6.

4 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
If a load impedor of ZL Ohms
be connected between any two IL
terminals of a linear bilateral V th
network, the resulting steady-state Active
Vth ZL
IL  Amp.
current through the resistor is the
Network Z th  Z L
ratio of the potential difference Vth
Zth
between the two points prior to the IL
connection and the sum of the values
of (1) the impedance Zth of the EQUIVALENT THEVENIN CIRCUIT Vth ZL
network measured between the two (Series-Circuit with a Voltage Source):
points and (2) the connected
impedance ZL. RIZZONI p102

6.5 NORTON’S THEOREM

If a load impedor of ZL
Ohms be connected between any IL
two terminals of an active linear  Z th 
Active I L  I SC   Amp.
bilateral network, the current ZL
Network ISC  Z th  Z L 
through it is equal to the short-
circuit current through the terminals
where ZL shall be connected IL
multiplied by the impedance looking EQUIVALENT THEVENIN CIRCUIT ISC Zth ZL
back at the two terminals (Zth) (Parallel-Circuit with a Current Source):
divided by the sum of the looking
back impedance Zth and the
impedance ZL. RIZZONI p102

1. Solve for IL for the circuit shown by: (a) Thevenin’s Theorem; (b) Norton’s Theorem.

a j2 
IL
4 /0o A
 j 3 4  1 0 /65o V

b
1. Solve for IL for the circuit shown by: (a) Thevenin’s Theorem; (b) Norton’s Theorem.

8  j 6
IL
15 /-10o V j12  60 /50o V

A. By Thevenin’s Theorem A. By Norton’s Theorem

The Thevenin Impedance (Zth): The Norton Impedance (ZN):

Z th 
8 j 6
Z th 
8
j 6
8  j6 8  j6
 2.88  j 3.84   2.88  j 3.84 
o o
 4.8 /  53.13   4.8 /  53.13 
The Thevenin Voltage (Vth): The Norton Current Source (ISC):

The Load Current (IL):

The Load Current (IL):
2. If in the circuit shown the load is a resistor with resistance R, what value of R causes a 0.10 rms current to
flow through the load?

6   j 4 a
I
1 /30o V j8 
b

A. By Thevenin’s Theorem A. By Norton’s Theorem

The Thevenin Impedance (Zth): The Norton Impedance (ZN):
6   j 4 a
Z N  Z th 
6 j8  j4
6  j8
j8  Zth  3.84  j 1.12 
The Norton Current Source (ISC):

6   j 4 a
b

Z th 
6 j8  j4
6  j8 I
 3.84  j 1.12 
1 /30o V j8  ISC

The Thevenin Voltage (Vth): b

6   j 4 a Z  6 
 j 4 j8
 j 4  j8
1 /30o V j8  Vth  6  j8 
o
I E 1 / 30
I  
b Z 6  j8
Vth  I  j8 o
 0.10 / 85.13 A
 1 / 30 o
 j8 
    j 8 I SC  0.10  
6  j 8 
   j8  j 4 
 0.31  j 0.74 V  0.20 / 85.13
o
A
Equivalent Thevenin’s Circuit:
Equivalent Norton’s Circuit:
Zth
IL IL
ISC
Vth Zth ZL
ZL

Thus,

Hence,
Thus,

Hence,
4. Solve the load current by:
(a) Thevenin’s theorem
(b) Norton’s theorem
2Ω j5Ω -j2 Ω
a

4Ω
ZL 10/0o Ω
o
20/0 V

b
100/-45o V Zth = 2.43-j0.69 = 2.53/-15.85o Ω

6.6. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

In a linear bilateral network, the current at any point or the potential difference which exist
between any two points due to the simultaneous action of a number of emfs distributed throughout
the network, is the sum of the component currents and voltages in the network. A component current
or voltage is that due to one emf acting alone. In other words each emf acts independently to
produce current in the network.
In applying the superposition theorem to a network one source of emf is applied at a time,
the others being removed. However the internal impedances of the emf which are removed must
remain in the circuit.