmes that led to the green c) Near to market
revolution were not taken up in the entire  Let look at locations of refineries in India, it must
country and some relatively better be near to crude oil center (as a raw material)
developed agricultural regions were chosen like digboi refinery.
 These areas had the potential to give results  However, what is the reason for locating a
in minimum possible time with limited use refinery at a place like Bathinda, Mathura,
of resources. Panipat, why India have refinery at these
 So while PB, HR, Western UP, coastal Andhra places. Because, Before 2015, factories making
and Kaveri basin in TN, were chosen, much Urea, were running on naphtha, it is a byproduct
of eastern India was bypassed despite fertile of crude oil refining. So naphtha was used for

making fertilizers and these are the areas where  Excess use of chemicals, water has also led
maximum fertilizers are used so deliberately to contamination of ground water
refineries were set up in these areas, but after
2015 new urea policy, most of the urea factories
units were converted to units running on natural  Excess use of chemicals, water has also led
gas to soil salinization.
 Use of fertilizers comparison  Witnessing in areas of green revolution
 1950-51= 0.5 kg/hec use  Making soil less fertile
 1997= 13.5kg/hec  Declining productivity
 2021= 135kg/hec  Loss of biodiversity of indigenous seeds
 Use increased more than 10 times  Farmers were given HYV seeds
 So more fertilizers are produced and more  All indigenous variety of seeds lost forever in PB
factories are set up  Unequal benefits for other crops
 Forward linkages were set up in form of MSP  Food security is not just about more food, need
 RRBS were set up during green revolution for is to have a balanced diet
cheap credit to farmers.  Green revolution is for rice and especially for
 So green revolution was successful in form of wheat
objectives  Production of rice in India increased
B. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH GREEN  1960-61 = 35mnt
REVOLUTION  2020-21 = 115million tons
 Almost 3.6 times
 Ground water depletion
 Due to false practices of agriculture during green  Production of Wheat in India increased
revolution  1960-61 = 11mnt
 Before green revolution PB,HR,W-UP, areas  2020-21 = 109million tons
were not cultivating non-basmati  Almost 10 times increase
 With green revolution, tubewells systems  Pulses production in India
developed  1970-71= 12 mnt
 And goi encouraged farmers of PB,HR,W-UP to  2007-2008= 14 mnt (ban on export of
also cultivate paddy but the problem was of pulses)
buyers in these areas, so GOI started MSP to  2020-21= 24 mnt
procure  Just 2 times increase only in past 10 years
 The paddy become profitable to farmers in these  Made green revolution unequal beneficial.
areas, so GOI of PB & hr free power was started  Punjab:-
to be given (in PB 2001) and farmers started to  196-67 = 3 lakh hectare land cultivating
cultivate paddy twice in year basmati rice
 Ground water table in PB falling at rate of 70-  2020-21 = more than 31lakh hectare land
110cm/year. In Sangrur 24m/year cultivate rice, out of which more than 26lakh
 And ground water development in PB is hectare cultivating non-basmati rice
approximately 172%. This means pumping out of  Increased by more than 10 times
water is 172 litres from ground and only 100  Areas under cultivation of rice increased, means
litres water is going back into ground (by rain or areas now only cultivating rice leading mono-
anything). So water table is falling culture rather than any other crop
 It will lead to desertification in Punjab and  Strategy of deliberate imbalance where the
Haryana due to wrong choice of crop. objective was trickledown effect or spread
 Land water or ground water contamination effect.
a) Due to anthropogenic :-like neem coating of  If we look at result of green revolution, it could
urea’s leads to nitrate contamination n0t deliver trickledown effect or spread effect
b) Geogenic factors:- contamination led by due as areas that the areas that were bypassed
to local geological condition during green revolution are still most under-
 For example, BARC in 2018 gave a report developed agriculture regions of India
and said 16 districts in PB, uranium  For example if in western UP, the nearby
concentrations in ground water is beyond buundelkhand region witnessing farmers suicide,
permissible limit. Uranium was always there rural out-migration, frequent crop failure. South-
but ground water table is reducing, so its eastern part of TN frequent crop failures due to
(uranium) concentration has increased much more variation of rainfall

 Solutions must be  The disparity is also visible on social front where
green revolution brought prosperity for larger
 So new green revolution has to come from
farmers at the cost of small and marginal farmers.
bypassed areas from first green revolution  With increase in population and decrease in soil
 Second green revolution cannot give any “undue fertility, there is a need of second green revolution,
importance” to any particular region and crop the second green revolution need not give any undue
 Second green revolution has to be a rainbow importance to any particular crop or a region and has
revolution to be a rainbow revolution
a) Like green revolution for cereals including millets  It should focus on making agriculture sustainable. So
b) Blue for fisheries we need an ever-green revolution
 Second green revolution has to focus on sustainability ……..8th class ended, 9th started……….
of agriculture
 Second green revolution has to be an evergreen  ZERO BUDGET NATURAL FARMING
revolution  Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZNBF)
means raising crops without using any
 CRITICAL EVALUATION OF GR fertilizers and pesticides or any other external
 Food grain productivity has increased and today materials. The word Zero Budget refers to the
we are not only self-sufficient in food grain zero cost of production of all crops
production but also a major exporter of cereals  It was originally promoted by Maharashtrian
like rice and wheat agriculturist and Padma Shri recipient Subhash
 The production of rice and wheat increased from Palekar, who developed it in the mid-1990s as
35mnt and 11mnt to 115mnt and 109mnt an alternative to the Green Revolution's
respectively b/w 1960-61 and 2020-21. methods driven by chemical fertilizers and
 Investments were made in field of agriculture for pesticides and intensive irrigation.
development of forward and backward linkages.  ZBNF reduces farming expenses and promotes
Example RRBs came up that provided cheap and the use of natural fertilizers and local seeds. It
easy credit to the farmers uses biological pesticides. To crop protection,
 Similarly the govt made investments in fertilizers farmers can use cow dung, urine, human
production, seed development, and market excreta, plants, natural fertilizers, and
reforms were initiated in most of the states that earthworms. It protects the soil from
led to the development of APMC mandis. degradation and decreases the farmer's
 But the agriculture development came up with a INVESTMENT
huge cost and following are some of the
problems associated with the practices taken
 SIR’s DISCUSSION NOT DICTATION
up during the time of green revolution.  WHY IT IS PURPOSED :-
a) Cultivation of water intensive crops like rice  After GR , new system has developed in country
has led to the problems of ground water where farmers use a numbers of purchased inputs in
depletion wherein states like Punjab ground farming over larger areas and these inputs are very
water development is 172% costly and decide the cost of the cultivation and
b) Overuse of water and chemicals has resulted
which many a time depends upon external factors
like any global crisis , crude oil
in soil salinization and ground water
 Moreover, farmers are now using HYV seeds not farm
contamination saved seeds , so most of them have to be purchased
c) It not only brings down the productivity, but every year from market these costly inputs and
is also one of the major reasons of increasing farmers take loan from the informal agencies who
health problems in these areas of green charge a high rate of interest
revolution  There are also problems related to MSP and APMC
d) The trickle down approach could not deliver  But price increase in agri-commodities is not
and the areas that were bypassed during the happening so creating distress in rural areas as
green revolution, are still the most under farmers income is reducing
 Economically agriculture is not sustainable where
developed agricultural regions of India with
farmers find soil less fertile, ground water is depleting
problems of poverty, rural outmigration,
 So natural farming or zero budget natural farming has
farmers suicide etc. been purposed as an alternative to this form of
e) Green revolution didn’t bring equal results Agriculture. It means the idea of not buying anything
for all the crops where the cultivation of rice from market and eliminating dependency on market
and wheat increase at the cost of pulses , by famers and farmers is going to use locally available
millets and oil seeds, which were pushed to ingredients for cultivation and minimize the cost of
the marginal lands. cultivation

 PROGRESS TILL NOW IN THIS IDEA  Leave mixture for 48 hours for fermentation, after 48
hours the number of microbes increases and this
 It was originally promoted by Maharashtrian
solution is spread over the soil twice in month for
agriculturist and Padma Shri recipient Subhash continuous for three years. After 3 years microbial
Palekar, who developed it in the mid-1990s as activity will be self-sustenance mode. So no further
an alternative to the Green Revolution's need for application of jeevamrut
methods driven by chemical fertilizers and 2. BEEJAMRIT/BEEJAMRUTHA
pesticides and intensive irrigation
 It is again a solution or can be prepared as a
 But this idea could not gain popularity in
paste which is used to treat the seeds before
Maharashtra , but got popularized in Karnataka
sowing, increases the chances of seed
in 2010 where it became a farmers movement
germination and protects seeds from initial
and got highlighted in most of the newspapers in
fungal or bacterial attack
2018 as the Govt of Karnataka announced to
 Prepared by mixing:- cow urine + Jaggery+ some
convert all of their farms to zero budget natural
amount of lime or calcium carbonate
farms by 2024.
 Generally Famers soak the seeds in water
 Than in 2019 the Finance minister in budget
overnight before sowing, but here just soak for 8
speech said Govt have an agenda to double the
hours in this solution and if prepared as paste
farmers income and we are looking this as
then seeds just coat and sow into the soil
strategy of natural farming
 Lime is imp because calcium provides structure
 2021 PM of India said that the benefits of
to the plant to develop cell structure.
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
 Beejamrit is an ancient, sustainable agriculture
( ) will be extended to the
technique. It is used for seeds, seedlings or any
natural farming as well
planting material. It is effective in protecting
 Recently NITI Ayog said approx 6.5lac hectare of
young roots from fungus. Beejamrit is a
agricultural land in India is cultivating crops
fermented microbial solution, with loads of
using natural method of natural farming and
plant-beneficial microbes, and is applied as seed
farmers reported high yield and profit with it.
treatment
 Govt has also constituted a committee for MSP
reforms, and it is also a mandate to suggest 3. ACHCHADANA /SOIL MULCH
measures for natural farming  It is Any protective layer (mainly agricultural
residue or a plastic sheet or geo-textile can be
ZBNF HAVE PILLARS LIKE:- used) placed over soil, protects the soil from
excess moisture loss and from spoil erosion
1. JEEVAMRIT/JEEVAMRUT :-  It protects topsoil during cultivation and does
 basically a solution that a farmers is going to
not destroy it by tilling.
prepare and this solution increases the fertility
 Mulch is defined as a coating material spread
of soil making it more suitable for cultivation.
over the soil surface (Kasirajan and Ngouajio
 It is not a manure or a fertilizer.
2012). Mulching is the technique of covering of
 It is basically a solution increases the microbial
the soil surface around the plants with an
activity of the soil and when this activity
organic or synthetic mulch to create favorable
increases, microbes convert the present
conditions for the plant growth and proficient
nutrients into that form which plants can directly
crop production
consume.
 Why mulch is needed because :- soil erosion 
 With Machinery, with Green revolution due to splash erosion  rills (rill erosion)  gullies (gully
large fertilizers use, this microbial activity erosion)  ravines  hard to reclaim soil.
reduced significantly in the soil. a) Splash erosion or rain drop impact represents
 Jeevamrutha is a natural liquid fertilizer. It is the first stage in the erosion process. Splash
made by mixing water, dung and urine from erosion results from the bombardment of the
cows with some mud from the same area as the soil surface by rain drops. Rain drops behave as
manure will be applied in later. Food is then little bombs when falling on exposed or bare soil,
added to speed the growth of microbes: jaggery displacing soil particles and destroying soil
or flour can be used structure
 SO JEEVAMRUT IS MIXTURE OF :- {cow urine + b) After soil erosion by running water , some liner
food (jaggery) + Cow dung (indigenous cattle) + depressions are formed on soil called as rills and
some soil (sample from farmers field where erosion is known as rill erosion. So, Rill
cultivation is done)+ water + some amount of Pulse erosion occurs when runoff water forms small
flour} channels as it concentrates down a slope. These
 Pulse flour is added as a fodder for the microbes rills can be up to 0.3m deep. If they become any

deeper than 0.3m they are referred to as gully soil. Thereby helping in reducing irrigation
erosion requirement
c) If soil is not taken care of, new rills will be  Subhash Palekar plants don’t need water but
formed and existing rills become deep and wide the water vapours .
and known as gullies and erosion is known as  Suppose we have two cases and have solid
gully erosion. Gullies are depressions in soil very
particles of spoil i.e. sand, silt and clay
wide and deepen
 If we join these particles of soil there will be
d) If soil further not taken care of, these gullies
become wider and wider and deeper and lead to some gap b/w them known as capillary Space
formation of ravines and once ravines are and may be occupied by water or air.
formed it is very difficult to reclaim the soil. a) Case 1:- OVER IRRIGATION
 This is largely because there is no vegetative  If we go for over irrigation and Field is
protective layer for soil to stop erosion of all types as flooded with water , so good amount of
the impact of water can be minimised or eliminated water also percolates , all capillary space is
by this mulch. It also helps in reducing the speed of occupied with water and this water is known
water and helps in water percolation down into soil as soil water. So air here is present in very
and ground water will be recharged and farmers can
limited quantity
cultivate crops dry in nature
 If mulch used is an agricultural residue , it will get
converted into manure and provides nutrients to the
soil
 Whenever, organic matter is added as a mulch to soil
, it changes structure of soil and makes its granular
and granular structure is ideally suited for cultivation
as it has moderate moisture holding capacity
 If there is mulch used , the sun rays first fall on
mulch first and protects the moisture of soil
from evaporation in dry areas
 Subhash Palekar, suggested the best form of
mulch is to use live mulch I.e. farmers need to go
for inter-cropping b) Case 2:- DEEP PLOUGHING
 If we go for deep ploughing, aerating the soil. It
 Note the difference:-
will create more capillary space , now air enters
a) Mixed cropping:- cultivating the areas with two
into these gap, soil moisture gets evaporates
or more crops at same time in same field in same
very fast . so very limited amount of soil water
season
will be there as because of domination of air
b) Multiple cropping:- cultivating two or more
crops in same field but in different seasons.
c) Mixed agri./ integrated agriculture:- cultivating
crop along with non-crop options like fishery +
apiculture
d) Inter-cropping:- form of mixed cropping but
one crop is a dominant crop and second crop is a
inter-crop. Intercropping is the practice of
growing two or more crops in proximity. Crops
are chosen in such a way that they are not
competitive in nature but have a complementary
relationship with one another. Example Wheat  Any of these cases would not be good for cultivation
and Gram. Here wheat is dominant crop and even if the microbes are present.
gram is intercrop.  When we say soil needs water vapor, Water vapor is
water in gaseous form, so soil should have a correct
mix of soil air and soil water.
 So in ZBNF , we are against over-irrigation and deep
ploughing not against irrigation and ploughing.
 So in ZBNF , must go surface tillage and go not for
over-irrigation.
5. AGNI ASTRA / NEEM ASTRA /
4. WHAPASA / WATER VAPOUR BRAMHASTRA
 It is the condition where there are both air  If a pest attack happen in ZBNF, bio-pesticides
molecules and water molecules present in the can be used

 Bio-pesticides can be made from  But If the soil is completely deficient in nutrients,
a) Chilly (Agni astra) , parent material (rocks) provides the nutrients to
b) neem (Neem astra), soil by disintegrating.
c) concoction (mixture) of chilly, bacopa, neem  Motto of ZBNF is “BACK TO BASICS”, means go
, garlic , (Bramh astra) back to system of agriculture that was before
 Proponents of ZBNF are always condemn organic GREEN revolution. But if that was so very good,
farming as they say it is costly even more than why were we facing the problem of hunger. Why
chemical farming we brought green revolution.
 As in Sri Lanka, Organic manure was not been  So as of now ZBNF may be technique to make
produced , so they imported costly organic agriculture sustainable, but many of the
manure from China, so cost of cultivation techniques are questionable now
increases and at same time production  NATURAL FARMING NITI AYOG
decreases.  The system of agriculture that we started
 IF WE COMPARE ORGANIC FARMING practicing after green revolution has made the
farmers heavily dependent on the market
WITH ZBNF:-  As the agri-inputs are costly, farmers take loan
 ORGANIC FARMING from noon-institutional agencies and this has
 Purchased seeds from market created distress in the rural areas
 Cultivate water intensive crops in dry areas  Agriculture as an occupation becoming
 I am using vermi-compost economically unsustainable for most of the small
 Using heavy machinery and marginal farmers
 No chemicals are used  The agriculture today, is practiced using
 ZBNF chemicals , has led to contamination of ground
 Seeds will not be purchased water and has also effected the soil health.
 Cultivate only under natural conditions, dry Moreover, today in change of cropping
crops will be cultivated into dry areas patterns,, some water intensive crops have
 Subhash Palekar says vermicompost leaves become dominant even in dry agricultural
the soil with toxic heavy metals, however no regions and it has created problems of water
concrete evidence is there to prove it. stress in the country
Vermicompost is produced by red wigglers  NATURAL FARMING
earthworms which are endemic to UK not  Natural farming is proposed as an alternative to this
India. So this is not natural system of agriculture, it will not only make agriculture
 No heavy machinery is used as it impacts the environmentally sustainable but also can help in
earthworms activities. increasing the income of the farmers . it uses certain
 Bio-pesticides are used. inputs like jeevamrut, Beejamrit etc which the
farmers can prepare themselves with locally available
 GOI and many state govts promote the natural
inputs. It may provide the following benefits:-
farming as it also creates a lot of Jobs as well. As a) It can generate employment especially for the
jeevamrut and BEEJAMRIT can be made from women farmers
cattle’s waste and people who keep them can b) It can also help us in solving the problem of stray
earn more cattle
 There is some scientific evidences of use of c) The yield will improves along sustainable lines
natural farming like intercropping and use of d) The cost of the cultivation will be brought down
mulch. & farmers may fetch a better price for their
 But there are certain components which have no natural agri-commodities
scientific concrete evidence available, like as in e) This will help in achieving the objective of
doubling of farmers income
case of Jeevamrut , what is there in urine of
 Conservation of the bio-diversity, natural farming not
cattle or black colored kapila cattle’s urine which same as organic farming the proponents of natural
is not present in foreign breed or inter-breed farming are critical of organic farming
cattle , is not yet proved. As of now we are yet to  GOI and some states aggressively pursuing the
prove. natural farming
 As we have scientific evidence of the presence of  In 2021:- GOI extended the benefits of Paramparagat
A2 β-casein proteins in indigenous cow’s milk Krishi Vikas Yojana
which is also presents in mother’s milk. So cow ( ) to Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi
i.e indigenous is compared with mother, but like Paddati (Natural farming). Around 6.5 lakh
this such thing is yet to be proved or found as in hectares of agriculture land in India is practicing
case of indigenous cattle’s urine.
natural farming. And some farmers have claimed  If this water is utilised we can irrigate more area and
higher yields cultivate more crops
 Though the Govt is promoting this method but  Under this GOI is promoting the use of micro-
the study conducted but ICAR found the irrigation techniques or systems like drip and
sprinkler irrigation
decreased yield and farmers need to follow a
 Therefore, A Centrally sponsored scheme on micro
cautious approach. irrigation (MI) was launched in January 2006 for
TOPIC :- IRRIGATION promoting water-use efficiency by adopting drip and

sprinkler irrigation. All States and Union Territories
 THE “PRADHAN MANTRI KRISHI and all horticultural as well as agricultural crops are
covered under the scheme
SINCHAYEE YOJANA” {PMKSY}  In 2010 GOI came up with a scheme “National
 It is an umbrella scheme and all other irrigation mission on micro irrigation”:- In June 2010, the
related schemes come under this yojana Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved the
 Started:- 2015 implementation of the existing Micro Irrigation
 All schemes of irrigation before 2015 are subsumed Scheme (MIS) as the National Mission on Micro
under this Irrigation (NMMI) during the Eleventh Plan period
with an outlay of ` 8032.90 crore, of which ` 3409.26
 THERE ARE 4 COMPONENTS crore will be contributed by the Department of
1) Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP)
Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC) as Central share
2) Per drop more Crop
comprising 40% subsidy for general farmers and 50%
3) Har khet ko pani
subsidy for small and marginal farmers
4) Watershed development
 During flood irrigation, a slope is made for water
 Based on the area that is irrigated by an flow. In this system, number of issues are created like
irrigation project, the projects can be a) Soil erosion as water flows down slope
classified b) Low water use efficiency , as a lot of water gets
1. Major irrigation projects:- Total irrigation evaporated
projects cove > 10,000hecatres of land c) Low fertilizers use efficiency (as most of
fertilizers also gets spread where there is no crop
2. Medium irrigation projects:- Total irrigation
in field with water)
projects cove 2000-10,000hecatres of land d) Weeds also grow
3. Minor irrigation projects:- Total irrigation e) Soil salinization (associated with flood irrigation
projects cove < 2000 hectares of land in dry areas)
 Medium and major are canal based irrigation projects  So by micro irrigation techniques many of these
as they cannot be irrigated with tubewells. For canal problems automatically will get solved . Fertigation is
irrigation projects there must be some problems like one of them.
land acquisition for reservoirs.  Fertigation is the practice of applying fertilizer
1. AIBP: THE ACCELERATED IRRIGATION solutions with irrigation water, typically through a
micro-sprinkler or a drip system
BENEFIT PROGRAMME  However, there are some problems with micro
 Government of India launched Accelerated Irrigation irrigation systems as well like
Benefits Programme (AIBP) in the year 1996-97 to a) These systems are costly
provide Central Assistance to States for the b) They require maintenance and training to
major/medium irrigation projects in the Country, with operate
the objective to accelerate implementation of  So under National mission on micro irrigation in 2010,
advanced stage irrigation projects held up due to GOI said it will provide some capital subsidy on
financial constraints installing drip irrigation systems, on rain guns etc…
 Under this center finances assistance is given to the  This National mission on micro irrigation later
states for the timely completion of major and subsumed under On-Farm Water Management
medium irrigation projects (OFWM) - Department of Agriculture and
 AIBP since 2015 is one of the components of PMKSY Cooperation (DAC).
implemented by Ministry of Jal shakti { Ministry of  Eventually OFWM also subsumed in PMKSY in 2015.
Water Resources, River Development & Ganga
Rejuvenation.} 3. HAR KHET KO PANI
 Idea is to bring more area under irrigation and
2. PER DROP MORE CROP reducing dependency on monsoon
 NATIONAL MISSION ON MICRO IRRIGATION  For this, recycle and reuse policy can be adopted
AND THEN ON-FARM WATER MANAGEMENT to realize the potential creative
(OFWM)  It comes under Ministry of Jal shakti
 Indian agriculture is rainfed , but there are some
 CADP :- The Command Area Development
states where have good irrigation but there is low
water use efficiency and water gets wasted Programme (CADP) 1974:-

a) Command area means an area which can be  The Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural
irrigated by irrigation project. Development has been implementing an area
b) A Committee of Ministers set up by the Ministry development programme i.e. Integrated Watershed
of Irrigation and Power analyzed the issue and Management Programme (IWMP)
w.e.f. 26.02. 2009 principally for development of
suggested in 1973 that a broad based Area
rainfed portions of net cultivated area and culturable
Development Authority should be set up for wastelands with an objective to cover 55 million
every major irrigation project to undertake the hectares of rain fed land by 2027
work of comprehensive area development  The main objective of IWMP is to restore ecological
c) Based on this recommendation, the Government balance by harnessing, conserving and developing
of India initiated a Centrally degraded natural resources such as soil, vegetative
Sponsored Command Area Development cover and water. Guidelines for IWMP are provided
Programme (CADP) in December 1974 to  Subsequent to approval of Pradhan Mantri Krishi
improve the irrigation potential utilization and Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY),IWMP was subsumed as
optimize the agricultural production and one of its components. The Operational Guidelines of
PMKSY were approved on 26.10.2015 as per which
productivity . through integrated and
IWMP is implemented as Watershed Development
coordinated approach of efficient water Component of PMKSY (WDC-PMKSY).
d) Basic purpose of CADP is to reduce the gap b/w
irrigation potential created and irrigation ADDED FROM INTERNET
potential utilised  PMKSY is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (Core
e) CADP was subsumed under HAR KHET KO PANI Scheme) launched in 2015. Centre- States will be
component in 2015. 75:25 per cent. In the case of the north-eastern
region and hilly states, it will be 90:10.
4. THE INTEGRATED WATERSHED  Its objectives are:
MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME a) Convergence of investments in irrigation at the
field level,
(IWMP) – b) To expand the cultivable area under assured
 This is under Department of land resources, irrigation (Har Khet ko pani),
ministry of rural development. c) To improve on-farm water use efficiency to
 Watershed can be defined as a water divide or a reduce wastage of water,
catchment area, the area from where river d) To enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation
catches the water and other water saving technologies (More crop
 Watershed can be seen as water divide which per drop),
separates two or more rivers. It can also be seen e) To enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce
as a catchment area where water drains along a sustainable water conservation practices by
common point. exploring the feasibility of reusing treated
 It is best conceived as Geo-hydrological basin municipal based water for peri-urban agriculture
with slopes, soil ,vegetation, rivers etc as its and attract greater private investment in a
components. precision irrigation system
 Watershed development is a planning concept  Peri-urban agriculture refers to farm units close
where we plan for sustainable development of to town which operate intensive semi- or fully
the catchment area. commercial farms to grow vegetables and other
 Activities that help in environmental horticulture, raise chickens and other livestock,
conservation also provide us with direct and and produce milk and eggs.
tangible benefits are taken up in watershed  To ensure a comprehensive and holistic view of
management. These may include :- the entire "water cycle" and proper water
a) Aforestation budgeting is done for all sectors namely,
b) Slopes stabilization household, agriculture and industries.
c) Soil conservation activities 1. It is formulated by amalgamating ongoing
d) Creating terraces and embankments along schemes:
the contours a) Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP)
 Watershed development is now considered solution
-Ministry of Water Resources, River
for our problems related to land and water and this is
the reason the govt programmes like desert
Development & Ganga Rejuvenation.
development programmes, drought prone area b) Integrated Watershed Management Programme
development programme, integrated wasteland (IWMP) - Department of Land Resources,
development programme etc have been subsumed Ministry of Rural Development.
under watershed development programme which is c) On-Farm Water Management (OFWM) -
one of the components of PMKSY Department of Agriculture and Cooperation
(DAC). e) NEW & RENEWABLE ENERGY: -  28% of total
2. Implementation - Decentralized implementation installed capacity. They are not conventional. It
through State Irrigation Plan and District includes solar, wind, bio-power, small hydro
Irrigation Plan. (<25MW) (includes wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy)
and it includes waste to energy.
 The centre has agreed to fund 25% of the Rs.
 Waste to energy means the energy you are
15,325 crore irrigation projects planned for
generating from the refuse derived fuel (fuel i.e.
Maharashtra under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi developed from municipal solid waste). It is highly
Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY). polluting in nature unlike the other systems it is not a
 This decision is significant for two reasons: clear source of energy.
1. Only 18% of Maharashtra’s complete
cultivable land is irrigated whereas the  THE COAL RESOURCE (INDIA)
national average is over 35%.  COAL (including lignite)  52% of total installed
2. The irrigation projects are being undertaken capacity of power generation. Coal basically is
in 14 suicide-hit and 8 drought-prone areas thermal ,conventional, Non-renewable
 Coal accounts for 70% of the Total electricity
in Maharashtra and therefore would help
produced
reduce the distress among the farmers.  Coal sis also a raw material used in industries like
 READ BY YOUR OWN WATER iron, steel, cement plant, paper industries.
th
 India has great coal deposits, 4 largest in the world
HARVESTING STRUCTURES FROM
are in India.
INTERNET:-  How is coal formed?
 ZINGS:- in Ladakh  Coal is the result of anaerobic decomposition of the
 KULHS:- in himachal vegetative matter under heat and pressure
 ZABO:- in Nagaland  Coal is always found in area where we have humid
 DOG BUNDH:- in Assam conditions and hot conditions {rift valleys},
 BAMBOO DRIP IRRIGATION:- in Meghalaya understand by the given diagram:-
 NAULA:- in Uttrakhand
 KHADIN:- western RJ
 JOHAD:- in western UP, HR, RJ
 ERI:- in SE-Tamil Nadu
 KERE:- in Karnataka
 SURANGAM :- in Nilgiri TN and Nearby regions of
Kerala
 BANDARA:- in MH
 AHAR PYNES:- south Bihar
 BAOLI/VAV:- Delhi , RJ, Gujarat
 TANKA:- in RJ, GJ
……..9th class ended, 10th started……….
THE ENERGY RESOURCES:-

FIRST 50 MINUTES DISCUSSION OF SIR
 407GW (Oct,2022):- total installed capacity , this
does not mean that this is the amount of power
we are generating, it means if all the power
generating systems in a country run on their
100% capacity, we can generate this maximum
407GW.
a) COAL (including lignite)  52% of total installed
capacity. Coal basically is thermal ,conventional, Non-
renewable
b) NATURAL GAS  06% of total installed capacity.
Natural gas basically is thermal ,conventional, Non-
renewable
c) LARGE HYDRO  12% of total installed capacity. Large
hydro means where installed capacity is >25MW. However, we have many areas which are very

Considered as conventional and renewable source of cold in nature and have coal resources like
energy.
North-eastern parts of USA, In Germany, in
d) NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS  02% of total installed
Poland, in Russia. Continental drift theory,
capacity.
explains these areas were near to equator and
they had hot and humid climate then, so it is a 4) Reserves coal in Chhattisgarh {also largest
reason. producer (competes with odisha)}
 Most of the times coal fields are associated with  Amarkantak plateau, it is having a radial
the rivers and rift valleys (note it) drainage i.e three rivers originate from it which
 COAL DEPOSITS OF INDIA:- are Narmada, son and hasdeo river.
 Maximum of the coal (>98%) formed b/w 250-
200million years ago.-Known as Gondwana
time. So Indian coal is known as Gondwana coal.
 >98% Coal in India found in :- Jharkhand, WB,
Odisha, Chhattisgarh, MP, MH, Telengana
 As large parts and areas of the India underwent
rifting and subsidence during this time. Here we
found coal resources today.
1) Reserves in Jharkhand:- (Largest deposit)  So maximum deposits of Chhattisgarh are
 Jharkhand has maximum coal deposits in India associated with hasdeo river, these deposits of
and these deposits are associated with rift coal are in:-
valleys (tectonic activities) and Damodar river a) Korba
and its tributaries. Examples are:- b) Koriya
a) Dhanbad (Jharia coal field), Jharia has high c) Sarguja: A - major part Hasdeo- Arand coal
grade coking coal deposits. Coking coal field is in Sarguja district.
means it can be used to make coke which is 5) Reserves coal in MP
used in steel like industries. When we use  In MP we have two main areas where we have
coal as reducing agent we convert it into coal deposits i.e. areas bordering UP and
coke:- Chhattisgarh and second is southern part of MP
 Fe2O3 + Coke Fe + Co2 bordering Maharashtra
 Here high grade coal is used to make the  Coal deposits here are associated with son river
coke, this coke is used as an reducing and its deposits like
agent a) Singrauli
 Jharia coal fields have continues fire for b) Shahdol
more than a century, so some of the c) Sidhi
gases come out by developing crack in d) Umaria
earth’s surface, making agriculture and
living difficult here.
b) Girdih coal deposits
c) Bokaro coal deposits
d) Ramgarh coal deposits
e) Hazaribagh coal deposits
 All are associated with rift valleys (tectonic
activities) and Damodar river and its
tributaries
2) Reserves of coal in West Bengal
 Damodar river is tributary of Hooghly river ,
after passing Jharkhand it enters into WB (as
sorrow of WB), so areas of Damodar flowing in
West Bengal have coal deposits like
a) Burdwan:- Raniganj coal fields
b) Bankura
 Darjeeling (Gondwana coal) note this is not  Coal deposits in southern part of MP bordering
related to Damodar river Maharashtra
3) Reserves coal in Odisha (largest producer) a) Chindwara: - associated with Kanhan and
 Related to Mahanadi and its tributaries pench rivers, so here we have the coal
a) Sundargarh deposits, because this is the border of MH
b) Sambhalpur and MP, so they deposits are present in
c) Dhenkanal both.
d) Angul:- Talcher coal fields 6) Reserves of coal in Maharashtra
 They are mainly Wardha valley coal associated
with Wardha river b) As it cannot be used in steel Industry, coal can be
a) Chandrapur :- densely forested area , far burnt in thermal power plant, high amount of
eastern part of Maharashtra have coal sulphur dioxide releases
deposits  Despite India having huge reserves of coal we
b) Yavatmal (part of Vidharbha ):- also have are dependent on imports, we are the 2nd largest
coal importer. We import coal from Australia,
7) Reserves of coal in Telengana:- Indonesia, and South-Africa etc.
 Godavari river enters into the areas of Telengana and
 One of the reasons for high import of coal is
Andhra Pradesh and in Andhra Pradesh it form delta. inferior grade coal in India and out of 315billion
South of Godavari , there is krishan river , both form tonne, around 280billion tonnes are reserves of
delta which merges and becomes one non-cooking coals.
 Telengana has coal fields related to and associated to  The coal quality depends on Carbon content,
Godavari and its tributary Munneru River, Akeru moisture content, impurities etc.
River, and Krishna River. a) Carbon content
 Khammam district:- Singareni coal fields :- most
 ↑C = ↑ calorific value.
important coal fields of south India
 Generally, Carbon content depends on time
 Coal is the most important source of energy in India
and around 52% of the total installed capacity of
period of the formation. E.g:-
power generation is with coal based thermal power  USA coal deposits :- Appalachian coal of
plants. high grade as they formed around 350-
 Coal is also an important raw material for a number 300million years before present
of Industries like iron and steel (carboniferous times), it was close to
th
 India has 4 largest coal reserves of the world, and equator so had warmer conditions and India
according to geological survey of India 2017, India has had that time colder conditions because of
315billion tonnes of coal reserves upto a depth of glacial mass present at Talcher . so USA coal
1200meters from the surface. has more carbon content.
 GONDWANA COAL OF INDIA  Indian coal deposits:- Most of our coal
 Most of our coal reserves were formed 250- reserves were formed 250-200million years
200million years before present (Gondwana times),
before present (Gondwana times), so Indian
so Indian coal is known as Gondwana coal.
 Gondwana coal has high ash content which may
coal is known as Gondwana coal.
make upto 35-40% of coal. This brings down the b) Moisture concentration
calorific value of coal. The Gondwana coal has low  Moisture present as a part of molecular
sulphur content though. structure. E.g:- Bauxite:- Al2O3, Alumina :-
 TERTIARY COAL DEPOSITS OF INDIA Al2O3H2O
 Some coal deposits were also formed much later  So when coal has high moisture content ,
(tertiary times:- 40-20 million years before present) , when coal is burnt, heat generated is first
these coal deposits are largely concentrated in the spent on evaporation moisture and limited
North-eastern part of India. For example:- will be heat value of coal and
a) Namphuk-Namchik coal fields of Arunachal fields  if we expose this coal to air, moisture starts
b) Makum coal fields -Assam evaporating and starts breaking coal into
c) Deposits of coal in Mon- Nagaland.
small pieces and fine particles of coal can
d) Same coal deposits occurred in Meghalaya
around cherrapunji and Mawlong
cause coal dust In air.
 Most of NE coal deposits are found at tri-junction c) Impurities or volatile matter
of AP, Assam and Nagaland  Like Gondwana coal has 35-40% of ash, so
more is the ash lesser will be the carbon and
lesser will be the calorific value.
 Note:- earth’s crust is dominant in oxygen in
form of oxides of iron, silica and aluminium.
They turn into ash.
 Based on these factors different forms of

carbon are as following:-
 Tertiary coal deposits of India have low ash content a) Peat:-
but have high sulphur content which brings down the  inferior form of carbon which is formed in
economic value. swampy and marshy areas
a) As it cannot be used in iron Industry, as sulphur  it is soft variety where concentration of
damages the most of the iron properties
carbon b/w 10-40%
b) lignite/brown coal were not allowed to sell also this coal in open market
 it is harder than peat , and carbon but if these steel producers mine more coal than
concentration can be upto 50-55% needed, the surplus they can only sell to CIL at a
discounted price and CIL purchases it at pre-fixed
 still considered as an inferior variety as it has
price. So these companies don’t have any incentive to
high moisture content
produce even one ton extra coal as they cannot sell it
 lignite deposits occur in Neyveli (TN) , Palana in open market.
(RJ), Umarsar (Kutch)  Later this captive mining was extended for power
c) bituminous producers, coal washeries in 1990s. With same
 it is a hard variety of coal , carbon conditions.
concentrations can be upto 80% and when  So coal production remained very low.
burnt it leaves bitumen behind and hence d) PRESENT TIMES:- SINCE 2017:-
the name bituminous coal.  Now, today’s, govt is more focused on privatization
 {note:- much of the Gondwana coal can be as the objective is disinvestment, liberalization , so
classified as sub-bituminous variety} govt is trying to sell off and disinvest the Public sector
d) Anthracite companies.
 2017:- Govt after 1973 permitted commercial mining
 It is the best form of coal with carbon
to private companies.
concentration can be upto 95% .
 Dec, 2021:- Govt says the captive miners , after
 It is very hard with negligible impurities and meeting their requirement, they can sell 50% of the
volatile matter and burns generating total output in the open market (to increase the
tremendous amount of heat. production govt did this, as these companies can now
 Some anthracite deposits occur in Jammu invest and we can reduce dependency on import).
and Kashmir.  When we look at coal mining, depending on the
depth , we decide the type of mining.
 THE COAL MINING IN INDIA:- a) Upto 80 meters let say:- we go for open cast
 DISCUSSION OF SIR IN DETAIL mining. With it forest cutting, habitat loss both
tribal and animals problems can be seen. Human-
 How is mining done in India:- animal conflict also is a concern under this.
a) In late 1960s, the ideology of the Govt was b) When coal is down to 300-400 meters, we go for
socialism, then nationalisation drive run in underground mining.
country.  Problems related to mining are
b) 1973:-private mining of coal was banned , and  Pollution of water bodies, air pollution due to coal
mining of coal will be done only by PSUs like CIL dust etc are also related to it
(coal India limited and its 9 subsidiaries)  Acid mine drainage is also a problem which became
 In south India, SCCL was formed as a joint the reason of banning of rat hole mining in India.
venture b/w Govt with Indian and govt of  Productivity of the coal mines is very low
Andhra Pradesh (now Telengana). a) Productivity is measures in terms of output per
man shift (OPMS)
 So power plants like NTPC, tata power plant,
b) India:- 0.8 tons /OPMS in India
TISCO, JSW need coal, but cannot mine coal, so
c) World:- 8tones /OPMS
they could take coal from CIL or its subsidiaries
d) Australia:- 40tons/OPMS
or SCCL. So there is an agreement named “Fuel
e) It is because of technique of mining used in India
supply agreement (FSA)” to get coal for these
named as “Pillar & room or pillar & Bord”
companies. In this agreement quality, amount,
method. Means some areas are left under pillars
and rate were fixed and power plants were not
which has coal to hold the surface of earth.
allowed to check the quality after purchasing
 There will be an area marked for let say NTPC, so
whatever coal is given to NTPC will me only
mined from that area mine, so based on this coal
the FSA is taken up.
 Production remains low as workforce in PSUs is
not very much motivated, second they are not
seen as commercial enterprises
c) 1970S TO 2017 PERIOD
 1970s, steel production in Asia started increasing,
with increase in production of steel,
 Therefore,Govt Of India permitted ,in 1976, the
captive mining for steel producers. (captive mining
rights were only given to Steel producers to mine and f) Better technique is long wall mining method,
use in their own enterprises not anywhere else or here hydraulic support is used.

 COAL BASED THERMAL POWER
PLANTS:-
Discussion by sir (not dictated)
 Important sources of energy (subsidy is also
given to these power plants)
 2009 :Planning commission came up with a
policy document titled as “integrated energy
policy”. In it planning commission said that coal
is the important energy generation source today
 Despite huge reserves, the production of coal in and it also says by 2033-34 coal will remain
India is low and following are some of the important source for power generation (in near
reasons:- future)
a) The govt nationalised the coal mines in 1973,  But in 2009 India has not started with its
when mining rights were given to PSUs, and the National solar mission, wind and solar energy
production of coal mines under PSUs has was in nascent stage, solar tariffs were very high.
remained low. So that was time it was beyond our imagination
b) Though the govt permitted the steel producers, that solar and wind can substitute the coal
power producers etc to mine coal but under  2017: NITI ayog gave policy document titled as
captive mining, strict induced restrictions were “New energy policy”. It said coal is most
imposed and the captive miners were not important source of energy and whatever is the
allowed to sell the coal In the open market total installed capacity with coal based power
c) {the govt has recently permitted the commercial plants at present , this capacity will increase by 2
mining, and the captive miners are also times with 30 years (2047)
permitted to sell upto 50% of the produce in the  Even though govt is promoting non-fossils fuel
open market after meeting their captive based energy sources , as by 2030 50% of
requirements} installed capacity will be from the non-fossils
d) As coal mining is associated with a number of fuel based sources
environmental problems like deforestation,  2021:- GOI came up with “national Electricity
habitat loss , surface and ground water pollution policy” , a draft was released not original policy,
etc, environmental permission is required for govt promotes coal based power plants which
production. are much efficient and release less of sulphur
e) There are a number of coal mines in India where dioxide.
the blocks have been auctioned but the  GOI provides indirect subsidies to promote coal
environmental clearance has not been issued. based power plants. Suppose we have coal
Consequently, these mines are not able to mined in country and sent to a generation
produce coal. company named Genco. Genco purchases coal,
f) The productivity of coal mines in India is low and and produce coal based power.
this is especially the case with “underground  Suppose coal cost = 100/ton
mines” . the technique of mining (pillar and  Genco sells it = 2.50 Rs/unit
room method), is obsolete and wasteful and  Coal after mined sent to coal washeries to
needs to be replaced with long wall mining remove impurities  then sold to Genco. So
method wherever possible. coal washing also need some additional cost
g) Although the govt has permitted 100% FDI in (let say 20Rs/ton) , so Genco will now
coal mining but we are not able to attract purchase at 120Rs/ton
investment and the reasons can be :-  Cost of coal based power also increases let
 Bureaucratic hurdles say = 3Rs/unit making it less competitive to
 Strict environmental laws etc solar and wind based power
h) There are also concerns related to illegal mining  2017:- GOI made coal washing mandatory
In India, parliamentary standing committee on  Over and above 18% of ash content is
coal and steel in 2012 stated that actual washeries grid coal but govt gave relaxation
production of coal in India is 20% more than to use even the unwashed coal (there will be
what is reported to the govt. no additional cost of coal washeries, so
indirectly govt offering subsidies)
 2017:- coal base power plants need to have
Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD to reduce
sulphur dioxide but govt provided relaxation  west India = >80% Power comes from coal
on installing this as people are delaying and based power plants
avoiding the install cost (indirect subsidy by  Northern India = >60% Power comes from
govt by providing relaxation not a deadline coal based power plants
to install these FGD)  Eastern India = >80% Power comes from coal
 Note:- Solar energy and wind energy is highly based power plants
variable in nature (no fixed power leading  South India = approx. 50% Power comes
unstable grid) (so need storage systems as well), from coal based power plants
however coal is consistent power source and in  Maximum of the coal fields are in few states ,
India , we have huge reserves of coal and 90% is in JK, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, MP, MH, WB,
according to GSI 2017- there are 315 billion tons Telangana
of coal upto 1200meter depth from the surface.  So western India doesn’t have coal {even MH has
States like Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh have coal in far eastern Vidharbha region}
revenue from coal mining. So coal based power  Extreme south also we don’t have coal
plants will continue to be used in India in near  coal based power plants in western, northern
future as well and in southern part of country are far away
 So coal based power plants and coal from the coal mines = so are called as “Non-Pit
 Cheap Head Power Plants. So these coal based power
 Consistent plants are either dependent on coal which s
 Huge reserves mined in astern or central India or are
 Used in Industries dependent on imported coal
 Concern related to coal based power plants  when the power is produced in any part in the
 Environment problems associated with world there are three sub-sectors involved
mining, coal based thermal power plants a) power generation by Power generating
(leading air pollution) companies
 When coal is burnt (air is needed), approx. b) transmission of power after generation
30% of Nitrogen oxide released in the c) distribution of power
country is released from coal based power  In India , in maximum cases, transmission and
plants + distribution is done by same companies named
 Along with this good amount of Co2 is also as Discoms (owned by state govts in majority of
released for every megawatt of power the states like UPPCL)
produced , approx. 1.1 Giga tonnes of Co2 is  Now suppose there is a generation company let
released say “Genco” , produces and sells power to
 Approx. 50% of So2 are again from coal Discoms, Discoms purchase under “Power
based power plants Purchase Agreement (PPA)”. PPA is generally a
 Draft National electricity policy 2021:- GOI long term agreement (like 15-30years). The price
promotes the use of low sulphur content fixed is subject to revision under PPA.
coal and promotes to set up coal based  Oct 2021, April 2022:- India had coal crisis
power plants at coasts of India because of
 Approx. 60% of Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) is a) Oct-2021:- April 2021 world was suffering
from coal based power plants from second wave of Corona Pandemic,
 When we look at the situation of power economic activity was subdued , commercial
generation in India we often say we need more buildings was not operating, manufacturing
energy in the future because shut down and demand for electricity was
a) Living standard of people is improving= also low, so demand of coal is also limited.
consumption of electricity also increasing Somewhere around July, sudden economic
b) Make in India = promotes manufacturing recovery started and demand of coal also
industries which are power intensive increased and coast as well of coal. India is
 coal based power plants produce maximum second largest importer of coal after China
power in India around 70% (as china needs coal for Steel + manufacturing
 as of now India is a power surplus state but we
industries)(China has also coal in its Shanxi ,
Shaanxi provinces). In 2021 July there was heavy
are dependent on Australia, Russia, Usa etc , so
rainfall in Shanxi province and got filled with
to provide energy security India needs to water , so China’s domestic coal was not
decrease its dependence sufficient, so the Chinese companies started
 country is divided into different grids and now ordering coal from outside , resulting increase of
we have a national grid also coal from 60 to 300/ton. In India, the coal
generating companies like Genco have had their exemption from compulsory coal washing. A
PPA, so when coal became costly , Genco asked number of reports and policies also highlight the
Discoms to revise the PPA, but Discoms refused , govts objective to increase the share of coal
so these Genco stopped producing power based thermal power plants
because they had no coal with them and it was
 Although coal based power plants provide
too costly to import
consistent power supply at cheap rates,
 We have in India heavy rainfall in coal
following are some of the concerns
field areas , so coal mines in India also
a) The efficiency of coal based power plants is
get filled with water. But in September
low at around 33% (the new ultra mega power
2021, average rainfall was 135% of the
plants will have an installed capacity of
normal average , so coal mines also were 4000megawatts. They will use critical coal
not able to produce more coal and it technology and efficiency will be around 46%)
supplemented with high prices in b) Coal based power plants are highly polluting
international market of coal in nature and release oxides of sulphur,
 GOI says that generation companies Nitrogen, carbon etc. they also account for
need to have 22 days of stock with mercury emissions, and particulate matter
them. But when we entered into c) There are a large number of non-pit head
monsoon season the economic recovery based power plants which are dependent on
had not started, but once the economic imported coal or coal that is mined from far
recovery was very sudden and very fast. off domestic region, so these are vulnerable
b) April 2022:- we know april is the best mining to fluctuating prices in the international
season. Russia provides the good amount of market and supply side disruptions
natural gas to European countries (who have d) coal based power plants are least flexible
good consumption). In feb 21-22 Russia and cannot easily comply to power back
invaded Ukraine, so number of European down instructions issued by the Discoms.
nations imposed sanctions and Russia cut Hence these cannot help in grid balancing if
down the natural gas supply to these the Discoms take power from solar and
countries. As a result European countries wind which are variable
increased power production from coal based SIR’s Discussion
power plants. So again demand of coal  understand by example, A Thermal power plant enter
increased and cost touched $450/ton. into PPA with Discoms
 In addition, India has also problem of  thermal  100 units/month at 3Rs/unit  Discom ‘
Railway congestion, as same track is used for  Before power generation, Genco (thermal power
passenger, transportation of coal and other producer), some amount of investment is needed and
materials also. So during April 2022, we had can be made for setting up of power plant , to
limited amount of railway wrecks for purchase machinery, place, technology = this initial
investment is known as “Capex”
carrying coal to far of regions from eastern
 Opex:- Operational cost:- to hire workers, to
and central India
purchase coal, so amount spent on working of power
 April is also peak summer season, demand of plants is called as Operational expenditure
electricity was also very high, so along with  Let say for capex loan is taken and every month
railway problem + high international cost of  Rs 90 to bank as loan instalment
coal = all resulted into coal crisis  For Opex:- for 100 units 100 Kg coal let say is
 Coal based power plants account for around purchased for every month , cost of 100kg coal =
70% of the total power i.e. produced in the Rs100 and For workers = Rs 100
country, these are thermal power plants where  Opex= 100+ 100 = Rs 200
electricity is generated when the coal is burnt  So in case of a coal based power plants the Opex
is always more than Capex
and water is turned into steam which runs the
 So total 100units = Rs 200+90 = 290Rs is spent to
turbine produce 100units
 Coal based thermal power plants provide a  So Sold at Rs 3/unit = 10paise is profit
consistent power supply which doesn’t vary like  And every month /100units= 10Rs profit/month
solar or wind as we have huge reserves of coal,  Now Discom sells this power at different setup
GOI promotes coal based power plants. users.
 Also a number of states promote coal mining as a) Case-1 May :- Summer :-
these states generate a significant part of the  Demand of power is high
revenue from coal mining  So Discoms needs all 100units
 The govt also offers some indirect subsidies for b) Case-2 Oct :- winter starts
 Demand of power is low
coal based power plants. For example:-
 Discoms let say needs only 50units value, water will be heated , steam will be
 In these cases the power is transmitted across generated to run the turbine, immediate shut
the grid in among different states. Another down of this operation is not possible (in that
solution is to store power in lithium ion batteries case it makes huge loss). So if the discoms give
 Discoms also ask the power generating instructions to coal based thermal power plants
companies to cut down the production of power to compensate the remaining of toll 100 units of
to limit it and these instructions are called as power requirements , this is not possible with
Power back down instructions, in return power coal based thermal power plants
generating /producing companies set some  So solar and wind by its very nature , are highly
conditions and they tell to Discoms that they will variable and thermal power cannot complement
purchase less coal and spend less on hiring less these. As a result every hour 100 units of power
workers, so power producing companies cut are demanded but we won’t be able to supply
down their operational cost. 100 units of power every hour, therefore grid
 So now Genco (power producing companies) will balance cannot be achieved.
charge 200Rs for 50 units of power (200 = 100  Coal based thermal power plants, therefore,
Opex, 90 loan instalment, 10 Rs profit) need minimum of 8 hours to comply to power
 Suppose we have a thermal power producer and it backdown instructions, so as a result there is grid
has PPA with Discoms of 100units imbalance problems occur.
 Thermal  100units  Discoms  100units
 Under National solar mission, by 2020 India THE:- “LARGE HYDRO”:-
must have 40 GW installed capacity from  Large hydro projects are those where power is
Renewable (20 GW from this must be from solar) generated from water, wherein mechanical
 2014:- GOI upscaled target and by 2022, new force of water is used, and wherein the total
target 175 GW installed capacity from
installed capacity is more than 25megawatts
Renewable (100 GW from this must be from
solar) Sir Write up given in 12th class for large hydro
 2021:- GOI upscaled target and by 2030 new  Around 14.4% of the actual power generation in
target 450 GW installed capacity from India is from the large hydro power plants which
Renewable (280 GW from this must be from have an installed capacity contributing 12% to
solar) the overall capacity in India
 Power generation in installed capacity is added in  These plants use mechanical force of water to
much faster pace than the demand of energy, produce electricity. They may be run of the river
means India at present is a power surplus
projects but in most cases these are associated
country (because of wind + solar energy
contribution with Coal) with a reservoir
 GOI says we need to promote renewable energy, so  Large hydro offers the following advantages
GOI says to Discoms to not give back down a) It is clean and renewable source of energy
instructions (to solar, wind, smaller hydro power generation which does not release any
plants, but can give to thermal) greenhouse gas
 In 2016 in electricity Act govt inserted a word b) Unlike coal and gas based power plants, the
“Must Run” i.e. means must run status is operational expenditure is low. The
accordance to the renewables (means this operational expenditure is limited only to
energy has to be purchased, backdown the maintenance of the project
instructions can only be given to Thermal or
c) It is highly flexible in nature and easily
other resources)
 Suppose every hour we need to supply 100 units compliances to the backdown instructions
of power but solar is highly variable it can given by the discoms
provide different units at different times of d) Thus they help in grid balancing
period, so Discoms ask the thermal for pending  The GOI promotes large hydro and a number of
units requirement installed hydro projects are revived by the
Time Solar Thermal present day govt
10:00AM Weak insolation Discoms ask  Despite the advantages, there are a number of
Solar generates 10 thermal to give 90 concerns which are as following:-
units of power units of power a) The construction of reservoir for hydro
02:00PM Strong insulation 50 units power generation often results in
50 units of power
submergence of forest land which otherwise
generation
act as carbon sinks. This is also associated
05:00PM Weak insolation 90 units of power
Solar generates 10 with loss of habitat for animals and birds
units of power b) The cost of hydro power is more than solar
 However, in coal based thermal power plants or wind power , coal based power etc .
once the coal is heated it will reach its peak though Opex is low but Capex is
exceptionally high are required to be fulfilled. Suppose, flat land of
c) Large hydro projects are often associated UP, Bihar, PB large hydro projects cannot be
with disasters like earthquakes due to RIS constructed.
(Satara earthquake), landslips and  To create a reservoir problems associated are:-
subsidence (Joshimath), floods (Kerala 2018) Carbon sinks, concentration of GHG into
etc atmosphere, loss of habitat of animals
d) As hydro power is produced far away from d) Social cost:- loss of habitat of forest dwellers,
the consumption center , there are ATMC challenges related to rehabilitation of these
losses associated with long distance people
transmission e) Transmission loss:- as large hydro projects are
Sir’s Discussion far away from where the need of power is
 ADVANTAGES OF LARGE HYDRO PROJECTS f) Disasters:- reservoir induced seismicity, dams
a) Clean and renewable source of energy (no GHG many a times have been the reasons for floods
emission, no risk of any leakage like in nuclear, no also (during monsoon especially)
nuclear waste)  PROBLEMS WITH DISCOMS:-
b) Very low Opex (operational expenditure)(as a) Populist polices of the state govt (distribution
compared to coal based thermal power plants, companies are not seen as the commercial
nuclear power plants etc) enterprise, almost all the discoms are owned
 (website of ministry of power says development of
and operated by state govts and very often are
large hydro is essential for the development for solar
and wind energy)
sued by state govts to carry forward their
 Relation of hydro with them is that large hydro is political agenda)
highly flexible in nature and it can complement the b) High power backdown cost:-demand is not
variable nature of solar and wind power increasing but capacity addition is done at good
rate.
c) High AT&C loss:- aggregate technical and
commercial los. Technical loss means overloading a
power line, using long distance transmission etc.
commercial loss means amount of power used is not
connected with meter by is done by power theft. In
India 2010 it was 33%, in 2020 it was around 21%. It
means if discoms loads 200units of power in their line
then they are getting the bill only for 79 units other is
loss.
 GAS BASED POWER PLANTS:-

 Gas based thermal power plants:- natural gas is
burnt, heat generated is used to produce
electricity.
Sir Write up given in 12th class for this
 Gas based thermal power plants account for 6%
to the total installed capacity in India. They use
natural gas for power generation which may be
through simple cycle or combined cycle
c) Highly flexible  Gas based thermal power plants offer following
 CONCERNS WITH LARGE HYDRO advantages
a) Economic Cost :- Hydro power is not cheap a) Although the plants release greenhouse
compared with coal, solar, wind, Nuclear. Yes gases but these are considered cleaner than
Opex is low but initial investment is coal based power plants as they do not
exceptionally high. (minimum time taken for release particulate matter , mercury
large hydro project is 13 years) emissions etc
b) Problems of land acquisition, b) The efficiency of the gas based power plants
c) High environmental cost:- until 2018, hydro was is around 50% for the combined cycle. {1kg
not considered as renewable energy, it is of natural gas can produce more energy than
considered as clean but have environmental 1kg of coal i.e. gas has a higher calorific
concerns also. And most of the hydro projects value}
are associated with a reservoir, and for a c) The gas based power plants are flexible and
reservoir construction, certain set of conditions can help in grid balancing if the discoms
source power from solar and wind which are  How:- As hot combustion gas expands through
variable the turbine, it spins the rotating blades. The
 Although there are number of benefits but rotating blades perform a dual function: they
almost all the Gas based thermal power plants drive the compressor to draw more pressurized
today are lying idle and 60% of the capacity is air into the combustion section, and they spin a
idle since the past 10 years generator to produce electricity
 The Gas based thermal power plants do not have  Advantages of gas based power plants:-
natural gas as it is the fertiliser sector followed a) Cleaner sources of energy (as compare to coal based
by city gas distribution which is the priority of power plants only) (these don’t not release
the government . moreover, gas prices (non- particulate matter, so less polluting)
APM) are market based and very high b) Efficiency is also better (compare to coal based power
 Although we have shale gas reserves in India in plants ) (because we have the combined cycle)
c) More flexible compare to coal based power plants
cambay basin, Kaveri basin , Krishana-Godavari
 Gas based power plants have 6% installed capacity of
basin, Mahanadi basin, Ganga-Gondwana basin , power generation in India but in reality actual power
Assam-Arakan basin etc but we have not been generation from gas is zero (or very limited) at
able to explore the reserves as Cambian shale as present.
per ONGC is not brittle  Note:- When gas is given, gas prices are different , so
 Suppose we have an air tight box, one side Natural we have two mechanisms
gas is entering along with Air (having oxygen), a) Administered price mechanism
through a spark natural gas burns and air gets heated, b) Non-administered price mechanism
once air gets heated it expands and pushes the  FRACKING OR HYDRAULIC FRACTURING:-
turbine and power is generated and when air comes Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a drilling method
out is still hot and this heat energy is further used to used to extract petroleum (oil) or natural gas from
heat water and water gets converted into steam deep in the Earth. In the fracking process, cracks in
which further generates the electricity. and below the Earth's surface are opened and
widened by injecting water, chemicals, and sand at
high pressure

First 20-minutes write up of 12th class is written in
11th class as it is related to 11th class.
 THE SOLAR ENERGY:-
SIR’S DISCUSSION
 GOI has ambitious plans for renewable energy and
GOI says by 2030, India will have 50% of installed
capacity of electricity from non-fossil fuel based
sources out of which 60% of the total installed
capacity has to be from solar
 Non-fossil fuel:- hydro, nuclear, solar, wind, bio-
power etc
 Why is Solar consider important for India ?
a) For environmental reasons:-
 At present India is a power surplus country i.e.
total installed capacity of energy is more than
407gigawatts but the actual power generation is  Under this method the heat energy of the sun is
250gigawatts (approx). so India is power surplus used.
country not because of more production of  However , maximum of the solar energy is
power but because the demand of power is less generated now from solar panels or photovoltaic
 Demand of power depends on per capita income cells
 With improvement of per capita income in near
future, the consumption of power is going to
increase
 In the near future we need to have more focus
on manufacturing industries and these would be
energy extensive.
 Therefore in future India will need alot of energy
in the country
 But most of the energy generation in India is
coal based and At the same time we have
concerns related to global warming . so we need
more cleaner electricity
 So GOI focuses more on non-fossil fuel based
resources for energy generation (like solar)
b) For energy security
 India is now dependent for coal, crude oil,
natural gas , nuclear material on other countries
.therefore solar energy can make India
independent upto some extent for energy
generation
 But Solar energy depends upon the intensity of
insolation. Intensity of insolation depends upon
time of the year and latitudinal position of the
particular area. So majority of India lies in
tropical region and at max in sub-tropical areas ,
so most part of India receives sunlight
throughout the year. 2. Solar panels or photovoltaic cells
c) Solar power can provide Electricity to remote  However , maximum of the solar energy is
and inaccessible areas of the country which are generated now from solar panels or photovoltaic
not connected to electricity grids cells
d) India is a member of International solar alliance  Large area is required for solar panels . so areas
 WHEN SOLAR ENERGY IS GENERATED like Kutch , areas of RJ, Ladakh , these areas have
THERE CAN BE TWO MECHANISMS degraded land which can be acquired easily and
at much less rate
1. Concentrated solar power or solar thermal
 National institute of solar energy says with the
 It means you are utilising the heat energy of the
amount of degraded land of India , with the
sun for producing the electricity.
insolation that we are receiving, if we are able to
 CSP technologies use mirrors to reflect and
use only 3% India’s degraded land then the
concentrate sunlight onto a receiver. The energy
total power India can generate 749gigawatts
from the concentrated sunlight heats a high
power inside India
temperature fluid in the receiver. This heat - also
known as thermal energy - can be used to spin a  CONCERN :-Solar power is highly variable
 Cost of storage of electricity at present is 10Rs
turbine or power an engine to generate
electricity. It can also be used in a variety of /kilowatt hour = lithium ion batteries are very
industrial applications, like water desalination, costly
 In international solar alliance, India gave concept
enhanced oil recovery, food processing,
chemical production, and mineral processing of green grid or one sun one world one grid.
 Today govt is focusing on storing the solar
 Sun light from a very large area is concentrated
to a small point as a result the tube (at center) power through the Pump storage systems
receives concentrated solar power and liquid in  NOTE:- GOI TARGET TILL 2022
the tube gets heated and liquid expands and  Total :- 175gigawatts
pushes the turbine and turbine runs  Total target was set to produce 175 gigawatt
green energy. India too has an ambitious
FROM TARGET ACHIEVED MISSED BY
program and the GOI says by 2030, atleast 50%
Solar 100GW 61GW 39GW
of the total installed capacity of power
Wind 60GW 40GW 20GW
Bio power 10GW achieved achieved
generation in India has to be from non-fossil fuel
Small 5GW achieved achieved based sources, of which 60% will be from solar
hydro  So it is not incorrect to say that solar energy is
 100GW was target but actual installed capacity the face of India’s renewable energy program.
India had 61GW , India missed the target by 40 The govt has an ambitious program for solar
GW when there is so much potential , when the energy as we have a tropical location and most
GOI is also promoting , being member of solar parts of India receive more than 300days of
alliance, why did India miss the target with such direct sunlight
a huge margin. The answer is  There are a number of areas like Rajasthan
 Note:- when the solar energy or renewable Kutch Ladakh lahol and spiti, plateau interiors of
energy generation started in world, it became deccan etc where strong insolation is there for
popular in Germany , Japan because of policies longer duration.
taken up by these countries which was later  As maximum of the solar energy is produced
adopted by India . this was policy of Feed –in- through photovoltaic cells which require land ,
Tariff. there is a high potential as we have large tracts
 Under feed-in-tariff, Suppose there is a of degraded land. According to National
Discom wants to enter into a power institute of solar energy , installing solar panels
purchase agreement with solar, solar energy over 3% of the degraded land can help us
corporation of India gets involved (SECI). produce 748GW of electricity
SECI calculates the cost of the project (so  Renewable energy in general, and solar power in
that investments can be made by companies particular can help in regional development or
into solar). SECI let say comes to a backward area development as they can provide
conclusion that the cost of power generation power to remote and inaccessible locations
is Rs10/unit. Because the purpose is to make which are not connected by the grid.
solar sector attractive for investment, so  The renewable energy can also generate
under Feed-in-Tariff a fixed profit over this employment directly and indirectly
power is provided by discoms to solar power  As solar energy is highly variable in nature, the
generating sector. GOI is now thinking of coupling it with pumped
 Reverse auction method is now used by discoms storage as the lithium ion batteries are costly
in which a base rate is fixed by SECI on which  Although there are number of advantages but
discount is offered by solar power generating we missed the target for renewable energy by a
companies and on a bid , discoms purchase solar huge margin , some concerns are
energy a) Efficiency of solar power plants is low at
Installed capacity Share in actual around 22% (the govt is promoting floating
power solar power plants which due to the cooling
coal 52% 70% effect of water provides an efficiency of
hydro 12% 14.4% 33%. These also help in preventing
Diesel 0.12% >3% evaporating losses & un-utilised space is put
Gas 6% zero to use)
Nuclear 1.8% >3% b) The capacity installation was less in 2017-18,
New & 29% <10% 18-19, 19-20 and 2020-2021. One of the
renewable major reasons was the reverse auction
 Note this why it is low even we have installed which replaced the feed-in-tariff system
capacity of 29% {under feed-in-tariff a fixed profit over the
New & 29% <10% cost of power production was given to the
renewable
Genco}. As the companies went for
 Reason:- (issue with solar):- a number of discoms
aggressive bidding initially under reverse
in different states have stopped purchasing auction , the price was later on found to be
power from renewables like solar and wind and unsustainable and the govt had to cancel a
they are demanding renegotiations of the power number of projects due to tardy progress
purchase agreements. That is the reason of c) A lot of capacity is lying idle at present as
<10% actual share in power discoms have refused to purchase power
 As climate change is threatening our existence ,
countries around the world are focusing on
and are re-negotiating power purchase  If RPO is 12% let say then Under this govt says if
agreements discoms sells 100units of power 12 units must
d) The make in India program is in conflict with come from renewables.
the renewable energy program. In order to  Rooftop solar power program :- this is meant for
promote domestic production of solar residential users and resident welfare
panels the govt imposes a high customs duty association (RWAs). Under this, the users can get
of 40% on Chinese solar panels which the solar panels installed over their rooftop
increases the cost of solar power through some companies which are selected by
production as there is high dependency on the discoms of the area. The companies will
Chinese panels {the govt is now providing PLI install solar panels that are domestically
(production linked incentives) for the manufactured and users get a subsidy which is
domestic solar panel producers} inversely proportional to the installed capacity
e) Some other problems include issues related READ BY YOUR OWN
to land acquisition , govt has stalled a  MNERE:- Ministry of New & Renewable energy:-
number of projects as they encroach upon read biomass power means read about
the habitat of great Indian bustard , issue of  Cogeneration
solar waste as Chinese panels have high rate  Combustion
of degradation etc  Biomass gasification
 ROOF TOP SOLAR:-  biogas
th
 NCERT class 12 or Yellow Book:- iron ore
Sir’s discussion deposits of the world , coal deposits of the world
 Target GOI set for 2022:- 100GW of installed
capacity had to be from solar and out of which
 60GW was from ground mounted system :-  PRADHAN MANTRI KISAN URJA
in actual it was around 54GW SURAKSHA AVAM UTTHAAN
 40 GW was to be from roof top solar:- in MAHABHIYAN (PM-KUSUM)
actual it was around is less than 8GW, so we  )
missed the target with huge margin Sir’s discussion
 If suppose discoms purchases power at Rs3 and
 When we look at the agriculture in country we
spend Rs2 for transmission, so average cost of discussed about Indian agriculture problems like
power to discoms is Rs.5. when discoms sell a) Indian agriculture is rainfed
powers it categories its customers into b) Very few farmers have option of irrigation
 Farmers:- here discoms incur a loss (due to c) Monsoon is becoming more erratic
free of cost or highly subsidised electricity) d) Farmers who have no option of irrigation ,
 Residential users:- here discoms incur a loss most of them cultivate crop once in a year
(due to highly subsidised electricity)  Low income of farmers (even govt have agenda
 Commercial users:- here discoms sell power to increase farmers income and it is now realised
at high cost that income of farmers cannot increase if he is
 Industrial users:- here discoms sell power at just dependent on the crop, so govt is focusing
high cost on diversification on agriculture as well as crops
 India missed the target with huge margin
that the farmers should practice animal
because husbandry, fishery , apiculture along with
 Rooftop solar panels are costly and become cultivating crop)
a cost of concern for residential users  The idea here is that non-crop options of
 We Don’t have after sale service support agriculture not only provide income option but
systems also provide other benefits to farmers
 Roof rights are also costly in some  In this mixed agriculture or integrated farming, a
metropolitan cities new concept has been added called farmer as a
 Third party installation is not permitted in producer of energy where the energy can be
states produced through biomass and the spare land of
 Renewable purchase obligation (RPO):- farmers can be used for installation of solar
 Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) mandates panel if land is not used for cultivation
that all electricity distribution licensees should  So under the KUSUM scheme the aim is to
purchase or produce a minimum specified  To increase income of farmer
quantity of their requirements from Renewable  To reduce monsoon dependency
Energy Sources  To make sure farmers use solar power (to

reduce cost of cultivation) 40% will be paid by the farmer, 30% by state and
 There are three sub-schemes under this PM- 30% by the center. And pumps will be given only
KUSUM scheme upto 7.5 horse power. In case of higher horse
1) Under first scheme, the idea is that the power , farmer has to spend its own
farmer , he can install the solar panel on his  The scheme has been started with
degraded land (soil erosional land, saline
land, unfit for cultivation land where farmer
the following objectives:-
a) Increasing farmers income by providing
is not getting any income). Famer can sell it
alternate source of income generation to the
to discoms at a pre-fixed rate (6.67Rs/unit or
farmers thereby reducing the dependency on
per kilowatt hour. Second if the farmers
cultivation
cultivate shady loving plants , those can
install solar panels at a certain height (like in b) Bring down the government subsidy burden that
is incurred in providing the subsidized power to
coffee plantations). They can also use solar
trees instead of other trees on which solar the farmers
c) Increase the share on solar energy and reduce
panels are placed, it provides extra income
the dependence on fossil fuels like diesel
and power to farmers and it also doesn’t
d) Make agriculture less dependent on monsoon by
cast a direct shadow un plants
providing an assured system of irrigation
 The scheme has following three
components
a) It is applicable for farmers, FTOs, Agriculture
cooperatives, gram panchayats , and water user
association . the solar panels can be installed
over degraded agriculture land , on fertile land
through solar trees, common village land, canal
tops etc. the place for power generation should
be within 5km radius of the sub-station and the
discoms will purchase the power at pre-fixed
rate
b) Provision of 17.5 lakh off-grid solar pumps
c) 10 lakh existing grid connected pumps will be
 In every village we have a common solarised
panchayat land, the solar panels can be  For the first component the govt will make the
installed on this land and power of these can loans available and for component 2 and 3 , the
be sold to discoms and discoms provide state and central govt will pay 60% of the total
income to these panchayats cost . the share of central govt will be higher for
 We also have pani panchayats (also called the north-eastern states
water user associations) which have been
given rights in number of states like to INTERNET ADDITION
 Prelims: PM KUSUM, Off-grid solar pumps, Solar
collect the canal irrigation fees from
Energy, Renewable Energy, Empowerment of
farmers, to maintain the canal, to decide
Agriworkers.
water distribution. so these associations can  Mains: PM KUSUM, its Significance and Challenges.
install solar panels on these canals and can
earn  WHY IN NEWS?
 Farmers can be given loans by banks as  The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
priority sector lending in case of installing has extended the deadline to install 30,000 MW solar
power capacity in rural India to March 2026
solar panels , but what about collateral, GOI
under PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja
says we can have tripartite agreement b/w Suraksha Evam Uttham Mahabhiyan).
discoms, farmers and banks about these.
2) Second component of KUSUM says off grid  WHAT IS PM KUSUM?
solar pumps (17.5 lakhs) will be provided by  About:
the government to those farmers who don’t  The PM-KUSUM was launched by the MNRE in 2019,
have grid connectivity in order to endow installation of off-grid solar
3) Third component is 10 lakh grid connected pumps in rural areas and reduce dependence on grid,
solar pumps will also be given in grid-connected areas.
 Of the total cost of the solaration of the pump,  Components:
 10,000 MW of decentralized ground-mounted grid-

connected renewable power plants.
Installation 20 lakh solar-powered agriculture pumps
 WHAT ARE THE ASSOCIATED
 Converting 15 lakh agriculture pumps, already CHALLENGES?
connected to the grid, into solar. a) Financial and Logistics Issue:
 Objective:  The cost of setting up solar power projects can be
 It aims to enable farmers to set up solar power high, and some farmers may not have access to the
generation capacity on their arid lands and to sell it necessary financing.
to the grid.  There is a matter of domestic availability of
 It also seeks to increase the income of farmers by equipment itself. While pumps are not a challenge for
allowing them to sell surplus solar power to the grid. domestic suppliers, the availability of solar pumps is
 Achievements: still an issue.
b) Depleting Water Tables:
 Due to power subsidies, the recurring cost of
electricity is so low that farmers keep on pumping
water and the water table is going down.
 In a solar installation, it becomes a more difficult job
to upgrade to higher capacity pumps in case the
water table falls because one will have to add new
solar panels which are expensive.
c) Regulatory Barriers and Stability:
 There may be regulatory barriers that prevent the
smooth implementation of the scheme, such
as restrictions on the connection of solar power
projects to the grid.
 Integrating decentralized solar power projects into
the grid may pose technical challenges and stability
issues, which need to be addressed.
 WAY FORWARD
 Consensus between the Centre and States is the key
to the success of this decentralised solar power
scheme. Any reform in India’s power space cannot
take place unless there is consensus between the
Centre, States and stakeholders.
 WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE  Apart from switching to solar power, farmers should
also switch over to drip irrigation mode which saves
SCHEME? water and power with increased crop output.
a) Increase Access to Energy:  For effective implementation and serious
 It incentivises the farmers to sell surplus solar participation by stakeholders, the scheme should be
energy to the states, which in turn will augment their more attractive in terms of benchmark prices in view
income. of the challenges on account of higher costs of
 The scheme is expected to increase access to implementation and comprehensive maintenance.
electricity in rural areas and provide a reliable source
of energy for agriculture and other rural activities
 Pr elims
 Q. Consider the following statements: (2016)
b) Contain Climate Catastrophe: 1. The International Solar Alliance was launched at the
 If farmers are able to sell surplus power, they will be
United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015.
incentivised to save power and, in turn, it will mean
2. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the
the reasonable and efficient use of groundwater.
United Nations.
 Also, expansion of the irrigation cover by providing
 Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
decentralized solar-based irrigation and moving
(a)1 only
away from polluting diesel.
(b) 2 only
 When implemented fully, PM-KUSUM will lead to
(c) Both 1 and 2
reducing carbon emissions by as much as 32 million
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
tonnes of CO2 per annum.
 Ans: (a)
c) Employment and Empowerment:  Exp:
 The scheme is expected to create job opportunities in  India and France launched the International Solar
the installation, maintenance, and operation of solar Alliance (ISA) to boost solar energy in developing
power projects. countries.
 The scheme is expected to empower rural  It was launched at the United Nations Climate Change
communities by giving them control over their Conference in Paris in November 2015 by the Indian
own energy generation and distribution. Prime Minister and French President. Its secretariat is
located in Gurugram, India. Hence, statement 1 is missed the target . answer is that
correct. a) there is no installed capacity in areas like WB,
 At initial stage ISA was opened to membership of Odisha which are also coastal areas
countries lying fully or partly between the Tropics of b) Wind mills have environmental concerns like for
Cancer and Capricorn (torrid zone). Birds and marine animals
 In 2018, the membership of ISA was opened for all c) Govt has withdrawn a number of benefits given
the UN members. However, all the member countries to wind energy since India become member of
of the UN are not its members. Hence, statement 2 is International solar alliance, wind energy has
not correct. been pushed to back burner
 Currently, 80 countries have signed and ratified the
ISA Framework Agreement while 98 countries have IRON & STEEL INDUSTRY
signed the ISA Framework Agreement. Therefore,  Questions are mostly on changing on location of
option (a) is the correct answer. industries in Indian and world
 Mains  Location of industries is dependent upon the
 India has immense potential of solar energy though a) Availability of raw material
there are regional variations in its developments. b) Infrastructure (land, electricity)
Elaborate (2020) c) Climatic conditions
TOPIC:- WIND ENERGY d) Government policies

e) Labour availability
 2022 December target was:-India will have f) transportation
175GW of total installed capacity from g) market centers
renewables out of which  iron and steel industry is important because
a) 100GW from solar = achieved 62GW, missed output of this industry can be used as input in
the target many other industries
b) 60GW for wind = achieved 45-46GW from  Steel is important because of number of
wind, so missed the target properties
c) 10GW for Bio = achieved and surpassed a) High strength
d) 5 GW from Small Hydro = achieved b) Elastic in nature
Sir’s Discussion c) Malleable and ductile
 POTENTIAL OF WIND ENERGY IN INDIA d) Less cost (compare to tin and copper)
 Potential depends upon the technology that we  If we take 100 kg of iron ore
are using  70kg iron
 Wind power ∝ (wind speed)3  30 kg gangue (impurities)
 Wind energy is highly variable as compare to case of  If we take 100 kg of copper ore
solar as wind speed is more variable  2-2.5kg copper
 India has a huge coast line , so the potential of wind  98-97.5 kg impurities
energy in India, our coastline is more than
 So cost of copper is higher
8000Kilometers including islands of India
 So the high potential is there in India and states like  Tin will be much more costly because it is
Gujarat and TN which are leaders in wind energy present in much more less in concentration.
production Most of the tin we are getting is from the placer
 Continental shelf is the shallowest part of the ocean deposits. So cost is high of in because of cost of
where wind mills can be set up here and here we get processing involved in extracting of tin
fast wind speeds and land acquisition land is also not Placers are a type of mineral deposit in which grains of a
required in this case. Therefore, (India has broader valuable mineral like gold or the rare earths are mixed
coast in west than on east), India has also potential to with sand deposited by a river or glacier. Placer is also a
set up off shore wind mills on east as well as west of mining method term. Placer mining uses water and
India in ocean gravity to separate gold from surrounding material
 National institute of wind energy says that
a) The potential of wind energy is 100GW if the
wind mills are raised to an height of 80meters
b) But with the improvement in technology , the
windmills can be raised upto height of 100
meters and wind spans can increase also and
potential now is 300GW
c) Now the windmills could be raised to a height of
120 meters , where wind speed is faster and now
potential can be 690GW
 When India has such a huge potential why India a placer deposit or placer is an accumulation of valuable

minerals formed by gravity separation from a specific  Sundargarh :- Bonai mines
source rock during sedimentary processes  Sambhalpur
3) Chattisgarh
 Balod:- Dalli-Rajraha mines
 DANTEWADA:-Bailadila mines
 Bastar
 Durg
4) Karnataka
 Chikmanglur:- Kudremukh mines ,
kamangundi mines
 Chitradurg
 Shimoga
 bellary
5) Maharashtra
 Vidarbha
 Chandrapur
 Konkan region
 Ratnagiri & Sindudurg
6) Goa
7) Andhra (some parts)
 Anantpur
 Chittur
 Iron and steel industry uses iron ore as an
 Kadapa
important raw material and some of the
important commercial ores of iron are as  RAW MATERIALS USED FOR INDUSTRIES
following
a) Magnetite (Fe3O4):- it is the richest ore of
iron with iron concentration can be upto
70%. It has excellent magnetic properties
which makes it important for the electrical
industry. Colour of magnetite is black in
colour
b) Haematite ((Fe2O4):- commercially the most
important ore of iron. It is a sedimentary form of
iron ore where iron concentration can be upto
65%. It is red in colour
c) Limonite(Fe2O3.H2O):- it is the sedimentary
form of iron where the iron concentration can be
upto 50% . it is yellow in colour
d) Siderite (FeCo3):- it is the carbonate form
of iron and iron concentration can be 20-
30%. Despite low concentration of iron , it is
a widely mined ore as it is self-fluxing in
nature (self –cleaning)/
 IRON ORES RESERVES IN INDIA
1) Jharkhand
 Singbhum district:- we have Noamundi
mines
 Palamu
 Lohardaga
 Hazaribagh
2) Odisha There are number of mechanisms by which we

 Mayur Bhanj:- Gorumahisani mines (tata can smelt the iron ore and converts it into steel.
iron and steel plant Jamshedpur mostly The simplest of the process is using a blast
takes iron ore from here), Badampahad furnace and Bessemer converter
 Kionghar  In furnace iron ore + coke + limestone are
added. Limestone is added as flux and the hot air
is blasted into the furnace , the temperature variety
increases , iron ore starts melting and it converts  South Asia:- maximum cotton cultivating . one
into iron oxides and it reacts with carbon area is sindh in Pakistan , In India :- Peninsular
 Slag is a valuable by-product of steel industry India and North India
and used as raw material in cement plants.  India:- Saurashtra region is most important in
 Raw materials required for steel:- Gujarat region (largest in India). After Gujarat is
a) Too cool water is required Maharashtra and then Telengana
b) Iron ore  Karnataka:- Dharwar district
c) Coal  Tamil Nadu:- South eastern part of TN
d) Limestone cultivates cotton (tirunalai valley)
 Iron and steel industry use two most important  MP:- Malwa belt of Ujjain
raw materials i.e. iron ore and coal  PB+HR+RJ+ Western-UP
Read at home:- National steel policy 2017  These areas have black soil
(Source:- PIB)  Eastern India cannot cultivate cotton
……..13th class ended, 14th started……….  Black soil has high amount of calcium + has high
 COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY clay content which gives moisture holding

capacity to soil:- so both help in cotton cultivation
 after agriculture, maximum of the employment
is generated by textile industry in India
 LOCATION OF INDUSTRY:-
 Note:- If a industry uses a pure raw material
Sir’s discussion
which doesn’t lose weight during processing , we
 India has complete range from fibre to fashion
can locate the industry then anywhere like at
i.e. we are producing raw cotton, yawn , thread,
market, at raw material center and anywhere b/w
fabric, readymade garments and we are also
market and raw material center
major exporter of raw cotton and textile
 100kg cotton fibre  gives 100kg cotton yawn 
 12% total industrial production is share of cotton
gives 100 kg cotton fabric , therefore we can
textile industry
locate the cotton industry anywhere like at
 It is the symbol for India’s struggle for
market, at raw material center and anywhere b/w
independence. It has been the traditional industry
market and raw material center
of India
 1854:- Mumbai first cotton mill successful in
 Revival of cotton textile industry in India started
India and then Mumbai becomes important
with Swadeshi movement
center because
 Farmer  Ginner  Spinning  weaving or
a) It has port:- With opening up of Suez canal the
knitting  Readymade or made-ups garments
distance b/w India and European countries was
 Cotton as a crop of tropical areas i.e. it is
shorten up, increased Mumbai importance
cultivated in those areas where there is a b) Availability of capital (as it was provincial capital)
moderately warm condition. c) Mumbai has a number of business communities
 Cold conditions are associated with frost and frost d) Mumbai has also lending institutions , so presence
is harmful for cotton, so cotton cultivation is of capital as well
required 210 frost free days in the country e) Biggest market being a provincial capital
 Cotton plant gets matured in 4-5 months, but is f) Has tropical , hot and humid conditions
not harvested immediately after getting matured. throughout the year, so demand for cotton is
remained high throughout the year
Picking takes upto 30-40 days to pick up the
g) Mumbai was near to the raw material producing
cotton
areas (in pre0independent India areas of
 Cotton cultivation in the world:- Maharashtra, Gujarat, sindh)
 Only in tropical or at max till sub-tropical areas h) Infrastructure and Transport is good
 Rainfall :- 50-100cm a year i) Mumbai has a humid climate throughput the year
 Europe:- Ukraine is northern most j) Mumbai we had labour which was present from
 USA is exports (largest exporter)(mainly in nearby areas
southern states of USA cotton is produced)  So Mumbai became an important center , more
 India (Largest Producer and second largest industries started coming to Mumbai , so as the
people started coming to Mumbai . therefore
exporter)
Mumbai starts developing congestion
 Africa :- cultivates cotton (in western Africa)
 The labour union movement in pre-independent
 North Africa:- in Egypt (known for fine quality of India, started in India in Mumbai itself. Strikes and
cotton known as Giza cotton) shutdowns were there. This was also the problem
 Australia :- cultivates and exports cotton with Mumbai was facing
high yield of cotton. It cultivates even Bollgard-III  Moreover, the land cost is also very high in

Mumbai. Mumbai cannot expand into east-west decentralised sector means
direction . so setting up new industry or mill a) Large mills are giving weigh to small scale
became very costly and less competitive , so they industries
started moving out of Mumbai b) Large urban centers are less important than
 Even today in suburbs of Mumbai there are
rural areas
number of mill compounds which are empty , and
most of these manufacturing units now also have  Why is the share of mills declining and
a real-estate business (instead of mills) power looms increasing ?
 So textile industry moved towards pune, southern a) Cost of production in power loom is less than
Maharashtra, areas of Ahmedabad, surat , in mills
Vadodara regions because of railway connectivity. b) Government policies :- number of subsidies
These are also port based in Gujarat. These areas are given to power looms
have also oil and gas as well and land is cheaper c) Mills need labour in large number, so mills
than Mumbai and these are also the areas where
have to follow labour laws as well, so cost of
we have number of refineries (producing polymers
to make man made fibre ). So from Mumbai, the
production increases
textile industry first migrated to Ahmedabad, d) Tax differences are also there
Vadodara and surat region e) No exist policy is there in power looms which
 We also have textile industry in Malwa plateau of is there is case of mills
MP (Indore, Ujjain , Nagda (has aditya birla group f) Govt encouraging the decentralised centers
plant) {because of the excess of in migration to
 We also have textile industry in south India as well urban centers, so govt wants to locate the
and Tamil nadu is important (Coimbatore, industry out of these areas to stop rural out
Madhuri, tiruppur, tiruppur is known as knitwear migration
capital of India). More than 45% of the yawn of
India is manufactured in Tamil Nadu, so it is  Location of cotton textile industry:-
 Although the cotton textile industry has been a
important center. In Andhra the Guntur is
important . Hyderabad in Telengana is also traditional industry of the country but the first
important successful modern mill was set up much later.
 It was in 1854 that the mill came into Mumbai and as
 In north India , the industry of cotton is largely
market base industry. Kanpur has large market Mumbai had certain advantages in becoming the
and availability of capital , making it important for most important center for textile industry , but due to
cotton industry congestion in Mumbai the land cost was high and the
 In Indian readymade garment industry in more cases is industry started migrating to other areas where the
located In market centers because an industry first destination was Ahmedabad, Vadodara , surat
dependent on assemblage is located near to the region. It had advantages similar to Mumbai with
market center. examples cheaper land being an added advantage
 As cotton cultivation started late in north India, most
 Bangalore
 pune of the centers were market based . important centers
 Indore of north India are Kanpur, Saharanpur, Modinagar ,
 Kolkata Gwalior, bheelwarha,
 Gurgaon  In peninsular India, malwa plateau is important
 The change in location of cotton industry is being for textile industry with Indore as the most
seen. At present cotton textile industry is under important center.
two sectors:-  In Andhra Pradesh, Guntur , Vishakhapatnam
a) Centralised center:- largely includes the mills. are important and tamil nadu is known for
 Mills have complete integration (means have production of yawn (Coimbatore, Madurai,
own yawn and own fabric) tiruppur, trichi, Chennai are some important
b) Decentralised sector:- includes the centers)
 Handlooms:- thread is used made by machine  The readymade garment industry depends upon
 power looms a number of raw materials which are assembled
 Khadi:- using a thread made by spinning at one place. So it is generally market based. For
wheel example:-Pune, Bangalore, Gurgaon , Kolkata etc
 SHARE  The cotton textile industry is moving towards
 1950-51”- more than 80% of mills decentralisation where large mills are giving
 Today:- just 3-4% of mills in total production weigh to power looms and the small towns and
 Today:- power looms >60% rural areas are assuming importance
 Today:- Handlooms = around 11%  The share of mills is declining due to strict labour
 Khadi share today:- <1% laws , tax regime, government exist policy and
 So cotton textile industry is moving towards

subsidies & incentives that are given to the small  We in India have  2001:- European union started
scale industries. old power looms, EBA (Everything but Arms), i.e.
mills , they they import everything from
Sir’s Discussion produce inferior LDC (least developed
 PROBLEMS OF COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY quality garments countries) on zero duty except
 Some problems are Recent in nature and some are arms
traditional in nature
a) Availability of quality raw material:-
 GOI SCHEMES FOR COTTON
 Cotton can be categorised on the basis of length of the TEXTILE INDUSTRY
fibre . If fibre length is short, there will be large
number of joints in making thread so reducing its
 Amended the TUFS (Amended Technology
strength. Thinnest and longest fibre is considered as Upgradation Fund Scheme)
the best quality cotton. So cotton is categorised as  Under this a capital subsidy is given to the industry
a) Long staple cotton for upgrading the machinery or technology
b) Medium staple cotton  The schemes was amended in 2016 and the subsidy
c) Short staple cotton has been made conditional to job creation
 We in India have traditionally been cultivating medium  Power Tax India
and short staple cotton and in India even today the  It is meant for the power looms which suffer from
long staple cotton is referred as American cotton obsolete technology and erratic power supply . it has
 So long staple cotton availability is a problem faced by two components
India a) PM credit scheme where capital subsidy along
 But now Indian cotton under brand name Kasturi (to with interest subvention is given
make Indian cotton brand value) b) Subsidy on solar power installation
 Some parts of India cultivate Suvin cotton which has a  PM-MITRA (Mega Integrated Textile region
fibre length of 35mm even better than Egyptian and Apparel Park)
cotton giza. But We are not been able to market as  Under this the govt plans to setup textile parks where
well as brand value in world market industries can take advantage of circular economy
 2002:- GOI permitted cultivation of BT Cotton, this was (output of one becomes input for other industry) and
a time when total production of cotton in India was industrial agglomeration (use of common
136 lakh bales (one bale = 170Kg) infrastructure)
 2012-13:- total production of cotton in India was 398
lakh bales (one bale = 170Kg)
 PLI (Production Linked Incentive)
 PLI is given for man-made textile & technical textile
 2021:- total production of cotton in India was 323 lakh
(textile used for some specific purpose)
bales (one bale = 170Kg). production reduced , cotton
corporation of India procured cotton from farmers at
MSP and then it was sold to companies
THE SUGAR INDUSTRY:-
 This industry uses number of raw materials like dates,
b) Increasing competition in share of textile sugarcane, sugar beat
production in world  It is important agro-based industry of India
 For textile industry in world, china has 40% (largest)  Whatever is the cost of sugar production, 70% is the
share in cotton production. India has second largest cost of only raw material (or cost of sugarcane)
share (5%). So India and China has no competition, but  Crop of tropical areas , at max it can be cultivated
India faces competition from Countries like Pakistan , upto subtropical areas
Vietnam, and especially from Bangladesh . the share  USA cultivates cotton but not Sugarcane (because
of Vietnam and Bangladesh is increasing at a sugarcane requires good rainfall)
phenomenal rate and they are occupying Indian  Sugar cane:- > 100cm rainfall required
markets (readymade garments in USA and Europe)  Cuba:- Sugar bowl of world (largest producer of
India Bangladesh sugar)
 Has been  Industry started flourishing  Brazil:- largest exporter of sugar , second largest
traditional center after 1971 producer (eastern part of brazil cultivates)
for cotton textile  Imports cotton from India
 Africa:- Eastern part
industries  Population density is high and
 Thailand:- sugarcane cultivation
 Cultivates cotton poverty prevails , as a result
 Cost of production labour is very cheap , means  South Asia:- Sugarcane cultivation in Pakistan (Sind:-
high cost of production is less Sugar, Punjab :- Sugar cane) ,India (largest producer
 Average size of  Average size of readymade of sugar in world)
readymade garment industry is larger  India:- throughout the India sugar cane is cultivated
garment industry (employs 600 people) a) UP:- Maximum area under cultivation (largest
is small (employs  Electricity subsidy is given to producer of sugarcane in India)
150 people) textile industry  Western UP is known as sugar belt of India
 No such subsidy is  Most important, upto 2021, it
 Important places in western UP:-
given so cost of was LDC , so Bangladeshi
 Shamali
production products got duty free access
increases in markets of europe and USA  Muzaffarnagar
 Meerut
 Bijnaur
 Bhagpat
 Terrai region of UP (Lakhimpur)
 Eastern UP:- Baliya (bordering bihar), Varanasi
nd
b) Maharashtra:- also cultivates sugarcane (2 largest
in India)
 Southern Maharashtra
 Kolhapur
 Sholapur  If we compare the weight of sugarcane with the
 Shatara weight of refined sugar , there is a drastic difference .
 Western Maharashtra so sugarcane is a weight losing raw material
 Ahmadnagar  100kg sugarcane gives only 10kg of refined sugar. So
 pune recovery rate of sugar cane is 10%
 Marathwada  So sugar industry is always located near the
 Aurangabad sugarcane cultivating areas
 Latur  Sugarcane is a crop which is highly perishable in
c) Karnataka :- third largest producer of sugarcane nature and it needs to be crushed within 48hours of
 North Karnataka:- Belgam /Belgavi , Bagalkot harvest, if not done then the bacterial action will start
 South Karnataka:- Mandia, Mysore which converts the sucrose into dextran which
d) Uttrakhand increase the viscosity of juice and juice quantity gets
 Dehradun reduced. So sugar industry is always located near the
 Haridwar sugarcane cultivating areas
 Uddam Singh Nagar  Why is the sugar mill moving towards
e) Bihar:- peninsular India
 Purvi and Pachvi Champaran  Initially the sugar mills /industries were located in
 Madubhani eastern UP and Bihar reason was good rainfall and
 Supaul sugar cane emerged here as an alternative to Indigo
 Arariya for farmers
 Tamil Nadu  Then with canal irrigation the sugarcane industry
 Villupuram moved towards these areas in UP as well
 Thanjavur  After green revolution , with the help of tubewells , a
 Trichi number of areas could also be given water for
 Location of sugar industry:- sugarcane irrigation like western UP, PB, HR
 Sugarcane is an exhaustive crop (means it takes  Today , most of the sugar mills are moving towards
out the nutrients very fast) and it is always peninsular India
cultivated as mono crop North India Peninsular India
 If we cultivate sugarcane in field today, for the  Sub-tropical location, so it  Tropical location:- making it
cultivates Sub-tropical more suitable climatically
next 2-3 years the same field will have sugarcane
variety of sugarcane for sugarcane, so it
crop only  For example in PB if cultivates tropical variety of
 Sugar so is set up near the raw material sugarcane is cultivated, sugarcane
 In sugar mill, sugar cane is crushed and juice is average productivity is  Tropical variety has high
made and juice is mixed with lime (added to 70tonns of sugarcane / yield and more recovery rate
hectare .So it means 7  Here average productivity is
remove impurity). In this process, a by-product tons of sugar can be got by 110tons /hectare and
named Bagasse is produced . bagasse is used for crushing 70 tons of average recovery rate is
coal generation purposes i.e. for producing sugarcane 11.5% that means 12.5 tons
electricity . sugar mills also sell bagasse to paper  In UP , PB maximum of of sugar can be made from
sugarcane is harvested in 110 tons of sugarcane
manufacturing industries (who make paper,
November and December ,  We have warm conditions
board) so mills in north year throughout the year,
 Juice is gets filtered and during filtration another operates just only for sugarcane is harvested in
by-product known as Press-mud . it is limited number of 4- October and May, so mills in
considered as an important organic manure months (from November north year operates just
to March) only for limited number of 4-
 When sugar cane juice is boiled we get raw  No better cooperative months (from November to
sugar , then this raw sugar can be converted into culture March)
refined sugar and this is done through process of  Mills not governed by SAP  Better cooperative culture in
fermentation , in this process another important but they have to pay FRP, peninsular India as compare
so cost of production is to North India
by product is got called Molasses .
high for mills  Mills are more profitable
 Molasses is used for making spirits (in perfume
 Therefore as a result, the reason or the success of
industry), used for making alcohol like rum, used to
sugar industry depends on conversion of sugarcane
make ethanol
into ethanol
 Future of sugar industry depends upon  Warm conditions because near to ocean
a) Ability of mills to convert sugarcane into ethanol  Good rainfall is there
b) Govt has to deregulate sugar industry  Areas of Jute Cultivation:- Assam (lower
 Rangrajan panel on sugar sector reforms had valleys of Assam) , Andhra Pradesh (Krishna –
recommended for complete de-regulation of the Godavari delta) , Some Parts of Bihar and UP
sugar industry. The panel also recommended revenue
(mainly Terrai region)
sharing mechanism. Under which the farmers are to
be paid only FRP upfront. After selling sugar and by-  Location of Jute Industry depends upon
products in the market, 70% of the total revenue a) Transportation
should be given to the farmers b) Nature of raw material (either it is weight losing
……..14TH CLASS ENDED, ALL CLASSES DONE………. or Pure raw material ) (in Jute case, Jute fibre is
+ EXTRA CLASS STARTED pure raw material). So jute industry can be
located/found anywhere b/w Raw material and
 THE JUTE INDUSTRY:- market
 Important agro-based industry and like cotton  India has been a traditional centre for jute
textile industry it also provides support to 2.5 industry but like cotton textile maximum of the
lakh farmers in India and employment directly to industries were in cottage sector , we had
many people household industries
 Jute:- second most important fibre crop  Jute industry called as Modern Mill came up
 Temp:- it is crop of tropical areas i.e. 24OC-35OC around 1856 setup at Rishra
 Rainfall required:- 125cm-250cm  Areas where Jute mills are there
 Time period :- 6-8 months to get matured  Last year (2021):- 75 Jute mills ran inside the
 Jute is an exhaustive crop, so like sugarcane it country
also cultivated as monocrop as it consumes  Out of 75, 62 Jute mills are in areas of West
much of the nutrients continuously. So it makes Bengal (50Km North and South of Kolkata), these
the soil exhaustive so it is cultivated in those areas are
areas where soil is naturally replenished  Rishra
everywhere . for example  Budge budge
 In delta regions:- we have Jute cultivation as  Bally
new spoil sediments are added every year  Shibpur
 In terrai regions :- because of plenty of  Howrah
water  These areas have number of Advantages that
 Jute cultivation is also a labour extensive make these areas suitable for Jute Industry
process. The initial processing also requires a lot a) Port is located in these areas (riverine port, ,
of labour. Season :- from February to may is Kolkata port, haldia port)
cultivated and harvest starts immediately after b) Area near to raw material cultivating regions
monsoon regions and it continues for some time c) Enough of water availability
 Once jute is harvested, the jute stems are cut , d) A lot of labour available to work at low
fibre of jute is present in the bark of stem where wages, due to large population density
fibre is found. So first bark must be removed to e) Region is very near to source of energy like
get the fibre of jute. coal . very near to this is Raniganj coal fields
 So jute stems are tied in a bundle and these around 150kms
bundles are emerged in water around 15-20 f) Kolkata has been the most important
days :- this is the process called as Retting provincial centre of the region.
exercise after this bark can be peeled off and g) Availability of big market
fibre can be collected at the bottom of water , h) Have humid climate
this fibre is then sent to jute mills for spinning  Another regions where we have jute mills are in
purposes Guwahati , Cuttack odisha, Kanpur (now closed),
 So for this process water and labour are required Darbhanga bihar
in large quantity and number respectively  Andhra Pradesh is emerging for jute industry ,
 Jute is cultivated in India and Bangladesh in areas like Guntur and Ongole . these areas have
Brahmaputra delta region all the above mentioned advantages for jute
 West Bengal:- produces maximum amount of industry. But added advantage here is that here
jute in India is no such any labour union creating problems
 Ganga- Brahmaputra delta region
 CONCERNS WITH JUTE INDUSTRY
 Readily available Labour:- due to high
Most of the concerns are same as cotton textile

population high
industry
a) Availability of raw material inoculation to the farmers to add into water to
 India started facing this problem immediately after make retting process faster
partition as mills are there but areas was given to d) Jute Raw Material Bank Scheme
Pakistan which cultivates better quality jute (now  GOI provides the jute fibre or jute yawn to the
Bangladesh) cottage sector at a lesser price (to spinning units
b) Competition from Bangladesh it is given)
 Reasons are same  A jute cell has been set up under the national
 Population density is high and poverty prevails , as a institute of design Ahmedabad, so as to
result labour is very cheap , means cost of production
promote the production of Jute diversified
is less
 Electricity subsidy is given to industry
products
 Most of mills are new , so have high productivity  PLI are there also
 Most important, upto 2021, it was LDC , so ……..14TH CLASS ENDED, ALL CLASSES DONE……….
Bangladeshi products got duty free access in markets + EXTRA CLASS ENDED
of europe and USA
c) Inability to diversify
 Jute industry is facing competition from other
industries like manmade fibres (cheaper than
jute)
 In order to provide some kind of market to jute
industry , GOI came with an Act named as Jute
Packaging Material Act 1987 and under this Act
govt says whatever sugar is being packed , 20%
has to be packed into Jute bags and whatever
Foodgrains are to be packed , they should be
packed into Jute bags
 FCI and state food agencies are now providing
markets to Jute Industry, but it is preventing jute
industry to diversify , for example Bangladesh is
diversifying and making jute diversified products
like it makes footwear, inner lining of jute for
sherwanis and blazers
 But India is only making the B-Twill or Jute sacs
 Jute can be used to make geo-textiles and geo-
textiles can be used for soil conservation
purposes like mulching ,construction purposes
 GOVT SCHEMES FOR JUTE INDUSTRY
a) Jute-i-CARE
 Jute-i-CARE means Intensive cultivation &
advantaged Retting Exercise
 Idea here is that govt is going to provide
a) Better quality seeds to farmers
b) At present jute is cultivated by sowing through
broadcasting method, so with it we have less
productivity. Therefore govt says farmers must
go for line sowing using a seed drill
c) Farmers will be trained on retting exercises to
get retting in less time
d) Inputs methods are improved
e) Fertilizers will be given to get maximum output
b) ISAPM:- Incentive Scheme for Acquisition of
Plants and Machinery
 That is if you want to purchase a new machinery ,
capital will be provided as in form of subsidy
c) ICAR-SONA:-
 This is basically a culture of bacteria. Sona is set
of Bacterias which will be given in form of


(Sa) Agriculture by Shiv Arpit Sir For Geography

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NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022

 (SA) AGRICULTURE BY SHIV ARPIT SIR  To China, Vietnam , Bangladesh

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 THREE FARMS LAWS commodities but much of our agriculture

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1. WAREHOUSING f) Inadequate cold storage capacity:-

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TOPIC :- IRRIGATION promoting water-use efficiency by adopting drip and

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THE ENERGY RESOURCES:-

 Based on these factors different forms of

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 GAS BASED POWER PLANTS:-

……..11th class ended, 12th started……….

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TOPIC:- WIND ENERGY d) Government policies

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 COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY clay content which gives moisture holding

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