GRAPHENE OXIDE

Properties & Applications

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like express my special thanks of gratitude to

my teacher …………. who gave me opportunity to do
this research and wonderful project of …………. on
the topic “GRAPHENE OXIDE”, who also guided
me in the research. Through this project learned a lot of
new things. I am really thankful.

Especial thanks to yash…. Hahahahah.

 A modern material with unique physical and
electrical properties that could reshape our
future
INTRODUCTION

 Graphite oxide, formerly called graphite oxide or graphitic acid, is a

compound of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, obtained by treating graphite
with strong oxidizers.

 The bulk material disperses in basic solutions to yield monomolecular

sheet, knowns as graphene oxide by analogy to graphene, the single-layer
form of graphite.
What is graphene ?
INTRODUCTION

 Graphene can be described as a one-atom thick layer of

graphite.

 It is the basic structural element of other allotropes,

including graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotube and
fullerenes.

 Graphite is the strongest, thinnest, material ever known to

exists. Graphene is an atomic-scale honeycomb lattice
made of carbon atoms.
HYBRIDIZATIO
N

STRUCTURE

GRAP
HENE
SHEE
T
HISTORY
 One of the very first patents pertaining to the production of graphene was
filed in October, 2002 entitled, "Nano-scaled Graphene Plates“.

 Two years later, in 2004 Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov at University
of Manchester extracted single-atom-thick crystallites from bulk graphite.

 Geim and Novoselov received several awards for their pioneering research
on graphene, notably the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics.
STRUTURE
 Graphene is a 2-dimensional network of carbon atoms.
 These carbon atoms are bound within the plane by strong bonds into a
honeycomb array comprised of six-membered rings.
 By stacking of these layers on top of each other, the well known 3- dimensional
graphite crystal is formed.
 It is a basic building block for graphitic materials of all other dimensionalities.
 It can be wrapped up into 0D fullerenes, rolled into 1D nanotubes or stacked into
3D graphite.
 Thus, graphene is nothing else than a single graphite layer.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 Graphene is chemically the most reactive form of carbon.
 Only form of carbon (and generally all solid materials) in which each single atom
is in exposure for chemical reaction from two sides (due to the 2D structure).
 Carbon atoms at the edge of graphene sheets have special chemical reactivity.
 Graphene burns at very low temperature (e.g., 350 °C).
 Graphene has the highest ratio of edgy carbons (in comparison with similar
materials such as carbon nanotubes).
 Graphene is commonly modified with oxygen- and nitrogen-containing
functional groups
 ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES
  It is a zero-overlap semimetal (with both holes and electrons as charge carriers)
with very high electrical conductivity.
 Electrons are able to flow through graphene more easily than through even
copper.
 The electrons travel through the graphene sheet as if they carry no mass, as fast
as just one hundredth that of the speed of light.
 High charge carrier mobility, for which values of 10,000 cm2/Vs, in some cases
even 200,000 cm2/Vs were reported.
In an insulator or semiconductor, an electron bound to an atom can break free only if it
gets enough energy from heat or passing photon to jump the ‘band gap’. But in graphene
the gap is infinitesimal. This is the main reason why graphene’s electron can move easily
and very fast.
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

 To calculate the strength of graphene, scientists used a

technique called Atomic Force Microscopy.

 It was found that graphene is harder than diamond and about

300 times harder than steel.

 The tensile strength of graphene exceeds 1 TPa.

 It is stretchable up to 20% of its initial length.

1 SHEET OF GREPHENE I ATOM THICK
 It is expected that graphene’s
mechanical properties will find
applications into making a new
generation of super strong composite
materials and along combined with its
optical properties, making flexible
displays.
THERMAL PROPERTIES

 Graphene is a perfect thermal conductor.

 Its thermal conductivity is much higher than all the other carbon structures as
carbon nanotubes, graphite and diamond (> 5000 W/m/K) at room temperature.
 Graphite, the 3 D version of graphene, shows a thermal conductivity about 5
times smaller (1000 W/m/K) .
 The ballistic thermal conductance of graphene is isotropic, i.e. same in all
directions
  The material's high electron mobility and
high thermal conductivity could lead to chips
that are not only faster but also better at
dissipating heat.
 This schematic shows a three-dimensional
stacked chip with layers of graphene acting
as heat spreaders.
 OPTICAL PROPERTIES

 Graphene, despite it is only 1 atom thick, is

still visible to the naked eye.
 Due to its unique electronic properties, it
absorbs a high 2.3% of light that passes
through it. Photograph of graphene in
transmitted light. This one-atom- thick crystal
can be seen with the naked eye.
 GRAPHENE OXIDE

 Graphene Oxide,  the monomolecular sheets of graphite oxide is a compound of

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in variable ratios, obtained by treating graphite
with strong oxidizers.
 Graphene oxide sheets have been used to prepare a strong paper-like material, and
have recently attracted substantial interest as a possible intermediate for the
manufacture of graphene.
 HISTORY

Graphene oxide was first prepared by Oxford chemist Benjamin C. Brodie

in 1859, by treating graphite with a mixture of potassium chlorate and
fuming nitric acid.
 In 1957 Hummers and Offeman developed a safer, quicker, and more
efficient process called The Hummers' Method, using a mixture of Sulfuric
acid (H2SO4), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), and potassium permanganate
(KMnO4) which is still used. 
Graphene oxide (GO) has also been prepared by using a "bottom- up"
synthesis method (Tang-Lau method) in which the sole source is glucose,
the process is safer, simpler, and more environmentally friendly.
 
STRUCTURE

 The structure and properties of graphite oxide depend on particular synthesis

method and degree of oxidation. It typically preserves the layer structure of the
parent graphite.
 Besides oxygen epoxide groups (bridging oxygen atoms), other functional groups
experimentally found are : carbonyl (C=O), hydroxyl (-OH) and phenol(PhOH). 
STRUCTURE

 Graphene oxide layers are about 1.1 ± 0.2 nm thick.

 Scanning tunneling microscopy shows the presence of local regions where
oxygen atoms are arranged in a rectangular pattern.
 The edges of each layer are terminated with carboxyl and carbonyl groups. 
B

A
Structure proposed in
1998 with functional
groups.
A: Epoxy bridges,
B: Hydroxyl groups,
C: Pairwise carboxyl
groups

C
 XI DE
O
PH NE
E GRA
OF TH
IE W
3D V
CHARACTERIZATION

 XRD, FTIR, Raman, XPS, AFM, TEM, etc. are some common techniques to
characterize Graphene Oxide samples.

 Since the distribution of oxygen groups on GO sheets is disperse, fractionation

method using stabilization can be used to characterize Graphene Oxide sheets.
(A) Image of fractionated GO,
(B) XRD,
(C) Raman, and
(D) FTIR spectra of GO (black), GOw fraction (blue), and GOe fraction (red).
RELATION TO WATER

 Graphite oxides absorb moisture proportionally to humidity and swells in water.

 The amount of water absorbed by graphite oxides depends on the particular
synthesis method and shows a strong temperature dependence.
 Membranes prepared from graphene oxide are vacuum tight and impermeable to
nitrogen and oxygen, but are permeable to water vapors
Exfoliation of graphene oxide at high temperature. Exfoliation results
in tenfold increase of sample volume and formation of carbon
powder with grains of few graphene layers thickness. (Exfoliation : to
remove the surface of a substance)
PROPERTIES

 1. One of the advantages of the gaphene oxide is its easy dispersability in

water and other organic solvents due to the presence of the oxygen
functionalities.
 This helps when mixing the material with ceramic or polymer matrixes
when trying to improve their electrical and mechanical properties.
PROPERTIES

 2. Graphene oxide is often described as an electrical insulator, due to the

disruption of its sp2 bonding networks.
 In order to recover the honeycomb lattice, and with it the electrical
conductivity, the reduction of the graphene oxide has to be achieved.
 The reduced graphene oxide obtained is more difficult to disperse.
PROPERTIES

 3. Functionalization of graphene oxide can fundamentally change

graphene oxide’s properties. There are many ways in which graphene
oxide can be functionalized, depending on the desired application. For
optoelectronics, bio devices or as a drug-delivery material.
 Eg.-It is possible to substitute amines on graphene to increase the
dispersability of chemically modified graphenes in organic solvents.
PROPERTIES

 4. It is important to develop an oxidization and reduction process that is

able to separate individual carbon layers and then isolate them without
modifying their structure. Chemical reduction of graphene oxide is
currently seen as the most suitable method of mass production of
graphene. 
RESOURCES USED

 https://www.researchgate.net/post/graphene
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene
 https://www.sciencedirect.com
 https://www.graphenea.com/pages/graphene-oxide
 http://graphita.bo.imm.cnr.it/graphita2011/graphene.html
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR PATIENTCE.