JAYAWANT SHIKSHAN PRASARAK MANDAL’s

Bhivrabai Sawant Polytechnic

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to MSBTE
Mumbai)
Gat No. 720 (1&2), Wagholi, Pune-Nagar Road, Pune-412207)
Phone: 020 – 65335100 Tele fax: - + 91-020-65335100
E-mail: bspoly@rediffmail.com Website: www.jspm.edu.in
Assignment No. 4A BRIGHT STUDENT

Course: - Maintenance and Repairs of structures Academic Year:2022-23 Course Code : 22602

Que. Bloom’s Assignment Questions Marks Relevance to

No. Level CO
1 R Describe mud-phuska treatment useful for avoiding dampness in roof slab. 4 COI602.4
2 U Explain the ferro-cement topping for repairing dampness in roof slab. 4 COI602.4
3 A Describe the repairing methods of honey combing in concrete. 4 COI602.4
4 U Explain with suitable sketches the tension and shear cracks. Also mention the causes of formation of 4 COI602.4

cracks.

5 U State the six types of cracks along with the reasons of their formations in case of masonry walls. 4 COI602.4

6 R Explain the terms passinating coat. 4 COI602.4

7 A List suitable methods of repairs for live cracks. Explain any one suitable sketches. COI602.4

Course coordinator Module coordinator

 JAYAWANT SHIKSHAN PRASARAK MANDAL’s
Bhivrabai Sawant Polytechnic
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to MSBTE
Mumbai)
Gat No. 720 (1&2), Wagholi, Pune-Nagar Road, Pune-412207)
Phone: 020 – 65335100 Tele fax: - + 91-020-65335100
E-mail: bspoly@rediffmail.com Website: www.jspm.edu.in

Assignment No. 4A Solution

Course: - Maintenance and Repairs of structures Course Code : 22602

Que. Bloom’s Assignment Questions Relevance

No. Level to
CO
1 Describe mud-phuska treatment useful for avoiding dampness in roof slab.
Marking Scheme 4mk
i)Mud phuska treatment is a common insulating cum water proofing treatment used in comparatively hot dry COI602.4
region. i.e. Punjab,UP where rainfall is not heavy.
Answer ii)Mud has other inherent adv. It is extremely malleable and offers better insulation than steel-and concrete
structures.
iii)An insulating medium in roof finish of a layer of compacted soil underlying another layer of soil mixed
with building material such as cowdung and fibrous reinforcing ingredient such as wheat straw.
Iv)having low cost, good resistant to fire, good temp insulation, good sound proofing.
Provide flat surface for the membranes, which are then fully supported and much less likely to be punctured
by subsequent construction activities.
2 Explain the ferro-cement topping for repairing dampness in roof slab.
Marking Scheme 4mk COI602.4
Answer i)Ferrocement is highly crack resistant and have excellent bond with surface over which it is laid.
ii)It is highly impervious nature does not require any treatment over it.
iii)Ferro-cement for waterproofing constructed with lime concrete upon which no other water proofing
treatment was found successful.
 iv)It is an ideal lining material over cement concrete, bricks masonry, stone masonry or even wooden
structure making them leak proof against water.
v)Ferrocement provides higher tensile and flexural strength, better resistance to impact, fracture and failure.
It also provide a crack free, tough dependable surface free, from danger of leakage and corrosion.
vi)Since reinforcement in ferrocement structure are provided in the form of well distributed wire mesh
layers, it can carry large strains without cracking during its services.
3 Describe the repairing methods of honey combing in concrete.
Marking Scheme 6mk
Answer i)repair with cement mortar- if honeycomb appears at surface of beam and column or any other concrete
component and defect is minor can be repaired by applying fresh cement mortar onto surface if the concrete COI602.4
is fresh or if the formwork is removed not later than 24 hours.
nother way is the portion to be received treatment is presoaked overnight with wet rags. The next day this
wet surface is lightly brushed with dry cement and packing work is started.

Replacement Concrete

new concrete is applied to the defective are without the use of a bonding agent or Portland cement grout. The
surface is cleaned roughened and kept in saturated surface dry condition.
Repair material should have the same water-cement ratio as that used in old concrete but should not exceed
0.47 by weight. The lowest practical slump should be used. Repair material is then applied over the defective
area.
Vibrators like form vibrators are used for removing entrapped air. The lowermost portion of the lift is filled
with concrete having a good slump however as the height of the lift increases top portions can be drier and
drier.

ii) Repair with dry pack

dry pack is a mixture of Portland cement and sand having just enough water to hydrate the cement.
The surface should be properly cleaned and roughened. The bounding grout of cement to the sand ratio of
1:1 in a fluid consistency. All surfaces are thoroughly brushed with the grout and before bonding grout dries
up dry packing is done.
 Epoxy Bonded Replacement Concrete

This method of repair consists of Portland cement and an epoxy resin bonding agent. The component to
receive treatment is cleaned and roughened first. An epoxy resin bonding agent is then applied to the surface.
When this epoxy resin bonding agent is still fluid, epoxy bonded concrete should be applied. This should be
compacted thoroughly with vibrators or temping.
4 Draw suitable sketches the tension and shear cracks. Also mention the causes of formation of cracks.

Marking Scheme 4mk

Answer

COI602.4

Shear cracks
 5 State the six types of cracks along with the reasons of their formations in case of masonry walls.

Marking Scheme 4mk

Answer
COI602.4

Types of cracks in walls and ceiling-

i)Expansion Cracks in Masonry Wall- Causes of Expansive Cracks

Walls are affected by temperature and moisture change. Materials can suffer from initial shrinkage and/or
subsequent expansion and contraction. This movement gives rise to the expansion cracks in masonry walls.
ii)Cracks Above Openings in Masonry Walls- Four causes of cracks above openings in masonry walls are:

1. Removal of windows or doors with inadequate propping,

2. Inadequate bearings,
3. Loads applied directly over the opening,
 4. No lintels.

iv) Cracks in Masonry Wall due to Tie Failure

Wall ties are metal ties that are built into both solid and cavity walls built in stretcher bond to hold the
outside skin of brickwork to the inside. Failure normally occurs when the ties rust. When the metal ties rust
they expand causing the cracking normally seen every sixth course horizontally in the mortar joints.

v) Cracks in Masonry Wall due to Subsidence

reasons:

1. Mining activity
2. Leaking underground drainage
3. Tree root activity
4. Peak subsoil
5. Clay subsoil
6. Running sand

The basic problem is the same; the foundations of the house are moving. The cracks are normally the first
indication of a problem; often they are raking cracks (widest at the top) and can occur to corners of the
building or from the top to the bottom of the walls.

vi) Wall Cracks due to Ground Heave

The pattern of crack is similar to subsidence crack, however, the crack will be widest at the base of the wall.
The most common cause of ground heave is expansion of clay subsoils. On older properties with shallow
foundations the clay can expand and contract dependent upon the weather conditions. If the clay becomes
waterlogged it can expand and push the foundations upwards causing the cracks. The removal of trees can
also cause ground heave, which is why trees that are too close to the property should be taken down in
stages, slowly over a number of years to allow gradual ground movement.
6 Explain the terms passivating coat. COI602.4
Marking Scheme 2mk
 Answer Steel embedded in hydrated cement paste forms a thin passivity layer of oxide which adheres to underlying
steel and gives it complete protection from reaction with oxygen and water.
This state of steel is called as passivation. Maintenance of passivation is dependent on pH of the pore water
in contact with the passivating layer.
7. List suitable methods of repairs for live cracks. Explain any one suitable sketches.
Marking Scheme 2mk
Answer Various method for live cracks-
Repair using mortars such as Portland cement mortars or epoxy mortar
Dry pack and epoxy bonded dry pack
Preplaced aggregate concrete COI602.4
Shotcreting ie.placing concrete or mortar by pressure
Replacement of damaged concrete
Use of epoxy bonded concrete
Use of silica lime concrete
Use of polymer modified concrete or mortar
Use of thin poly or epoxy overlays to improve abrasion resistance
Resub modified cement slurry injection
Protective seal coat on entire surface
Use of ferro-cement plates or panels as protective layer
Use of plate bonding
RCC jacketing to increase member stiffeners and sometimens strength
Use of timbre wraps technique
Foundation rehabilitation methods
Chemical fiber or electro-chemical methods of repair

Course coordinator Module coordinator

 JAYAWANT SHIKSHAN PRASARAK MANDAL’s
Bhivrabai Sawant Polytechnic
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to MSBTE
Mumbai)
Gat No. 720 (1&2), Wagholi, Pune-Nagar Road, Pune-412207)
Phone: 020 – 65335100 Tele fax: - + 91-020-65335100
E-mail: bspoly@rediffmail.com Website: www.jspm.edu.in

Assignment No.4B WEAK STUDENT

Course: - Maintenance and Repairs of structures Academic Year:2022-23 Course Code : 22602

Que.No. Bloom’s Assignment Questions Marks Relevance to

Level CO
1 R Differentiate between major and minor cracks in the case masonry 2 COI602.4
works.
2 U List suitable methods of repairs for live cracks. Explain any one suitable 2 COI602.4
sketches.
3 R Draw the sketches of location of cracks dure to thermal movements. 2 COI602.4
4 U State the stages of repairs. 2 COI602.4

5 R Define live cracks and dormant cracks. 4 COI602.4

6 U State the necessity of construction stone column. 2 COI602.4

7 R Define the bulging of wall. 2 COI602.4

Course coordinator Module coordinator

 JAYAWANT SHIKSHAN PRASARAK MANDAL’s
Bhivrabai Sawant Polytechnic
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to MSBTE
Mumbai)
Gat No. 720 (1&2), Wagholi, Pune-Nagar Road, Pune-412207)
Phone: 020 – 65335100 Tele fax: - + 91-020-65335100
E-mail: bspoly@rediffmail.com Website: www.jspm.edu.in

Assignment No. 4B Solution

Course: - Maintenance and Repairs of structures Course Code: 22602

Que. Bloom’s Assignment Questions Relevance

No. Level to
CO
1 Differentiate between major and minor cracks in the case masonry works. COI602.4

Marking Scheme 2mk

Major cracks
i)the cracks running across the entire façade of the
Answer building are diagonally directed and diagonal
cracks are generally structural cracks.
ii)any crack above 25mm in width indicates serious
structural damage will need major repair work.
Thermal cracking, steam cracking, fluid catalytic
cracking
iii)This category of cracks threatens the structural
integrity of the construction or building
Minor cracks
Crevice is a small crack opening into things surface
hairline crack, which is thinner and doesn’t open
up.
ii) Any crack below 25mm in width indicates will
need minor repair work.
In new builds and extensions, foundations will
settle under their own weight causing slight cracks
in the walls.
iii)Brick walls with small cracks are common and
typically harmless.
 2 List suitable methods of repairs for live cracks. Explain any one suitable sketches. COI602.4
Marking Scheme 2mk
Answer Various method for live cracks-
Repair using mortars such as Portland cement mortars or epoxy mortar
Dry pack and epoxy bonded dry pack
Preplaced aggregate concrete
Shotcreting ie.placing concrete or mortar by pressure
Replacement of damaged concrete
Use of epoxy bonded concrete
Use of silica lime concrete
Use of polymer modified concrete or mortar
Use of thin poly or epoxy overlays to improve abrasion resistance
Resub modified cement slurry injection
Protective seal coat on entire surface
Use of ferro-cement plates or panels as protective layer
Use of plate bonding
RCC jacketing to increase member stiffeners and sometimens strength
Use of timbre wraps technique
Foundation rehabilitation methods
Chemical fiber or electro-chemical methods of repair
3 Draw the sketches of location of cracks due to thermal movements. COI602.4
Marking Scheme 2mk
Answer
 4 State the stages of repairs. COI602.4

Marking Scheme 2mk

Answer 1.Surface preparation
2.Fixing suitable formwork
3.Application of bon ding/passivating coat
4.Application of suitable repair method
5 Define live cracks and dormant cracks. COI602.4

Marking Scheme 2mk

Answer Live Crack- it is a crack which tend to open and close as the structure is loaded and require filling with a
flexible material.
Dormant cracks- dormant cracks are often hairlike and irregular and may be caused by weathering or poor
 construction.
6 State the necessity of construction stone column. COI602.4
Marking Scheme 2mk
Answer
7 Define the bulging of wall. COI602.4
Marking Scheme 2mk
Answer Bulging of wall is pushed out of place, it is rarely complete pulled back.it is usually due to contraction of
inner width, vibrations from heavy traffic, plant machinery.
Bulging of wall means where additional floors have been added to an existing building.

Course co-ordinator Module co-ordinator