Industrial Waste Quiz

1. What is industrial waste?

a. Waste produced by industrial activity that includes any material

rendered useless during a manufacturing process.
b. Waste produced by households and individuals.
c. Waste produced by agricultural activities.
d. Waste produced by construction sites.

2. Which of the following are examples of industrial wastes?

a. Dirt and gravel

b. Masonry and concrete
c. Scrap metal
d. All of the above

3. What are the types of industrial waste?

a. Solid waste
b. Semi-solid waste
c. Liquid waste
d. All of the above

4. Which of the following is considered hazardous waste?

a. Solid waste
b. Semi-solid waste
c. Liquid waste
d. Chemical waste

5. What are the potential sources of industrial waste pollution?

a. Nearby soil
b. Groundwater
c. Lakes
d. Streams
e. Rivers
f. Coastal waters
g. All of the above
6. How are industrial wastes classified?

a. Hazardous wastes
b. Chemical wastes
c. Industrial solid wastes
d. Municipal solid wastes
e. All of the above

7. What type of treatment is required for industrial wastes containing

toxic pollutants?

a. Sewage treatment plants

b. Specialized treatment systems
c. Incineration
d. Landfill disposal

8. What is the environmental impact of untreated or partially treated

wastewater?

a. Directly affects marine ecosystems

b. Affects the health of those who depend on water sources
c. Can cause eutrophication
d. All of the above

9. How does thermal pollution affect water bodies?

a. Decreases oxygen levels

b. Kills fish and alters food chain composition
c. Reduces species biodiversity
d. All of the above

10. Which of the following can result in water pollution from

industrial processes?

a. Organic compounds
b. Metals
c. Nutrients
d. Radioactive materials
e. All of the above
11. What are the potential impacts of water pollution?

a. Contaminated drinking water sources

b. Degradation or destruction of habitat for animals and plants
c. Contamination of fish and other aquatic life
d. Damage to beaches and recreational areas
e. All of the above

12. What are some examples of harmful chemicals that may come in
contact with industrial process water?

a. Organic compounds
b. Metals
c. Nutrients
d. Radioactive materials
e. All of the above

13. What can happen if wastewater is discharged without treatment?

a. Groundwater pollution
b. Pollution of water bodies
c. Impact on human health and the environment
d. Damage to beaches and recreational areas
e. All of the above

14. What type of water can be affected by industrial wastewater

discharges?

a. Groundwater
b. Lakes
c. Streams
d. Rivers
e. Coastal waters
f. All of the above

15. How can untreated waste impact fish and other aquatic life in
coastal areas?

a. Contamination
b. Decreased oxygen levels
c. Destruction of habitat
d. All of the above
16. What can elevated water temperatures due to thermal pollution
lead to?

a. Decreased oxygen levels

b. Kill fish and alter food chain composition
c. Reduces species biodiversity
d. All of the above

17. How does water pollution from industrial activities affect human
health?

a. Contaminated drinking water sources

b. Illness due to consuming contaminated marine animals
c. Allergic reactions from swimming in polluted waters
d. All of the above

18. How can industrial wastewater contribute to eutrophication?

a. Release of excess nutrients

b. Increased levels of organic matter
c. Algae bloom
d. All of the above

19. How is wastewater from industrial processes often discharged?

a. Treated and reused for manufacturing processes

b. Released back into nearby bodies of water
c. Used for irrigation in agriculture
d. Stored in tanks for future use

20. How can untreated or partially treated wastewater affect water

bodies?

a. Pollute groundwater
b. Contaminate lakes, streams, rivers, and coastal waters
c. Affect marine ecosystems
d. All of the above

Assessment: Management of Industrial Wastes

1. Which of the following is true about aerobic treatment of industrial

wastewaters?
a. It is characterized by unpleasant odors.
b. It involves the decomposition of wastes into harmful inorganic solids.
c. The waste decomposition rate is slow.
d. It is not performed using microbes.

2. What is the purpose of a trickling filter in wastewater treatment?

a. To provide dissolved oxygen to microbes

b. To remove settleable and non-settleable solids
c. To produce unpleasant odors
d. To grow a layer of microbial slime

3. Which process is the most commonly applied biological wastewater

treatment method?

a. Trickling filter
b. Oxidation pond
c. Activated sludge process
d. Membrane bioreactor

4. What is the main responsible for the removal of organics in the

activated sludge process?

a. Bacterial biomass
b. Dissolved oxygen
c. Organic nitrogen and phosphorus
d. Organic carbon substances

5. Which process utilizes sunlight, bacteria, and algae to treat

wastewater?

a. Trickling filter
b. Oxidation pond
c. Activated sludge process
d. Membrane bioreactor

6. What is the purpose of a biofilter in wastewater treatment?

a. To remove H2S from wastewater

b. To remove organic carbon substances
c. To produce high-quality wastewater
d. To filter out large solids

7. What is biosorption in the context of wastewater treatment?

a. Decomposition of organic content in water
b. Accumulation of metals by biological molecules
c. Filtration of wastewater using membranes
d. Adsorption of pollutants by microbial biomass

8. What factors can affect the process of biosorption?

a. Ionic strength and temperature

b. Dissolved oxygen and pH
c. Concentration of metals and wastewater pollutants
d. All of the above

9. Why are microbes used in the treatment of industrial wastewater?

a. They are cheaper than traditional methods.

b. They are more efficient in degrading contaminants.
c. They are more competent in removing metals.
d. All of the above

10. What process involves bacteria, fungi, and microalgae in degrading

contaminants?

a. Bioremediation
b. Biosorption
c. Bioaccumulation
d. Biodegradation

11. How do biofilms help in the degradation of organics in water?

a. By producing sunlight
b. By providing carbon and energy to methanotrophs
c. By removing settleable and non-settleable solids
d. By interacting with pollutants on the cell surface

12. Which organisms have been shown to be effective in treating

industrial wastewater?

a. Methanotrophs
b. Aquatic plants
c. Anaerobic bacteria
d. All of the above

13. What type of bacteria can help clean up eutrophic water?

a. Desulfovibrio
b. Eichhornia crassipes
c. Plectonema sp.
d. Tolypothrix ceytonica

14. What is the main reason for using bacteria as biosorbents?

a. Abundance and small size

b. Resistance to environmental changes
c. Growth under controlled conditions
d. All of the above

15. In bacterial biosorption, what is the difference between active and

passive biosorption?

a. Active biosorption involves ion exchange and chelation.

b. Passive biosorption occurs in living bacterial cells.
c. Active biosorption occurs in dead/inactive bacterial cells.
d. Passive biosorption involves ion exchange and micro-precipitation.

16. Which type of biosorption involves metal ion uptake within living
bacterial cells?

a. Passive biosorption
b. Micro-precipitation
c. Active biosorption
d. Ion exchange

17. What mechanisms are involved in biosorption?

a. Ion-exchange, absorption, precipitation, and complexation

b. Microbial slime formation and wastewater flow
c. Decomposition of organic content in water
d. Filtration using biofilters

18. What is the purpose of microbial biomass in the treatment of

wastewater effluents?

a. To concentrate pollutants (metals)

b. To remove settleable and non-settleable solids
c. To produce high-quality effluent
d. To grow a layer of biofilm
19. Which bacterial populations determine the rate of biodegradation
in wastewater treatment?

a. Methanotrophs
b. Sulfate-reducing bacteria
c. Rhizosphere microbes
d. Aquatic plants' biofilms

20. What kind of organisms have the ability to degrade crude oil?

a. Aquatic plants
b. Anaerobic bacteria
c. Microalgae
d. Algae
Dye Degradations of Textile Industry Effluents Assessment

1. Synthetic dyes have many advantages over natural dyes in terms of:

a. Color variety.
b. Speed of coloration.
c. Absorption.
d. Water solubility.

2. The impact of textile effluents on the overall health of the aquatic

ecosystem is growing due to:

a. Increasing dye demand and production.

b. Inorganic and organic additives and chemicals.
c. High concentrations of dyes in wastewater.
d. All of the above.

3. Which type of dyes are commonly used in textile industries due to

their low cost and ease of use?

a. Azo dyes.
b. Natural dyes.
c. Synthetic dyes.
d. Reactive dyes.

4. Bacterial-assisted dye degradation is nontoxic and can decolorize

complex dyes. Which enzymes do aerobic bacteria use to break the azo
bonds in dyes?
a. Oxygen-catalyzed azoreductase.
b. Mono and dioxygenase.
c. Azoreductase.
d. Oxidoreductive enzymes.

5. In which conditions do anaerobic bacteria favor the decolorization of

dyes?

a. Aerobic conditions.
b. Oxidizing conditions.
c. Anaerobic conditions.
d. Alkaline conditions.

6. What is the role of oxidoreductive enzymes in bacterial dye

degradation?

a. Decolorization.
b. Hydroxylation.
c. Desulfonation.
d. Deamination.

7. Which bacterium can decolorize various azo dyes and Navitan Fast
Blue S5R under aerobic conditions?

a. Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
b. Pseudomonas sp.
c. Pseudomonas luteola.
d. Proteus mirabilis.

8. Hydrocarbons in petrochemicals can be degraded by microbes.

Which bacterium degrades n-alkane with chain length C10-C40?

a. Acinetobacter sp.
b. Bacillus sp.
c. Mycobacterium.
d. Pseudomonas putida.

9. Which bacterium can degrade poly-aromatic hydrocarbons?

a. Sphingomonas.
b. Acinetobacter sp.
c. Bacillus sp.
d. Pseudomonas putida.
10. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are emerging
persistent pollutants. Which microorganisms can help degrade
pharmaceutical pollutants?

a. Bacillus and Staphylococcus.

b. Arthrobacter sp. and Pseudomonas putida.
c. Cyanobacteria.
d. Arthrobacter sp., Pseudomonas putida, and Acinetobacter sp.

11. Pesticides are classified based on their functions. Which chemical

class of organic pesticides includes organophosphorus and
organochlorine compounds?

a. Herbicides.
b. Algicides.
c. Fungicides.
d. Insecticides.

12. What is the effect of pesticides left in the ecosystem?

a. They have a detrimental effect on the ecosystem.

b. They promote the growth of pests.
c. They improve soil fertility.
d. They decrease crop yield.

13. Bacteria can function as a bio-weapon to fight toxic agricultural

chemicals. Which bacterium can remove endosulfan?

a. Bacillus and Staphylococcus.

b. Arthrobacter sp. and Pseudomonas putida.
c. Cyanobacteria.
d. Staphylococcus aureus, Achromobacter sp., and Rhodococcus sp.

14. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, and

mercury are environmental pollutants. Which process do bacteria
utilize to immobilize heavy metals?

a. Uptake.
b. Transformation.
c. Detoxification.
d. Mobilization.
15. Bacteria can produce biosurfactants to aid in the bioremediation
process. What is the role of biosurfactants in removing heavy metals?

a. Decreasing surface tension.

b. Enhancing solubility.
c. Increasing metal bioavailability.
d. Decreasing bacterial growth.

16. Glutathione is involved in the intracellular sequestration of which

heavy metal ions?

a. Cadmium.
b. Lead.
c. Chromium.
d. Mercury.

17. Which type of bacteria can convert chromium from the highly
toxic Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III)?

a. Iron-reducing bacteria.
b. Sulfate-reducing bacteria.
c. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
d. Methanogenic bacteria.

18. How do bacterial cells absorb and uptake metal ions?

a. Biosurfactant production.
b. Attachment of microbial cells onto substrates.
c. Siderophore production.
d. Production of hydrogen sulfide.

19. Microbial methylation is important in the bioremediation of heavy

metals. Which heavy metal can bacterial cells biomethylate?

a. Lead.
b. Cadmium.
c. Chromium.
d. Mercury.

20. How do bacteria increase metal bioavailability in aquatic

environments?

a. Precipitation.
b. Immobilization.
c. Bioaccumulation.
d. Secretion of organic acids.

Assessment: Role of Fungi and Yeast in Removal of Pollutants

from Industrial Effluents

1. Fungi can help in the removal of pollutants (heavy metals) by:

a. Decreasing their bioavailability

b. Converting them to more toxic forms
c. Increasing their bioavailability
d. Producing more pollutants

2. What is one advantage of using fungal culture in wastewater

treatment over bacterial culture?

a. Fungal culture produces more organic acids

b. Fungal culture secretes fewer extracellular enzymes
c. Fungal culture transforms wastes into valuable compounds
d. Fungal culture is less efficient in pollutant removal

3. Which of the following characteristics of fungi make them an ideal

candidate for wastewater treatment?

a. Lack of extracellular enzymes production

b. The absence of a hyphal mesh
c. Secretion of many extracellular enzymes
d. Sensitivity to contaminants

4. What draws fungi to the rhizosphere?

a. Sunlight exposure
b. Water availability
c. Root exudates
d. High nutrient content

5. Which factors influence plant-fungi interactions in the rhizosphere?

a. Soil characteristics
b. Plant species
c. Water type
d. Climate
e. Other microorganisms

6. Plant-fungi interactions perform which of the following functions?

a. Metal-chelating
b. Siderophores emission
c. Denitrification
d. Detoxification
e. All of the above

7. What advantage does using fungal culture have over bacterial

culture in wastewater treatment?

a. Fungal culture can produce animal feed

b. Fungal culture produces more proteins
c. Fungal culture converts organic waste into industrially important
biochemicals
d. Fungal culture can degrade dyes in wastewater

8. Yeast can be used to eliminate pollutants (heavy metals) from the

environment by:

a. Absorbing and accumulating toxic compounds

b. Converting toxic compounds into more toxic forms
c. Ignoring the presence of pollutants
d. Decreasing the bioavailability of pollutants

9. What can yeast help reduce in wastewater?

a. pH levels
b. Bacterial contamination
c. COD levels
d. Odor

10. Which compounds can yeast degrade into nontoxic forms?

a. Mono and polyphenols

b. Heavy metals
c. Aromatic hydrocarbons
d. Pharmaceutical drugs

11. Yeast can be used to treat which type of wastewater?

a. Textile wastewater
b. Industrial wastewater
c. Agricultural wastewater
d. Domestic wastewater

12. Which of the following fungi can be used in wastewater treatment?

a. Pleurotus pulmonarius
b. Stachybotrys sp.
c. Cephalosporium aphidicola
d. Aspergillus parasitica
e. Verticillum terrestre
f. Candida sp.
g. Acremonium sp.
h. Glomus sp.
i. Minimedusa sp.
j. Talaromyces
k. Hydnobolites
l. Peziza

13. Identify a yeast species that can degrade dyes in wastewater.

a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
b. Galactomyces geotrichum
c. Trichosporon beigelii
d. Candida krusei

14. Which of the following is NOT a way yeast can eliminate

pollutants from the environment?

a. Absorbing toxic compounds

b. Accumulating toxic compounds
c. Degrading toxic compounds
d. Ignoring the presence of pollutants

15. Yeast can help reduce which of the following in wastewater?

a. Heavy metal concentrations

b. pH levels
c. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels
d. Bacterial contamination

16. Yeast can be used to treat wastewater from which industry?

a. Textile industry
b. Automotive industry
c. Pharmaceutical industry
d. Food processing industry

17. True or False: Fungal culture is more efficient than bacterial

culture in pollutant removal.

a. True
b. False

18. True or False: Yeast can degrade aromatic hydrocarbons in

wastewater.

a. True
b. False

19. True or False: Fungi can convert pollutants to more toxic forms.

a. True
b. False

20. True or False: Using yeast in wastewater treatment can result in

the production of animal feed.

a. True
b. False
Role of Microalgae in Degradation of Industrial Wastes
Effluents

1. What does the term 'phycoremediation' refer to?

a. The use of eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria for biological wastewater

treatment
b. The use of microalgae for bioremediation
c. The treatment of industrial wastewater using Chlorella sp. and
Tetraselmis sp.
d. The role of microalgae in degradation of organic carbon in wastewater

2. Which of the following microalgae strains is commonly used in

wastewater treatment?

a. Anabaena sp.
b. Scenedesmus sp.
c. Pseudospongiococcus sp.
d. Dolichospermum sp.

3. What characteristic of microalgae makes them an ideal candidate

for wastewater treatment?

a. They are capable of utilizing inorganic and organic carbon, nitrogen,

and phosphorus for growth.
b. Their life cycle is short and requires less nutrients.
c. They can be re-used through adsorption/desorption mechanism.
d. Their growth is independent of environmental conditions.

4. How does the efficiency of algal biomass compare to membranes in

removing heavy metals?

a. Algal biomass is less efficient than membranes.

b. Algal biomass is equally efficient as membranes.
c. Algal biomass is more efficient than membranes.
d. Algal biomass does not remove heavy metals.

5. What role does microalgae play in the degradation process of

industrial wastes?

a. They produce oxygen.

b. They assist in the growth of heterotrophic bacteria.
c. They remove heavy metals.
d. They remove organic dyes.

6. In which types of effluent treatment plants are microalgae useful?

a. Anaerobic treatment plants only.

b. Aerobic treatment plants only.
c. Both anaerobic and aerobic treatment plants.
d. None of the above.

7. What determines whether a microalgae culture-based wastewater

treatment is open or closed?

a. The source of nutrients.

b. The capital investment.
c. The culture conditions.
d. All of the above.

8. Where are algae commonly grown in open systems?

a. Ponds and lagoons.
b. Man-made ponds and tanks.
c. Deep channels.
d. All of the above.

9. What are the advantages of closed-type microalgae treatment over

open-type?

a. Reduced water evaporation.

b. Higher biomass yield.
c. Contamination elimination.
d. All of the above.

10. Which type of reactor is used to grow microalgae in closed

environments?

a. Tubular bioreactor.
b. Photobioreactor.
c. Stabilization pond.
d. Man-made pond.

11. What is the advantage of using algae-based biosorption for heavy

metal extraction from wastewater?

a. It is cost-effective.
b. It is environmentally friendly.
c. It is an efficient method.
d. All of the above.

12. Which types of microalgae can remove nitrate from wastewater?

a. Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp.

b. Scenedesmus sp. and Cosmarium sp.
c. Spirulina sp. and Phaeodactylum sp.
d. C. vulgaris and S. quadricauda

13. Which pollutants can microalgae remove from wastewater?

a. Nitrate.
b. Organic dyes.
c. Heavy metals.
d. Both b and c.
14. What are the major pollutants in water that can be removed by
microalgae and cyanobacteria?

a. Organic dyes.
b. Phosphates.
c. Nitrates.
d. Amines.

15. How do microalgae decolorize dyes in wastewater?

a. By adsorption.
b. By degradation.
c. By converting them to metabolites.
d. All of the above.

16. Which factors influence the efficiency of microbial biodegradation

of industrial wastes?

a. Soil type.
b. Temperature.
c. pH.
d. All of the above.

17. What role do microbes play in bioremediation?

a. They degrade physical wastes.

b. They degrade chemical wastes.
c. They alter or immobilize wastes.
d. All of the above.

18. What are the chemical factors that can affect microbial
biodegradation?

a. Environmental determinants.
b. Nutrients.
c. Biological factors.
d. Physical factors.

19. Where are microalgae commonly used for wastewater treatment

in temperate and tropical climates?

a. Stabilization ponds.
b. Photobioreactors.
c. Tubular bioreactors.
d. Man-made ponds.

20. Which types of wastewater contain algae cultivation nutrients and

organic dyes?

a. Textile wastewater.
b. Aquaculture wastewater.
c. Industrial wastewater.
d. All of the above.
Environmental Determinants Assessment

1. Which physical factor influences the survival of microorganisms the

most?

a. Moisture
b. Temperature
c. pH
d. Oxygen

2. At what temperature does the bacterial consortium of Bacillus

pumilus HKG212 and Zobellella taiwanensisAT show the highest
degradation of reactive green 19?

a. 22.07°C
b. 27.56°C
c. 32.04°C
d. 36.73°C

3. Acidophilic bacteria require a _ pH for optimal activity.

a. Neutral
b. Acidic
c. Basic
d. Alkaline

4. What impact does moisture have on the rate of biodegradation?

a. It increases the concentration of soluble materials.

b. It affects the osmotic pressure of aquatic systems.
c. It changes the pH of the environment.
d. It decreases the availability of nutrients.
5. Which conditions do anaerobic microbes require for growth?

a. High oxygen levels

b. Low oxygen levels
c. No oxygen
d. Variable oxygen levels

6. What factor is important for microbial metabolism?

a. Concentration of contaminants
b. Nutrient balance
c. Salinity
d. Biological interactions

7. Which nutrient is identified as critical for microbe growth?

a. Carbon
b. Nitrogen
c. Phosphorus
d. Oxygen

8. How does contaminant concentration affect biodegradation?

a. Higher concentration leads to higher biodegradation rates.

b. Lower concentration leads to higher biodegradation rates.
c. High concentration inhibits biodegradation.
d. Low concentration inhibits biodegradation.

9. What effect does high salt content have on biodegradation activity?

a. It promotes biological movement.

b. It enhances microbial growth.
c. It inhibits biological movement.
d. It has no effect on biodegradation.

10. What factors can affect the biodegradative activity of microbes?

a. Substrate specificity
b. Enzyme activity
c. Carbon and nutrient source competition
d. All of the above
11. What is the advantage of using microbial consortia for wastewater
treatment?

a. Faster removal of pollutants

b. Secondary application of treated wastewater
c. Enhanced ecological sustainability
d. All of the above

12. What is the relationship between algae and bacteria in the

microbial community?

a. Algae remove BOD and bacteria remove nitrogen and phosphorus.

b. Algae remove nitrogen and bacteria remove BOD.
c. Algae and bacteria compete for limited carbon sources.
d. Algae and bacteria form a strong biofilm community.

13. How does photosynthesis contribute to bioremediation in the

microbial community?

a. Cyanobacteria convert inorganic carbon to organic carbon.

b. Bacterial oxidation produces CO2 for algae growth.
c. Decomposers remove BOD and oxidize organic carbon.
d. Algae synthesize bioactive compounds for pollutant removal.

14. What is the purpose of the application of Ecobacter bacterial

consortium in wastewater treatment?

a. Biological removal of nitrogen compounds

b. Removal of organic matter and nutrients
c. Biodegradation of sewage load
d. Pollutant removal from textile wastewater

15. Which organisms were used in the microbial consortium to treat

oil field wastewater?

a. Acinetobacter junii TYRH47 and Typhadomingensis

b. Bacillus subtilis LOR166 and Klebsiella sp.LCR187
c. Saccharomyces and Streptomyces
d. Pseudomonas and Aspergillus
16. What is the efficiency of pollutant removal achieved using a
microbial consortium in municipal wastewater?

a. 70%
b. 80%
c. 90%
d. 100%

17. Which microorganisms are effective for the biodegradation of

sewage load?

a. Aspergillus and Streptomyces

b. Saccharomyces and Pseudomonas
c. Acinetobacter and Lactobacillus
d. Klebsiella and Streptomyces

18. What is the role of Lactobacillus in the degradation of sewage load?

a. Breakdown of lignin and cellulose

b. Release of bioactive compounds
c. Rapid decomposition of organic matter
d. Production of alcohol and esters

19. How do organisms in a microbial consortium degrade pollutants?

a. Through the secretion of enzymes and organic acids

b. By absorbing pollutants through their cell walls
c. By breaking down pollutants into smaller compounds
d. Through the production of oxygen molecules

20. What advantage does the formation of biofilm provide to a

microbial community?

a. Increased resistance to environmental factors

b. Enhanced nutrient uptake efficiency
c. Improved protection against predation
d. All of the above