Posters / International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 42S2 (2013) S41–S159
Antimicrobials – others
P141
The antimicrobial activities of oregano, garlic, ginger and guava
extracts against microbial wound isolates from wound infections
C. Fuentebella1 *, D. Florendo1 , M. Galvez1 , C. Galauran1 , V. Ganancial1 ,
E. Paragas1, A. Porto1. 1 University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
E-mail address : cheekycarmina19@yahoo.com
Introduction: As part of primary health care and because of the in-
creasing cost of drugs, the use of locally available medicinal plants has
been advocated by the Department of Health (Cuevas, 2007). Plectran-
thus amboinicus (oregano), Allium sativum (garlic), Zingiber officinale
(ginger) and Psidium guajava (guava) have been traditionally used to
inhibit microbial infections. The present study tested the extracts of
these ethno-medicinal plants for their antimicrobial activities.
Objectives: Determine the antimicrobial effects of combining extracts
from ethno-medicinal plants against microbial isolates obtained from
wound infections.
Methods: The study used a quantitative and experimental method.
These bacteria were subjected to the Kirby–Bauer method to test
the antimicrobial properties of extracts from different methods such
as alcohol extraction, trituration and decoction. Combinations from
different plant extracts were obtained to test for synergistic effects.
Results: ANOVA results showed a significant difference in the
different preparations of the plant extracts (p < 0.05). In analyzing
all the combination of plant extracts, it showed significant (p < 0.05)
difference which is parallel to the early claim on the synergistic
activities of the plant extracts when combined.
Table: ANOVA results for individual plant extracts and combinations of plant extracts
Individual plant extracts
Ginger < 0.05
Garlic < 0.05
Oregano < 0.05
Guava > 0.05
Combinations of plant extracts (formulations)
Ginger–Garlic < 0.05
Garlic–Oregano < 0.05
Oregano–Ginger < 0.05
All plants < 0.05
Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the ethno-medicinal plants
exhibit antimicrobial activities that can be as effective as commer-
cially prepared antiseptics to combat pathogenic microorganisms and
be a potential alternative natural economic source to treat infected
wounds using the right method of extraction.
P142
Effect of linezolid on MUC5AC expression induced by methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a human airway epithelial cell
N. Kaku1,2 *, K. Yanagihara1 , Y. Morinaga1 , Y. Harada1,2 , Y. Migiyama1,2 ,
K. Nagaoka1,2 , K. Yamada2 , H. Hasegawa1 , K. Izumikawa2 , H. Kakeya2 ,
S. Kohno2 . 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, 2 Second Department
of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical
Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
E-mail address : nor1ks@yahoo.co.jp
Introduction: MUC5AC is a major core protein of mucin in airway
secretion and is an important component as the major barrier to
trap inhaled microbial organisms. However, in respiratory diseases,
its overexpression causes airway obstruction, atelectasis, reduction
of oxygenation, and reduction of antibiotic permeability. The over-
expression is caused by various bacterial stimulants. Among the
bacteria, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) might be important
because MRSA infection is increased and a detection of MRSA is
associated with worth survival in the patients with cystic fibrosis.
Thus, it seemed to be important to control MRSA-induced MUC5AC
overexpression in the patients with respiratory diseases.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to reveal the effect of linezolid
on the control of MRSA-induced MUC5AC production from an airway
epithelial cell.
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S87
Methods: To avoid the antibiotic effect of linezolid on MRSA, human
airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292) were stimulated by MRSA extracts.
MUC5AC production was analyzed at protein (24 h-stimulation)
and mRNA (6 h-stimulation) level by ELISA and quantitative RT-
PCR, respectively. MAP kinase activation was analyzed by chemical
inhibitors and western blot analysis. In inhibition study, the cells
were treated with linezolid at two concentrations (5 and 20 mg/ml),
which are similar to the trough and peak concentrations of linezolid
in epithelial lining fluid.
Results: MUC5AC protein production was significantly increased at
40-fold dilution of MRSA extracts compared with that at control
(P < 0.05, vs. control group). At the mRNA level, MUC5AC gene
expression was significantly increased at 6 and 9 hours after
stimulation (both P < 0.05, vs. control group). In inhibition study,
linezolid reduced the MRSA-induced MUC5AC protein production at
two concentrations (5 and 20 mg/ml) (both P < 0.05, vs. untreated
group), and there was no dose-dependent effect. Among the MAP
kinase inhibitors, only ERK1/2 inhibitor reduced the MRSA-induced
MUC5AC protein production to the same level of control (P < 0.05,
vs. untreated group). In western blot analysis, only ERK1/2 was
phosphorylated by MRSA extracts, and the ERK1/2 phosphorylation
was inhibited by linezolid.
Conclusion: Linezolid inhibited MRSA-induced MUC5AC expression
via inhabitation of phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in a human airway
epithelial cell. Since an influence of MRSA on MUC5AC expression
might be one of the pathogenicity to the patients with respiratory
diseases, the use of linezolid would be contribute to the regulation
of MRSA infection in such patients by both antibacterial and
immunomodulatory activity.
P143
Usefulness of flomoxef in the prevention of infection
complicating transrectal prostate needle biopsy
K. Kobayashi1 *, K. Hieda1 , K. Shoji1 , K. Miyamoto1 , S. Inoue1 ,
S. Ohara1 , M. Kajiwara1 , J. Teishima1 , A. Matsubara1 . 1 Department
of Urology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health
Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
E-mail address : kanao8@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
Introduction: Oral administration of a quinolone agent is recom-
mended for the prevention of infection in patients undergoing
transrectal prostate needle biopsy. However, there have been in-
creasing reports in recent years of febrile complications in these pa-
tients caused by quinolone-resistant bacteria and extended-spectrum
b-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of
flomoxef for the prevention of febrile complications.
Methods: The study was conducted in 250 subjects who underwent
prostate needle biopsy at 10 to 12 sites between January 2011 and
August 2012. While 1g of flomoxef was administered by intravenous
drip infusion before and 6 hours after the biopsy in 200 subjects
(Group F), others were treated with 500 mg of levofloxacin at a
single dose (Group L). The incidence of febrile complications (body
temperature 38°C) in these two groups were compared.
Results: No differences were observed in the baseline characteristics
(age, PSA, prostate volume, urinary impairment, frequency of biopsy,
the history of diabetes) between the two groups. Febrile complica-
tions were observed in 2 subjects (1%) of Group F, this incidence being
significantly less than that in Group L (4 subjects, 8%, p = 0.004). While
the causative bacteria was ESBL in all subjects in Group L, it was ESBL
in one subject and enterococci in the other in Group F.
Conclusion: Flomoxef was useful for the prevention of infection in
patients undergoing transrectal prostate needle biopsy.