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Foreword to the sixth edition, at the time of the
coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty

Much has changed in the field of EU law since the publication of the fifth edition of this book—
most of all, as a result of the Lisbon Treaty coming into force.

On the simplest level, the structure of the Treaties has been changed and the Articles have been
renumbered. But the substantive changes are extensive and their consequences are potentially
far-reaching.

What was formerly the Third Pillar (Freedom, Security and Justice—formerly Justice and
Home Affairs) has been removed from the loose structures of inter-governmental negotiation,
and brought within the discipline of the ‘Community system’. Proposals in this field of activity
will now be fully subject to parliamentary and judicial control, although public understanding
is not made any easier by the proliferation of opt-outs. Indeed, the number and complexity of
Protocols and Declarations make the legal regime extremely confusing, even for experts.

Two consequences of Lisbon have been less widely noticed and commented upon than they
should have been, in Britain at any rate.

The first is the importance attached by the Treaty on European Union to the principles of
conferral, subsidiarity and proportionality. All proposals must now pass these tests which
are, in principle at least, judicially enforceable. Judicial enforcement is, however, the ultimate
sanction. Of greater practical importance will be the disciplines imposed on the political
institutions, especially the Commission.

The second consequence, intimately connected with the first, is the role given to national
Parliaments as guardians of these principles in the evolution of EU proposals. The Council,
as an institution, represents the governments of the Member States and is closely involved in
the evolution of legislative proposals. The Lisbon Treaty presupposes that national Parliaments
may, and sometimes will, raise objections to proposals that have found favour with their
governments. The political consequences are potentially far-reaching.

In addition, the Treaty recognises, for the first time, the existence of regional Parliaments with
legislative powers. Admittedly, they are only to be consulted by national Parliaments, and then
only ‘where appropriate’. But the recognition that EU proposals may be of legitimate concern
to democratically accountable actors below the level of the Member States is also a recognition
that respect for subsidiarity is not the exclusive prerogative of national institutions.

Looked at from this point of view, the Lisbon Treaty is not a further step towards a ‘European
super-state’, but rather a step towards a Europe that recognises and protects the variable
geometry of its constituent parts. For one observer at least, it is a pity that the Lisbon Treaty
marks the end of the ‘European Community’—a title that is less ambitious than ‘European
Union’, but perhaps more truly reflective of what we would like to build.

David Edward
Edinburgh
25 June 2010
Foreword to the tenth edition

I am delighted to have been asked to write a foreword to this book, although this is a sad and
confusing time for those of us who have been involved in teaching and practising (and in my
case, judging) EU law.

The vote of the British people, by a slim majority, to leave the EU was the culmination of a
series of Eurosceptic posturings by our Prime Minister, David Cameron, in the vain hope of
uniting his fractured party and keeping at bay a perceived threat from UKIP. Our current Prime
Minster, Theresa May, in her speech in Florence, excused or explained the outcome on the
ground that ‘the European Union never felt to us like an integral part of our national story
in the way it does to so many elsewhere in Europe’. That may be true for many of our fellow
citizens, but not for all. How this sorry melodrama will end is, at the moment, anyone’s guess.

In the meanwhile, one thing is certain: EU law will not become less important for law students
and practitioners in the UK. It will just become more difficult! People, goods and services will
continue to move between the UK and the EU. Directly or indirectly, EU law will affect what
they do. But the law to be applied will be not only the law of the Treaties and the case law of the
Court of Justice but also the law to be derived from the Withdrawal Agreement (if any) and any
further agreement as to future relations between the UK and the EU. For the future student and
practitioner in the UK, solving the puzzle of the Rubik’s cube will be as nothing to the multi-
dimensional legal problems with which they will be faced.

So it becomes all the more important never to treat EU law as a form of black letter law where
it is simply a matter of identifying the applicable rule, interpreting it correctly, and applying it
to the case in hand. All the provisions of EU law must be understood and interpreted in their
own historical context (remote or very recent) and, in the case of agreements between the UK
and the EU27, in light of the intentions of the parties.

Brexit is only one of the many problems with which the EU institutions and Member States
are faced. I offer three examples. First, the immigration crisis has put strains not only on the
political relations between Member States but, more fundamentally, on the principle of free
movement of persons. Second, the rapidly deteriorating relations with Russia have accentuated
the importance of security co-operation and the law relating to the Treaty provisions on
Freedom, Security and Justice. Third, the legal protection of personal data, which the Court
of Justice has enhanced, is now threatened by the wilful misconduct or negligence of global
enterprises whose activities cannot easily be controlled by the EU or the Member States.

EU law never was, and certainly is not now, confined to the law of the Single Market, important
as that is. As citizens, as well as students and practitioners, we have to ask ourselves what we
think our political and legal institutions are for, and whether our expectations, and their claims,
are rational and attainable.

David Edward
Edinburgh
April 2018
Preface

This book is intended as an introductory text to European Union law. Successive Treaties
follow the initial ones, the impact of European Union law has expanded even further
than before. It is becoming practically impossible for law students, and increasingly
difficult for legal practitioners in many areas, to do without at least a basic knowledge of
European law. This book hopes to serve as a guide and as a basis for further studies of the
subject. For a more extensive knowledge of any of the areas of European law dealt with
in this book, reference should be made to:

the original sources of European Union legislation

the case law of the Court of Justice and the General Court
textbooks on European law
casebooks on European law
European (and sometimes national) law journals
Internet sources, in particular the Europa website.

(a) Original sources

European Union primary legislation is to be found in the various Treaties. There are
original versions of the treaties available in all 24 official languages of the Union, but
useful texts collate the Treaties and the most important secondary legislation. Foster,
Blackstone’s EU Legislation (OUP, latest edition); Rudden and Wyatt, EU Treaties and
Legislation (OUP, latest edition).

European Union secondary legislation (Regulations, Directives, Decisions) is published

in the Official Journal of the European Union (L Series). The C Series contains proposals
for legislation.

Regulations are numbered giving the number first, followed by the year of publication,
e.g. Regulation 1/2003; Directives indicate the year of publication first, followed by the
number, e.g. Directive 2004/38. The same applies to Decisions.

(b) Case law of the European Courts

The Court of Justice cases are referred to by number, followed by the year. Cases before
the General Court of the European Union (formerly the Court of First Instance) are
x Preface

preceded by a T, and cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union are
preceded by a C. Readers should note that the distinction between General Court and
Court of Justice cases only starts with the establishment of the Court of First Instance
in 1989, and cases before that date have no letter prefix. Appeals are marked P, interim
measures are marked R. Until September 2016, there was also a European Union Civil
Service Tribunal, where staff cases were heard and case numbers are preceded by an F.

There are two sets of court reports published in English. The European Court Reports
(ECR) is the official reporter of cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union
and publishes all such cases. Reference will usually be made to these reports. The All
England Law Reports have published EU law reports since 1995 and reference will be
made to them where appropriate. Historically, a widely used unofficial reporter was the
Common Market Law Reports (CMLR). This series publishes the principal judgments
of the Court of Justice, competition decisions taken by the European Commission,
important judgments on Union law by courts of the Member States and other important
communications. Reference will be made to this series particularly in respect of national
cases which are not reported in the European Court Reports. Important judgments of the
Court are also reported in the Times Law Reports (TLR), the Independent, the Financial
Times and the Industrial Relations Law Reports (IRLR). Most accessible are the digital
reports of the Court of Justice, freely available from the Court’s website. The official
reports of the General Court (and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal) have for
some time only been available in digital format. The printed version remains the official
format of the Court of Justice reports, but these reports are also freely available online.

(c) Textbooks

There are a number of textbooks which may be referred to for more extensive treatment
of the subjects in this book. It is best mainly to consult books published since the
ratification of the Lisbon Treaty, but some earlier books are still useful:

Craig and de Búrca, EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials (6th edn, Oxford: OUP, 2015)

Woods, Watson and Costa, Steiner & Woods EU Law (13th edn, Oxford: OUP, 2017)

Hartley, The Foundations of European Union Law (8th edn, Oxford: OUP, 2014) (very
good on institutional and constitutional law)

Kapteyn and Verloren van Themaat, Introduction to the Law of the European Union and
the European Communities, edited by L Gormley (4th edn, Kluwer, 2009)

A good cases and materials plus textbook published in the US is:

Bermann, Goebel, Davey and Fox, European Union Law (3rd edn, Thomas Reuters
Westlaw, 2011)
 Preface xi

(d) Casebooks

Because of the rapid development of EU law, the most recent casebooks are the most
useful, such as:

Weatherill, Cases and Materials on EU Law (12th edn, Oxford: OUP, 2016)

(e) Law journals

The principal English language journals that publish articles on European Union law
include:

Common Market Law Review (CMLRev)

European Law Review (ELRev)
European Competition Law Review (ECLRev)
International & Comparative Law Quarterly (ICLQ)
European Journal of International Law (EJIL)
Journal of Common Market Studies (JCMS)
Legal Issues of European Integration (LIEI)
Yearbook of European Law (YEL).

A major headache caused by both the Treaties of Lisbon and Amsterdam is the
renumbering of the Articles of the Treaty on European Union and of the European
Community Treaty, now the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. A table
of equivalences of the old and the new articles charting both alterations is included in the
Online Resources and the tables section of this book. The book uses the new numbers
throughout, but frequently refers to older numbers in brackets.

(f) Internet sources

The most useful website is that of the European Union itself: www.europa.eu, on which
most of the materials referred to in (a) and (b) may be found. In addition, all the latest
developments are also reported there.
Acknowledgements

The most important of the changes to the text for the sixth edition related to the ratification
of the Treaty of Lisbon, a major reform of the Treaties, albeit not in the form of the
originally envisaged ‘Constitution’. For the tenth edition, we have retained the scope of
the book from the sixth edition and updated the law and key Union developments since
the ninth edition. We would like to thank Noreen O’Meara, Menelaos Makakis, Alexis
Cooke and Esther McFarlane for the various contributions made to helping with these
updates. We would also like to express our gratitude to the numerous individuals who
have assisted and contributed to the different editions of the book.

Finally, Margot would like to thank her family, in particular her son David, who applied
his editorial experience to his reading of the entire text of the first edition, and always
remember her late husband Christopher, who put up bravely with her mental and physical
absences when working on this book in all its previous editions, with remarkably few
complaints. Matthew would like to thank his family, and in particular Ian, for all their
support, and is still waiting in anticipation for the Winds of Winter. And Michael wishes
to nirringrazzjak ħafna għall-familja kollha.

London
February 2018
New to the tenth edition

• Th
 e complex situation concerning the UK’s status in the European Union prior
to Brexit.
• F
 urther post-Lisbon developments considered in detail with reference to continuing
eurozone problems, the problems surrounding the Schengen agreement and the
Dublin Convention in the light of the overwhelming refugee and asylum-seekers’
problem.
• Th
 e increasing importance and interaction between EU law and International law in
the EU courts (Chapter 5).
• C
 onsideration of new European Court case law in the field of the Four Freedoms,
with increased consideration given to the proportionality principle in the area of the
free movement of goods (Chapter 10).
• E
 xtensive consideration of the expansion of the concept of citizenship, in particular
by the application of Directive 2004/38 and its interpretation by the European Court
(Chapters 12 and 13).
• Evaluation of the impact of the Services Directive (Chapter 13).
• C
 onsideration of the role played by national courts and the European Court in the
area of competition (Chapter 14).
• Consideration of access to justice in the field of environment (Chapter 15).
• D
 evelopment of the general principle of non-discrimination (Chapters 6 and 16) in
further case law on specific forms of discrimination.
Table of contents

Table of abbreviations xxii

Table of cases xxiv
Table of European legislation lxxviii
Table of other legislation xciv
Table of equivalences xcvi
Map of the European Union cxviii

1 Introduction 1

FU R T H E R READ ING 11

2 The constitutional base of the Union 12

The period up to the Single European Act 1986 13

The Single European Act 1986 14
The Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht Treaty) 1993 16
The Treaty of Amsterdam (signed June 1997, entered into force 1 May 1999) 16
The Nice Treaty (adopted December 2001, entered into force 1 February 2003) 17
The Treaty of Lisbon (signed December 2007, entered into force 1 December 2009) 19
Article 50 TEU 22
Structure of the Treaties 24
FU R T H E R READ ING 38
S E LF-T E ST QUESTIONS 39

3 The institutions of the Union 40

Introduction 40
The history of the institutions 42
The European Council 43
The Council 44
Decision-making procedure of the Council: voting procedures 50
The Luxembourg Accords and the ‘Ioannina Compromise’ 53
The Commission 55
xvi Table of contents

The European Parliament 64

The Court of Justice of the European Union and the General Court 70
The Court of Auditors 71
The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) 72
Committee of the Regions (COR) 72
The European Investment Bank 73
The European Central Bank 73
Brexit and the Procedure to Withdraw from the Union 73
FURT H E R READ ING 75
S ELF-T E ST QUESTIO NS 76

4 The European Courts: composition, functions, jurisdiction;

preliminary rulings 77

The Court of Justice 77

The General Court 83
Rules of Procedure 84
Judicial activism 86
Preliminary rulings 86
Jurisdiction of national courts 89
Discretionary and mandatory references 91
When should a national court refer? 92
Should national courts always make a reference? 94
Interim measures 98
Effects of preliminary rulings 98
The future of preliminary rulings 99
The scope of references for preliminary rulings 100
FURT H E R READ ING 103
S ELF-T E ST QUESTIO NS 103

5 The Union legal system 105

Primary legislation 106

Public international law in EU Courts 114
Secondary Union legislation 117
Legislative procedures 123
Decision-making procedure of the Commission (comitology) 123
Legislative powers 130
 Table of contents xvii

FU R T H E R READ ING 135

S E LF-T E ST QUESTIONS 136

6 General principles of law and the Charter of Fundamental Rights 137

General principles—their role in the EU’s legal order 137

Overarching principles of the Union legal order 143
Fundamental human rights in the Union 157
Principles of administrative justice and good governance 172
FU R T H E R READ ING 179
S E LF-T E ST QUESTIONS 180

7 Doctrines of European Union law: direct effect, supremacy,

state liability for breach of Union law and other remedies 181

(I) Direct applicability and direct effect 181

Direct effect of Treaty Articles 182
Direct effect of international agreements binding upon the EU 184
Direct effect of regulations 186
Direct effect of directives 186
Horizontal and vertical direct effect 189
Other means of giving maximum effect to Union law 191
(II) Supremacy of Union law 194
The doctrine of supremacy 194
Union law in the United Kingdom 199
The supremacy doctrine in France 208
EU law in Germany 212
EU law in Italy 216
A sample of other Member States’ issues with the supremacy doctrine 217
(III) State liability and other remedies in Union law 220
Introduction 221
The principle of effective remedies 223
The principle of equivalence 224
Procedure 225
The creation of a uniform Union remedy 229
FU R T H E R READ ING 241
S E LF-T E ST QUESTIONS 243
xviii Table of contents

8 Public enforcement of Union law (Articles 258–260 TFEU); review of

legality and damages (Articles 263, 265, 268, 277 and 340(2) TFEU) 245

(I) Public enforcement of Union law 245

Article 258 TFEU 246
Consequences of the judicial phase: financial penalties under Article 260 TFEU 257
Commission discretion 261
The Article 259 TFEU procedure 263
(II) Review of legality and damages 264
Action for annulment: Article 263 TFEU 264
Article 263 TFEU and Article 267 TFEU 281
Actions for failure to act: Article 265 TFEU 283
Contractual and tortious liability of the Union 285
FURT H ER READ ING 290
S E LF-T EST QUESTIONS 291

9 Free movement of goods (I): the abolition of customs duties and

internal taxation 293

Introduction 293
The customs union 294
Free movement of goods provisions in the TFEU 295
Customs duties and common customs tariff 296
Charges having equivalent effect to a customs duty 297
Charges falling within the scope of internal taxation 302
FURT H ER READ ING 312
S E LF-T EST QUESTIONS 313

10 Free movement of goods (II): quantitative restrictions and

measures having equivalent effect 314

Prohibition of quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect 314

Grounds of derogation under Article 36 TFEU 321
Confining Dassonville: developing the rule of reason 326
Developing the list of mandatory requirements 328
Principles of mutual recognition and equivalence 331
Reaching the limits of Article 34 TFEU? 333
 Table of contents xix

Keck and certain selling arrangements 335

Presentation requirements 339
The conditions in Keck and the difficulties in finding a consistent rule 340
The blurred distinction between Article 36 TFEU and
‘mandatory requirements’ 344
Article 35 TFEU 348
Directive 2015/1535/EU on the provision of information in the field of
technical standards and regulations and rules on Information Society services 350
FURT H E R READ ING 351
S E LF-T E ST QUESTIONS 352

11 Free movement of services: the freedom to provide and receive services 353

The service economy and the law on services 353

Non-discrimination and the direct effect of Article 56 TFEU 356
The meaning of services 357
Remuneration 358
Economic services and other activities 359
Services and cross-border activity 360
The freedom to provide a service 360
The freedom to receive services 361
Health care provision and the receipt of services 362
Services that move, where the provider and recipient do not 363
Limitations on services freedom 364
Public interest grounds limiting the Article 56 TFEU freedom 365
Proportionality and limitations on services 369
Illegal services 370
The focus on market access and the facilitation of services 374
Services Directive 375
FURT H E R READ ING 377
S E LF-T E ST QUESTIONS 378

12 Citizenship and free movement of persons: workers and establishment 379

Historical development of free movement of persons and

freedom of establishment 380
xx Table of contents

Free movement of workers 383

Freedom of establishment 402
Exceptions to the free movement of workers, establishment and services 413
Special cases of free movement 421
FURT H ER READ ING 438
S E LF-T E ST QUESTIO NS 439

13 Citizenship and free movement rights: beyond economic links 440

Introduction 440
Facets of citizenship 446
Political citizenship and European Citizens’ Initiative 459
Problems with citizenship 461
FURT H ER READ ING 465
S E LF-T E ST QUESTIO NS 465

14 Competition law and policy 467

The aims of competition law 467

Overview of the Treaty Articles 468
Article 101 TFEU 471
Article 102 TFEU: abuse of a dominant position 497
Application and enforcement of EU competition law 510
Private enforcement of the competition provisions 513
Merger control 514
FURT H ER READ ING 524
S E LF-T E ST QUESTIONS 525

15 Environmental law and policy 526

The framework for Union environmental law and policy 526

Environmental principles 535
European Union environmental law by sector 539
Trade in endangered species 546
Nature conservation 547
 Table of contents xxi

Environmental protection implementation and enforcement:

access to environmental information and citizen participation in
the environmental decision-making process 549
Environmental litigation 551
FU R T H E R READ ING 556
S E LF-T E ST QUESTIONS 557

16 Discrimination law: from sex discrimination in employment

to a general equality principle 558

Introduction 558
Article 157 TFEU and Treaty changes relevant to sex equality 561
Does Article 157 TFEU have direct effect? 568
Temporal effect of Article 157 TFEU 569
Secondary legislation 569
Time limits and the secondary legislation 576
Burden of proof 577
Direct and indirect discrimination and justification 580
Discrimination on grounds of age, disability and sexual orientation:
discrimination as a ‘general principle’ 590
FU R T H E R READ ING 595
S E LF-T E ST QUESTIONS 595
Index 597
Table of abbreviations

Throughout this book, a number of abbreviations are used to save space and to make the
text more concise:
AAC average avoidable costs
AFSJ Area of Freedom, Security and Justice
AG Advocate General
CFI Court of First Instance (now General Court)
CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy
COR Committee of the Regions
COREPER Committee of Permanent Representatives
CWP Commission’s Work Programme
DG Directorate General
EC European Community
ECA European Communities Act 1972
ECB European Central Bank
ECHR European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms
ECJ European Court of Justice
ECN European Competition Network
ECR European Court Reports
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
ECtHR European Court of Human Rights
EEA European Economic Area
EEAS European External Action Service
EEC European Economic Community
EESC European Economic and Social Committee
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EMI European Monetary Institute
EMU Economic and Monetary Union
EP European Parliament
EU European Union
Euratom European Atomic Energy Community
 Table of abbreviations xxiii

FAC Foreign Affairs Council

FCC Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht)
FiT feed-in-tariff
FTT financial transaction tax
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IGC inter-governmental conference
IP intellectual property
JHA Justice and Home Affairs
LRAIC long run average incremental cost
MEP Member of the European Parliament
NAP national action plan
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO non-governmental organisation
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OEEC Organisation for European Economic Cooperation
OJ Official Journal of the European Communities
QMV qualified majority voting
SDA selective distribution agreement
SEA Single European Act
SGEI Services of General Economic Interest
TEU Treaty on European Union
TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
VAT Value Added Tax
WTO World Trade Organization
Table of cases
Alphabetical list of all cases
A Ahlström Oy v Commission (‘Woodpulp’)
(89, 104, 114, 116–117 and 125–129/85)
[1988] ECR 5193, ECJ . . . 14.37, 14.64
A-Punkt Schmuckhandel GmbH v Claudia
Schmidt (C-441/04) [2006] ECR I-2093,
ECJ . . . 10.100
Aalborg Portland v Commission (C-204,
C-205, C-211, C-213, C-217 and
C-219/00P) [2004] ECR I-123,
ECJ . . . 14.53
Abdoulaye v Régie Nationale des Usines
Renault (C-218/98) [1999] ECR I-5723,
ECJ . . . 16.31
Abrahamsson and Anderson v Fogelqvist
(C-407/98) [2000] ECR I-5539, ECJ . . . 4.47,
6.56, 16.54–16.55
ACF Chemiefarma NV v Commission (41/69)
[1970] ECR 661, ECJ . . . 14.38
Adams see R v Secretary of State for the Home
Department, ex p Adams [1995] All ER
(EC) 177
Adams v Commission (145/83 and 53/84)
[1985] ECR 3539, ECJ . . . 8.115–8.116,
8.122
Adoui and Cornuaille v Belgium (115 and
116/81) [1982] ECR 1665, ECJ . . . 12.108
AEG-Telefunken (107/82) [1983] ECR 3151,
ECJ . . . 14.40
Aéroports de Paris (C-82/01P) [2002] ECR
I-9297, ECJ . . . 14.24
Aher-Waggon GmbH v Germany (C-389/96)
[1998] ECR I-4473, ECJ . . . 10.63
Air France v Commission (T-3/93) [1994]
ECR II-121, CFI . . . 8.53
Air Transport Association of America v
Secretary of State for Energy and Climate
Change (C-366/10) [2011] ECR I-13755,
ECJ . . . 7.12, 15.59
Airtours v Commission (T-342/99) [2002]
ECR II-2585, CFI . . . 14.261, 14.263, 14.272
AITEC v Commission (T-447, T-448 and
T-449/93) [1995] ECR II-1971, CFI . . . 8.86
Åkerberg Fransson (C-617/10)
ECLI:EU:C:2013:105, ECJ . . . 6.104, 13.9
Akrich (C-109/01) [2003] ECR I-9607,
ECJ . . . 12.47, 13.44–13.45
Aktien-Zuckerfabrik Schöppenstedt v Council
(5/71) [1971] ECR 975, ECJ . . . 8.116, 8.123,
8.125–8.126, 8.130
AKZO Chemie BV v Commission (5/85)
[1986] ECR 2585, ECJ . . . 3.66
AKZO Chemie BV v Commission (53/85)
[1986] ECR 1965, ECJ . . . 5.56, 8.53
AKZO Chemie BV v Commission (62/86)
[1991] ECR I-3359, ECJ . . . 14.164,
14.196–14.197
AKZO Nobel v Commission (C-97/08) [2009]
ECR I-8237, ECJ . . . 14.36
Alabaster v Woolwich plc (C-147/02) [2004]
ECR I-3101; [2005] ICR 695, ECJ . . . 16.20,
16.103
Ålands Vindkraft (C-573/12)
ECLI:EU:C:2014:2037, ECJ . . . 15.32
Albron Catering (C-242/09) [2010] ECR
I-10309, ECJ . . . 6.119
Alcan v Commission (69/69) [1970] ECR 385,
ECJ . . . 8.91
Alemo-Herron v Parkwood Leisure Ltd
(C-426/11) [2013] ICR 1116 . . . 6.114
Alfons Lütticke GmbH v Commission (4/69)
[1971] ECR 325, ECJ . . . 8.118, 8.124
Alfons Lütticke GmbH v Commission (48/65)
[1966] ECR 19, ECJ . . . 8.15, 8.17, 8.56
Alfons Lütticke GmbH v Hauptzollamt
Saarlouis (57/65) [1966] ECR 205,
ECJ . . . 7.6, 9.37, 9.48
Algera v Common Assembly (7/56 and
3–7/57) [1957] ECR 39, ECJ . . . 5.54, 8.117
Alimanovic (C-67/14) ECLI:EU:C:2015:597,
ECJ . . . 12.64
Allonby v Accrington & Rossendale College
(C-256/01) [2004] ECR I-873, ECJ . . . 16.34
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tellus,
480 Quod fuit et tellus, iam maris vnda tegit:
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Nuper erant rura, quo nunc sunt castra, que culti
Quo nunc sunt campi, castra fuere prius:
Frondibus ornabant que nunc capitolia gemmis,
490 Pascebatque suas ipse senator oues.610
Et si regna loquar hominum, scimus quia nullum
Principis imperium perstat in orbe diu.
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Non valet e trepido pellere corde metus.
Sic inmunda suis de fraudibus omnia mundus
Polluit, et nullo tempore munda facit:
Iste per antifrasim nomen sibi vendicat vnum,
Quo nullo pacto participare potest.

Hic loquitur de principio creacionis humane.

Declarat eciam qualiter mundus ad vsum
hominis, et homo ad cultum dei creatus extitit;
 ita quod, si homo deum suum debite non colat,
mundus que sua sunt homini debita officia
vlterius reddere non teneatur.

Capm. vi. O si vera loquar, quicquid sibi mundus iniqum

510 Gestat, homo solus est magis inde reus.
Scripta docent Genesis, primo cum conditor orbem
Fecerat, hec dicens ipse creauit Adam:
‘Nos faciamus,’ ait, ‘hominem, qui nos imitari
Possit; et vt nobis seruiat atque colat,
Inspiremus ei sensum racionis, amorem,
Vim discretiuam, quid sit et vnde venit:
Inspiremus ei factoris cognicionem,
Vnde creatorem noscat ametque suum,
Quis suus est auctor, quis ei dedit esse vel vnde:
520 Mundus eum sequitur et famulatur ei.
Solus rimetur mentis secreta superne,
Et perscrutetur singula solus homo:
Singula scrutetur, set quod sibi postulat vsus,
Vtile vel credat, quod ve necesse putet.’
O sublime decus, honor eximius, decor altus,
Vt sit homo terra tectus ymago dei!
Vt sit ad exemplum factoris fabrica facta,
Resque creatori consimilata suo!
Cetera queque deus solo sermone creauit,
530 Hoc formauit opus apposuitque manum.
Terrula suscipitur, formatur massa pusilla,
Fit corpus solidum, quod fuit ante solum:
Ossa medullata neruis compegit in vnum,
Firmauit gressus composuitque gradum:
Hiis super induxit venas set sanguine plenas,611
Carnes vestiuit pellibus atque pilis:
Visceribus plenis fudit spiracula vite,
Ex quibus officiis singula membra vacant:
Os loquitur, manus exercet, pes currit, et aures
540 Ascultant, oculus sidera solus habet.
Viuificatur homo, surgit factura biformis,
 Stat caro, statque comes spiritus, vnus homo.
Hec caro que carnis sunt sentit, spiritus alta
Sidera suspirat et sua iura petit.
Stat formatas homo, miratur seque suosque
Gestus, et nescit quid sit et ad quid homo:
Corporis officium miratur, membra moueri,
Artificesque manus articulosque pedum.
Artus distendit, dissoluit brachia, palmis
550 Corporis attractat singula membra sui:
In se quid cernit sese miratur, et ipsam
Quam gerit effigiem non videt esse suam:
Miratur faciem terre variasque figuras,
Et quia non nouit nomina, nescit eas.
Erexit vultus, os sublimauit in altum,
Se rapit ad superos, spiritus vnde fuit:
Miratur celi speciem formamque rotundam,
Sidereos motus stelliferasque domos:
Stat nouus attonitus hospes secumque revoluit,
560 Quid sibi que cernit corpora tanta velint.
Noticiamque tamen illi natura ministrat;
Quod sit homo, quod sunt ista creata videt:612
Quod sit ad humanos vsus hic conditus orbis,
Quod sit ei proprius mundus, et ipse dei.
Ardet in auctoris illius sensus amorem,
Iamque recognouit quid sit amare deum.

Hic loquitur quod, exquo creator omnium

deus singulas huius mundi delicias vsui
subdidit humano, dignum est quod, sicut homo
deliciis secundum corpus fruitur, ita secundum
spiritum deo creatori suo gratum obsequium
cum graciarum accione toto corde rependat.

Capm. vii. Dic, Adam, dic, Eua parens, dic vnus et alter,
Dic tibi si desit gracia plena dei.
Cuncta tuis pedibus subiecit, ouesque bouesque,
570 Et volucres celi pisciculosque maris:
En, elementa tibi, sol, aer, sidera, tellus,
Diuitis vnda maris, cetera queque fauent.
Auctor enim rerum sic res decreuit, vt orbis
Queque creatura consequeretur eum;
Vt seruiret ei factura, suumque vicissim
Factorem solum consequeretur homo.
Erige sublime caput et circumspice mundum,
Collige cuncta, sue dant tibi queque manus:
Omnia subiecta tibi sunt, tibi cuncta ministrant,
580 Omnia respondent obsequiumque parant.
Qui tibi tanta tulit, qui pro te tanta peregit,
Qui pro te mundum duxit ad esse suum,
Qui dedit ex nichilo tantarum semina rerum,
Confusumque chaos ordine stare suo,
Sortes distribuens per partes quatuor equas,
Iratos motus temperat arte sua:
Sidere depingens celum, septemque planetas,
Et si nitantur, ad sua puncta vocans,
Signifer accessu solis signis duodenis
590 Tempora per totidem dat variare vices.
Qui totum mundum, postquam decreuerat illum,
Ornauit vario multiplicique bono,
Esse feras siluis, in montibus esse leones,
In planis pecudes, rupibus esse capras.
Pluma tegit volucres et oues sua lana decorat,
Inque tuos vsus est tamen hoc quod habent.
Respice delicias mundi, quas flumina dotes,
Quas tibi donat opes diuitis vnda maris;
Arboribusque sitis, herbis, radicibus ortos,613
600 Floribus et foliis fructiferisque bonis.
Pre cunctis recolat tua mens, quem te quoque
fecit,
Et de quam nichilo traxit ad esse bonum;
Nam tuus illius est spiritus, et tuus eius
Est sensus, racio de racione sua.
Te caput esse dedit rerum, rebusque locatis
 Nomina te cunctis queque vocare dedit:
Qui tibi spem prolis dedit in mulieris amore,
Consortemque parem coniugiique fidem.
Te sibi pene parem fecit, te pene secundum,
610 Dicere si possem, prestitit esse deum:
Contulit in celum sese, tibi tradidit orbem,614
Et mundi tecum dimidiauit opes.
Celum sole tibi, sol lumine seruit, et aer
Flatibus, vnda cibis, terraque mille bonis.
Set quod es vnde tibi? quod habes quis prebet?
Vtrumque
Sponte facit pietas dulcis et ampla dei:
Qui tibi te tribuens sese promisit, eoque
Non habuit melius quod daret ipse deus.
Nonne superbire quemcumque virum decet ergo
620 Contra mandata que dedit ipse deus?
Celum deiecit set et odit terra superbum,
Solus et inferni fit locus aptus ei.
Hoc etenim vicio tactum fuit et viciatum,
Quod genitor primus protulit, omne genus:
In radice fuit omnis viciata propago,
Quo mundum quicquam mundus habere nequit.
Non fuit in mundo qui mundum mundificaret,
Nec quod in hoc venie posset habere locum:
Set pietate prius qui condidit omnia solus,
630 Ille reformauit et reparauit opus.
Accepit serui formam seruosque redemit,
Demonis et quod erat fecerat esse dei:
Hunc igitur superest deuota mente sequaris,
Vtque tuum dominum confitearis eum;
Preceptumque leue, vetitum non tangere crimen,
Si toto sequeris corde, beatus eris.

Hic tractat qualiter homo dicitur minor

mundus; ita quod secundum hoc quod homo
 bene vel male agit, mundus bonus vel malus
per consequens existit.

Capm. viii. O pietas domini, qualisque potencia, quanta

Gracia, que tantum fecerat esse virum!
Vir sapit angelicis cum cetibus, vnde supremum
640 Esse creatorem noscit in orbe deum:
Sentit et audit homo, gustat, videt, ambulat, vnde
Nature speciem fert animalis homo:
Cum tamen arboribus homo crescit, et optinet
esse
In lapidum forma proprietate sua:
Sic minor est mundus homo, qui fert singula solus,
Soli solus homo dat sacra vota deo.
Est homo qui mundus de iure suo sibi mundum
Subdit, et in melius dirigit inde status:
Si tamen inmundus est, que sunt singula mundi
650 Ledit, et in peius omne refundit opus:
Vt vult ipse suum proprio regit ordine mundum,
Si bonus ipse, bonum, si malus ipse, malum.
Qui minor est mundus, fert mundo maxima
dampna,
Ex inmundiciis si cadat ipse reus:
Qui minor est mundus, si non inmunda recidat,
Cuncta suo mundi crimine lesa grauat:
Qui minor est mundus homo, si colat
omnipotentem,
Rebus in humanis singula munda parit:
Qui minor est mundus, si iura dei meditetur,
660 Grande sibi regnum possidet ipse poli.
Conuenit ergo satis, humili quod corde rependat
Digna creatori dona creatus homo:
Restat vt ipse sui factoris querat amorem,
Restat vt ipse sciat quid sit et vnde venit:
Restat vt agnoscat, quo nominis ordine solus
Pre cunctis mundus dicitur esse minor.
Si minor est mundus, quo mundi machina constat
 Ordine si querat, est meminisse sui:
Si minor est mundus, que sunt primordia mundi
670 Si meditetur, agit vnde sit et quid homo:
Si se nesciret, nec eum cognosceret, a quo
Vel per quem factus est, nec amaret eum.
Et tamen est illi substancia facta biformis,
Quo compegit eum, spiritus atque caro;
Vt deseruiret factori spiritus eius,
Et mundus carni spirituique caro.
Est ancilla caro fragilis, cuius dominatrix
Desuper est anima de racione dei;
Nunc tamen a mundo caro victa negat racionem,
680 Linquit et hec anime iura subire sue.
Sic seruit dominans, sic regula fallit, et extra
Deuiat illa deo, que foret intus homo.
Stulcior o stulto, commutans celica mundo,
Postponens aurum queris habere lutum.615
Cur dominus rerum, quare deitatis ymago
Parua cupis? Cupias maxima magnus homo.
Orbis terrarum tuus est, et quicquid ab illo
Clauditur, arbitrio subditur omne tuo:
Nempe parens rerum celo dimissus ab alto
690 Ad tua descendens est tibi factus homo.
Noli te regno peccati subdere, noli616
Que cicius fugiunt ista caduca sequi:
Set satagas humiles animo transcendere terras,
Desuper in celis arripe fortis iter.
Tu si magna petis, deus est super omnia magnus,
Si bona, quam bonus est dicere nemo potest.
Nil genus aut sexus tibi, nil vel comptus inanis
Mortis ad excessus vtilitatis habent.
Quid penetrasse iuuat studiis archana Platonem,
700 Natureque suos composuisse libros?
Solis iter celique plagas luneque meatus,
Et vaga vel summo sidera fixa polo,
Multaque preter ea satis ardua nouerat; et nunc
Philosophus cinis est, nomen inane perit.
 Dum res et rerum causas vestigat Ypocras,
Dum medicinali corpora seruat ope,
Talis eum poterat sapiencia nulla mederi,617
Quin medico mortis lex subienda foret.
Sic patet, est hominis natura potencior arte,
710 Et ruit in mortem quos sua causa petit.
Est tibi nil melius igitur, quam prouidus illam
Prospicias mortem, que tibi finis erit.
Semper iturus ades, accedis ad vltima vite,
Nec scis quo fine, quando vel illud erit:
Celo longa via, restantque dies tibi pauci;
Tardat iter mundi qui sibi sumit onus.

Hic loquitur qualiter homo, qui minor

mundus dicitur, a mundo secundum corpus in
mortem transibit, et sicut ipse corporis sui
peccato huius mundi corrupcionis, dum viuit,
causat euentum, ita in corpore mortuo postea
putredinis subire corrupcionem cogetur. Et
primo dicit de mortui corporis corrupcione
secundum Superbiam.

Capm. ix. O tibi quid dices, cum non mouet aura capillos,
Arent et fauces, nec via vocis inest,
Et color in vultu sine sanguine, lumina mestis
720 Sunt inmota genis osque madere nequit,
Atque per interius cum duro lingua palato618
Congelat, et pulsum vena mouere negat,
Nec flecti ceruix nec brachia plectere quicquid
Possunt, nec passus pes valet ire suos?
Quid modo respondet homo mortuus ille
superbus?
Dicat nunc quid ei gloria vana dabit.
Eius enim, nuper alios qui despiciebat,
Corporis exanimi iam perit omnis honor:
Et quia se corpus dudum tollebat in altum,
730 Vermibus esca modo subditur ipsa caro.
Non modo palpebra quasi dedignando leuatur,
Nec manus in longum planat vtrumque latus:
Quas vires habuit mortalis vis superauit,
Est musce spina forcior ecce sua.
Si decor aut species nuper florebat in illo,
Eius turpedo iam fugat omne pecus:
Si fuerat sapiens, modo differt a sapiente,
Est sibi conclusum quo nichil ipse sapit:
Que magis in studio peciit subtilia longo,
740 Mors ea dissoluit de breuitate cito.
Artibus in variis fuerat licet ipse peritus,
Iam cecidit prudens artis in arte sua:
Desinit ingenii racio sine iam racione,
Mors ruit in vacuum que racionis erant:
Littera quem docuit magis est indoctus asello,
Pectore nec remanet iota vel vnus apex.
Non sibi mentalis presumpcio iudicat vllos,
Se neque iactare mortua causa sinit:
Qui solet ypocrisi ficte virtutis honorem
750 Tollere, nunc monstrat quid fuit ipse palam.
Nil sibi quod genera linguarum nouerat olim
Confert, qui muto mortuus ore silet:
Organa nulla sibi nota vel citharistea plaudunt,
Quo perit auditus, musica nulla placet.
Nil valet ingenuas corpus coluisse per artes,
Qui modo nature perdidit omne decus:
Nil vestis pompa, nichil aut ascensus equorum,
Corpus iam rigidum magnificare queunt.
Nil sibi pulcra domus aut seruicium famulorum;
760 Nunc foris in populo nemo salutat eum:
Nunc serpens famulus puteusque vocabitur aula,
Nuncque loco thalami tetra cauerna datur.
Sic quia nuper eum fallebat gloria vana,
Nunc sibi nil remanet vnde superbus erit.
 Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione
secundum Inuidiam.

Capm. x. Ecce per invidiam qui roserat ore canino,

Iam canis aut vermis rodere debet eum.
Alterius famam spernens que leserat olim,619
Ammodo corrupta lingua dolosa tacet:
Alterius dampna risit, quoque prospera fleuit,
770 Nunc ridere nequit ore carente labris.
Murmure cor plenum nuper modo fit putrefactum,
Et via iam rupta cordis ad yma patet:
Iam nequit ambicio socii postponere laudem,
Nec preferre suam, qui sine laude iacet.
Tunc fel sub melle condens nunc conditur ipse,
Quo sine mente caro nil similare potest:
Amplius invidie mens ignea plena veneno
Liuoris stimulo pungere quosque nequit.

Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione

secundum Iram.

Capm. xi. Feruida viuentem quem nuper torruit ira,

780 Amplius impaciens non mouet ille caput:
Lite sua dudum qui vicinos agitabat,
Mutus ad interitum non habet ipse sonum:
Nuper linguosus nequit amplius esse susurro;
Mors vocat, ipse tacet, nilque refatur ei.
Qui terrere solet inopem terrore minarum,
Contra vermiculum iam valet ipse nichil:
Non suus ad bellum furor ammodo prouocat
ipsum,
Qui neque cum verme federa pacis habet:
Eius enim gladius iam non erit ecce timendus,
790 Qui patitur vermem cor lacerare suum:
Corporis ex odio non inficiet racionem,
Ammodo vitali qui racione caret.
 Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione
secundum Auariciam.

Capm. xii. O quid auaricia nuper modo prestat auaro?

Sola sibi stricta lignea cista manet.
Terra sibi fuerat nimio quesita labore,
Septem nuncque pedes, non magis, inde tenet.
Qui dudum fuerat raptor predans aliena,
Ipsum nunc predam mors quasi predo rapit:
Qui nuper fatuis tendit sua recia lucris,
800 Nunc capitur rethe quo remouere nequit.
Diuicias multas vniuit et arcius illas
Seruabat, set nunc dissipat alter opes:
Que quasi fine carens fuerat possessio larga,
Transiit et subito nulla remansit ei.
Gaudet enim coniux sponsi nouitate secundi,
Nec sibi cor meminens anterioris habet;
Immemor et patris letatur filius heres,
Nec sibi qui moritur vnus amicus adest.
Sic qui res rebus agros et agris sociauit,
810 Ammodo de questis fert nichil ipse suis:
Abstulit vna dies quicquid sibi contulit annus,
Et labor a longo tempore cassus abit:
Pauperibus bursam qui clauserat, indiget ille,
Nec valet argenti copia tota sibi.
Nil dolus aut furtum, nil circumvencio corpus,
Iam neque periura falsa cupido iuuat.620

Hic loquitur de corporis mortui621

corrupcione secundum Accidiam.

Capm. xiii.Amplius accidia sibi qui fuit accidiosus

Corporis ad placitum membra fouere negat.
Deditus hic sompno nuper nunc sompnit habunde,
820 De longo sompno quo vigilare nequit:
Mollia qui dudum quesiuit stramina lecto,
 Anguibus aspersa frigida terra subest:
Ocia qui peciit nuper fugiendo labores,
Nunc nichil est quod agat, vnde meretur opem.
Si didicisse bonum potuisset, iam scola nulla
Reddit eum doctum, quo magis ipse sapit
Quid sit de rerum dampno: valet ipse dierum
Perdita iam flere tempora longa nimis.
Nuper in ecclesia rogitauit raro, set inde
830 Iam nequit auferri, nil tamen ipse rogat.
Semina qui parce spersit, parce metet ipse;
Quod nuper potuit, vult modo, quando nequit.

Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione

secundum Gulam.

Capm. xiiii. Nil gula, que dudum fuerat sibi cotidiana,

Amplius in ventre, set nec in ore placet:
Viscera que pressa fuerant grauitate ciborum,
Euacuata modo nil retinere queunt.
Gustauit species et dulcia vina bibebat,
Horum suntque loco stercora mixta luto:
Eius in vmbiculo, sua quo pinguedo latebat,
840 Iam latitat serpens, qui sua crassa vorat:
Olla sui ventris, que parturit ebrietatem,
Rumpitur, et bufo gutturis antra tenet.
Esca sibi dudum redolens nichil ammodo
confert,622
Occupat en nares feda putredo suas:
Crapula, que nuper ieiunia nulla subiuit,
Iam rupto stomacho sentit in ore nichil.

Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione

secundum Luxuriam.

Capm. xv. O qui luxurie vicium tam dulce putabat,

Iam sugget serpens membra pudenda sua.
 Amplius incaste non circuit ille lupanar,
850 Nec manus in tactu feda placere valet:
Non valet ex oculis vultu similare procaci,
Prouocet vt fatuam, quo magis ipsa fauet.
Cantica composita Veneris sermone dolosa
Cum iuramentis ammodo nulla iuuant;
Est sibi nil cantus, nichil aut peditare coreis,
Nam sibi guttur abest, pes neque substat ei.
Non facit incestum, neque virginitatis honorem
Mortuus in carne iam violare potest:
Est modo putredo quicquid fuit ante voluptas,
860 Et calor in coitu frigiditate gelat.
Sic quod erat dudum corpus, nunc ecce cadauer;
Et redit in cinerem quod fuit ante cinis.

Exquo tractauit qualiter variis peccati

deliciis humanum corpus mortis putredine in
hoc mundo consumitur, interrogat vlterius de
homine peccatore, quomodo mundi voluptates
tam fallibiles in sui preiudicium ita ardenter sibi
appetit et conspirat.

Capm. xvi. O michi responde, fert quid tibi pompa, superbe,

Cum teret in terra membra putredo tua?
Dic tibi, tu serico, gemmis vestitus et auro,
Quid cum mors veniat gloria vana dabit?
Quid victor gaudes? hec te victoria linquet,
Sit nisi quod vicii vincere bella queas.
Quid tibi liuor aget, vrentis filius Ethne,
870 Cum mors cor que labra soluerit ipsa tua?
Quid tibi siue furor aut ira valere putatur,
Cumque furore mali mors furit ipsa tibi?
Tempora siue tua tibi quid dant accidiosa,
Cum mors sit perstans absque quiete nocens?
Quid tibi delicie poterunt conferre gulose,
Cum morsus mortis fine perhennis eris?
 Quid ve putas Venus ipsa dabit tibi fine laboris,
Cum calor in membris desinit esse tuis?
Aurea quid prodest tibi, diues, pompa monete?
880 Vltimus in terram finis vtrumque vorat:
Que tibi sollicitus longeuus contulit annus,
Cuncta simul rapiet hora repente breuis.
Quid reges vincis, quid subdis regna, tiranne?
Est deus invictus, qui tibi bella parat.
Quid tibi fama volans, honor, aut quid comptus
inanis?
Omnis enim mundi gloria vana perit.
Occupat extrema stultorum gaudia luctus,
Et risum lacrima plena dolore madet.
Corporis in forma, quid vel de stirpe superbis,
890 Qui cinis in cineres vermibus esca redis?
Quid tibi si fortis poteris superare leones,
Numquid te poterit inquietare pulex?
Quid nisi stulticiam tibi fert sapiencia mundi?
Ergo nichil sapiens quod sapit absque deo.
Est tibi de limo formatum corpus inane,
Pronaque natura carnis ad omne malum;
Incipit in luctu finitque dolore: quid ergo
Queris vt hic tale glorificetur opus?
Cum nichil ex mundo sit corpore glorificatum,
900 Est tibi nil corpus glorificare tuum.
Nil tibi plus remanet aut corporis aut tibi rerum,
Sola nisi merita, sint bona siue mala:
Cum venit illa dies, que nil nisi corporis huius623
Ius habet, inueniet tunc homo facta sua.
Non hic iure locum valet vllus habere manentem,
Mortis ad incertas transiet immo vias.

Hic loquitur qualiter omnia mundi huius

sicut vestimentum veterascunt, et quasi
sompnifera in ictu oculi clauduntur: loquitur
 eciam in speciali de mortis memoria et eiusdem
nominis significacione.

Capm. xvii. Omnia quam cicius oculi clauduntur in ictu,

Et quasi per sompnum preterit omnis homo:
Gaudia perpetuos pariunt mundana dolores
910 Tollit et eternum viuere vita breuis.
Omnia que possunt amitti nulla videntur,
Nec longum quicquid desinit esse reor.
Dic quid honor, quid opes, quid gloria, quid ve
iuuentus,
Forma, genus, vires, femina, vestis, ager,
Gemma vel argentum, quid septrum, regna vel
aurum,
Purpura, quid latus fundus et ampla domus,
Magna potencia, multa sciencia, vana voluptas,
Vita quid, et nostri corporis ipsa salus.624
Quod caro mortalis tanquam vestis veterascit
920 Et celeri lapsu curua senecta venit,
Quod nostre semper minuuntur tempora vite,625
Quodque dies hominis fumus et vmbra fugit,
Quod sit vita breuis, quod mors incerta, quod omni
Tempore nos queuis causa molesta premit,
Alterutrum poterunt homines exemplificari;
Res etenim tales experimenta docent.
Rex est quisque sui, bene qui regit acta, beatus;
Qui regit acta male, seruus ineptus erit:
Rex appellaris: quid inani nomine gaudes,
930 Qui viciis pulsus seruus vbique iaces?
Cur viciis seruit qui regnis imperat, et non626
Mancipium vile corporis esse pudet?
Dum viciis sordes, nil prodest fulgida vestis,
Absterget maculas purpura nulla tuas.
Expediens igitur foret, vt sic quisque viator
Quam leuius poterit exoneratus eat.
Singula de nobis anni predantur euntes,
Morsque superveniens prospera queque rapit:
 Regreditur cinis in cinerem, resolucio carnis
940 Monstrat principii materiale lutum.
Scit deus hoc anime quod fiet in orbe futuro,
Integra seu lesa, quanta que qualis erit:
Ista sciunt homines, mundo quod corpus in isto
Nil sibi perdurans vtile carnis habet.
Est caro corrupta viuens, plus mortua cunctis
Atque creaturis vile cadauer habet.
O speculum mortis! quotquot speculantur in illo,
Si bene se videant, gloria nulla patet:
Aduerse mortis sic ordo retrogradus extat,
950 Quod statuit caudas ad caput esse pares.
A morsu vetito mors dicitur; omnia mordens
Nominis exponit significata sui.
Rebus in incertis nihil est incercius hora
Mortis, morte nichil cercius esse potest.
Dum minus esse putat, hominem mors fallit, et
ipse
Qui magis est sanus clanculo celat eam:
Non erit astrologus, medicus seu, de medicina
Qui prolongatum possit habere diem.
Sic homo, sic animal pariter moriuntur, et ambo
960 In terram redeunt condicione pari.
Est nichil exceptum: quicquid fit in orbe
creatum,627
Sicut habet vitam, constat habere necem.
Clam veniens thalamis mors furtiuis volat alis,
Subuertens subito quod fuit ante retro:
Predat opes, vires nichilat, disiungit amicos,
Auro nec redimi quomodocumque potest:
Tollit agenda viris, reddit tamen actibus ipsos,
Compotus vt fiat iudicis ante pedes.
Ille quidem Iudex, qui singula iudicat eque,
970 Munera quem mundi flectere nulla queunt:
Iudicioque suo capiet vir digna laboris
Premia pro meritis absque fauore suis.
 Hic loquitur quod, quamuis iustis et iniustis
vnus sit naturaliter interitus, mors tamen iusti
omnes exsoluens miserias eius spiritum glorie
reddit sempiterne.

Iustus et iniustus per mortem transit vterque,

Capm. xviii.
Terraque sorte pari corpus vtrumque vorat:
Disparilis meriti restat tamen exitus horum,
Est nam leta bonis mors et amara malis.
Est igitur felix homo qui viuens bene fecit,
Quo moriens poterit sumere dona dei;
Dona quidem celi, quo gaudia cuncta refulgent,
980 Quo sine tristicia vita perhennis erit.
Mors aberit, morbus, labor, hostis, curua senectus,
Non habet hec felix illa superna domus:
Spiritibus summis equabit gracia regis,
Pro quibus est vltro passus amara crucis.
Hic est ille locus pacis que potentis honoris,
Quo tenebre nulle, quo sine nocte dies;
Quo deus absterget lacrimam luctumque, nec illuc
Amplius aut clamor aut dolor vllus erit:
Nec mors nec morbus, sitis, esuries nec egestas,
990 Set neque casus habet hunc habitare locum.
Lux ibi continua, pax iugis, gloria perpes,
Vita beata, salus vera, perhennis amor:
Est ibi spes que fides, bonitas, laus, gracia, virtus,
Sensus, amor, pietas, gloria, forma, decus.
Est sine sorde caro iuuenilis, et absque senecta
Etas, diuicie sunt sine labe doli:
Est pax absque metu, honor omnis et absque
superbo;628
Absque labore quies, absque dolore salus.
Consummata manent ibi gaudia, passio nulla
1000 Est et ibi, set habet omne quod optat homo:
Vita perhennis ibi viget, et patet illa beata,
Que super omne valet, visio clara dei.
Vis tibi describam paucis quid sit locus ille?
 Plus est quam quiuis dicere possit homo:
Plus est quam possit mentis racione doceri,
Vel plus quam cordis cella tenere queat.
Quam felix locus est, quam digna laude colendus,
In quo conveniunt gaudia cuncta simul!
Sic, quia non finit ibi gloria, non ego possum
1010 Finem condigne ponere laudis ei.
Hic erit angelici cetus, quam perdidit olim,
Suppleto numero gloria plena suo:
Hic erit humano generi laus summa, resumpto
Corpore cum fuerit glorificata caro:
Hic erit in domino cunctis gaudere per euum,
Omnia cum fuerit omnibus ipse deus:
Et sic mors iusti tollit sibi cuncta nociua
Corporis, ac anime celica regna parat.
Cum moritur iustus, tunc viuens incipit esse;
1020 Hec mors vitalis, que moriendo iuuat;
Hec mors non oneri set plus conducit honori,
Possidet in requiem mortuus vnde deum.

Hic loquitur de duplici629 morte peccatoris,

vna ex qua corpus hic resoluitur, alia ex qua
digno dei iudicio penis perpetuis anima
cruciatur.

Heu! nimis infelix qui se viuens male gessit,

Capm. xix.
Quo grauis in morte pena vorabit eum:
Mors etenim duplex homini debetur iniquo;
Est mors prima grauis, altera feda magis.
Prima necans corpus de mundo segregat illud,
Nec valet vlterius quid sibi ferre mali;
Altera set grauior animam deducit ad yma,
1030 Reddit et hanc Sathane, que solet esse dei:
Ponit in ambiguum que sit mundana voluptas,
Et fore dat certum pena quod omnis adest,
Pena quidem baratri, dolor omnis quo vegetabit,
 Quo semper moritur, nec valet ipse mori.
Non vox vlla valet miseras edicere penas,
Quorum tormenta languida fine carent:
Hinc timor atque tremor, labor et dolor inde
sequetur,
Perpetue pene mors furit absque mori:
Iugi morte mori, seu iugi viuere morte,
1040 Nil differt dicas, viuere siue mori.
Heu! mortem repeto tociens, quia nil nisi mortis
Effigiem miseris inferet ille locus,
Ille locus quem dira fames, quem frigus et ardor,
Quem tenebre, quem nox, noctis et vmbra tegit.
Vermis ibi mentes corrodit, et ignis ab estu
Corpora consumet, pena timenda nimis:
Tortor ibi, qui semper habet torquere nec vnquam
Deficiet, tortum torrida pena teret.
Quicquid erat placitum carni subuertitur omne,
1050 Quod fuit et dulce torquet amara lues:
Quod fuerat pulcrum fedat turpissima forma,
Quod fuerat sanum, pena resoluit opus:
Quod fuerat forte tunc viribus expoliatur;
Est sapiens stultus, est ibi diues inops:
Quod fuerat luxus prius, est ibi vermis et ignis,
Fit, gula que fuerat, insaciata fames.
Sunt tenebre visus pungens et scorpio tactus,
Gressus et in laqueos mortis habebit iter:
Aures torquentur strepitu fetoreque nares,
1060 Et que sunt pene gustus amara sapit:
Est ibi flens oculus, dens stridens, omneque
membrum
Soluitur in luctum, quo sine fine dolet.
Quod fuerat vita mors est, quod corpus eratque
Vt fax comburens semper in igne coquit.
Heu, set ymago dei nuper tam pura creata
Illa dolens anima demonis instar habet.
Non Thetis extinguit ibi fulmina, set neque
morsus630
 Vipereos medici compta medela iuuat:
Stans ibi continuus dolor est vt parturientis,
1070 Tempora nec venie spectat habere locus.
Perpetuum pene tormentum nemo gehenne
Mente capit, set ibi stat dolor absque pari:
Cor de mente tremit, de corde caro, quod in ista
Scribere materia plus nequit egra manus.
Quo vultu, vel qua facie, vel quo comitatu
Tunc apparebit iudicialis apex?
Terribilis vultus, facies quasi sit furibundi,
Horridus aspectus aspera queque minans:
Iudicis ille furor breuis, ira set absque remissa
1080 Pena, nil venie nil pietatis habens.
Mater et angelicus cetus, necnon duodenus
Iudicium faciens ordo sequetur eum:
Angelus hic et homo pariter tormenta subibunt,
Penam pro meritis soluet vterque suis;
Efficientque pares pene, quos nuper iniqus
Peccandi pariles efficiebat amor.
Distinguetur ibi malus et bonus, ille sinistram,
Ille tenens dextram, iudiciumque ferent.
O, quam tristis erit miseris sentencia danda,
1090 Perpetue mortis perdicione mori.
Hec erit illa dies domini, qua luce patebunt
Clarius occulta, que modo clausa latent:
Hec erit illa dies ire, lux illa tremenda,
Qua non subsistet angelus absque metu.
Cum vix si iustus puncto saluandus in illo,631
Impie, quo fugies? quae fuga? Nulla quidem.
Est igitur mentis prudentis, mentis honeste,
Mentis discrete tale timere malum.
O nimium felix, tales euadere clades
1100 Qui valet, et meriti viuere laude sui!
O nimium felix, o secla per omnia felix,
O preseruatus, oque beatus homo,
Qui poterit mortis tantas euadere penas,
Celica cumque deo gaudia ferre suo!