PHYS 235

FORMULAS AND DATA

Southern Alberta Institute of Technology

Centre for Academic Learner Services — June 2004

Concurrent Force Systems

For Equilibrium:

Projectile Motion

Motion on an Incline

Conservation of Energy

Fluid Mechanics

Heat

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 Coefficients of Friction
Surfaces μs μk
Wood on wood 0.4 0.2
Ice on ice 0.1 0.03
Steel on steel (lubricated) 0.15 0.07
Steel on steel (unlubricated) 0.7 0.6
Rubber on dry concrete 1.0 0.8
Rubber on wet concrete 0.7 0.5
Teflon on Teflon 0.4 0.4
Teflon on steel 0.4 0.4
Synovial joints (in human limbs) 0.1 0.1
Glass on glass 0.94 0.35
Waxed wood on snow 0.05 0.03
Steel on aluminum 0.61 0.47
Aluminum on aluminum 1.90 1.40

Linear Coefficient of Expansion α, per °C

Aluminum 23 x 10-6
Brass 19 x 10-6
Concrete and Brick 10 x 10-6
Copper 17 x 10-6
Glass (ordinary) 9 x 10-6
Glass (Pyrex) 3.3 x 10-6
Iron 12 x 10-6
Lead 28 x 10-6
Platinum 9 x 10-6
Quartz 0.4 x 10-6
Silver 18 x 10-6
Steel 11 x 10-6
Wood, across grain 35 x 10-6
Wood, along grain 3 x 10-6

Volume Coefficient of Expansion β, per °C

Acetone 149 x 10-5
Alcohol (methyl) 122 x 10-5
Benzene 124 x 10-5
Gasoline 108 x 10-5
Glycerine 53 x 10-5
Mercury 18 x 10-5
Petroleum 90 x 10-5
Sulphuric acid 58 x 10-5
Turpentine 94 x 10-5
Water 20.7 x 10-5

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Table of Densities

Substance Density Substance Density Substance Density

Solids (kg/m3) Liquids (kg/m3) Gases (kg/m3)
Aluminum 2700 Alcohol, Ethyl 790 Air 1.29
Brass 8700 Alcohol, 820 Carbon Dioxide 1.98
Methyl
Concrete 2300 Blood, Plasma 1030 Helium 0.179
Copper 8900 Blood, Whole 1050 Hydrogen 0.090
Glass 2600 Gasoline 680 Oxygen 1.43
Gold 19 300 Kerosene 820 Water, Steam 0.598
(100C)
Granite 2700 Mercury 13 600
Ice 917 Sea Water 1025
(4C)
Iron and 7800 Water (4C) 1000
Steel
Lead 11 300
PVC Pipe 1040
Silver 10 500

*Densities are given at 0C and 101.3 kPaabs (1 atm) pressure unless otherwise specified

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Properties of Materials

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Substance Melting Boiling Heat of Heat of
Point Point Fusion Vaporization
°C °C J / kg J / kg
Aluminum 658 2057 394 E3 —
Ammonia -77.8 -33.4 33 E3 137 E3
Copper 1080 2310 176 E3 —
Ethyl Alcohol -114 78 105 E3 854 E3
Gold 1063 2500 770 E3 —
Helium -273 -268 — 25.1 E3
Iron 1808 3023 289 E3 6340 E3
Lead 330 1170 24.7 E3 733 E3
Mercury -39 357 11.7 E3 297 E3
Methyl Alcohol -97 65 67.0 E3 1100 E3
Nitrogen -210 -196 25.5 E3 201 E3
Oxygen -219 -183 13.8 E3 214 E3
Platinum 1755 4300 113 E3 —
Silver 961 1950 109 E3 —
Tungsten 3410 5900 184 E3
Water 0 100 334 E3 2260 E3

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 Thermal Conductivities

Material Thermal Conductivity, k

W/(m·°C) = J/(s·m·°C)
AluAluminum 209
Air 0.0230
Brass 100
Brick 0.7
Concrete 1.72
Copper 384
Drywall 0.16
Fiberboard 0.0361
Fiberglass 0.0346
Glass 0.628
Goose Down 0.025
Ice 1.66
Silver 414
Steel 46.1
Styrofoam 0.0317
Water 0.0599
Wood (across grain) 0.126
Wool (rock or glass) 0.0377

Specific Heat Capacities

Substance J/(kg·°C)
Air 1000
Alcohol (ethyl) 2428
Aluminum 913
Brass 377
Copper 385
Ethylene Glycol (Antifreeze) 2210
Glass (thermometer) 670
Ice 2140
Iron or Steel 490
Lead 126
Mercury 138
Silver 234
Water (liquid) 4190
Water vapour 2020
Zinc 389

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