Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LEVEL: ND II
SEMESTER: 2ND
Table of Contents
1.1 Introduction
Electricity can kill. Whenever you work with power tools or on electrical circuits,
there is a risk of electrical hazards, especially electrical chocks. Working with
electricity can be dangerous. Engineers, electricians, and other professionals work
with electricity directly, including working on overhead lines, cable harnesses, and
circuit assemblies. Others, such as office workers and salespeople, work with
electricity indirectly and may also be exposed to electrical hazards.
Many workers are unaware of the potential electrical hazards present in their work
environment, which makes them more vulnerable to the danger of electrocution.
1
Amount of current is the number of free electrons passing, and is measured by (Ampere)
1. Electrical Safety WEEK 1
Electric shock can cause muscle spasms, weakness, shallow breathing, rapid
pulse, severe burns, unconsciousness, or death.
Strange as it may seem, most fatal electrical shocks happen to people who
should know better. Here are some electro medical facts that should make you think
twice before taking chances.
It's not the voltage but the current that kills. People have been killed by 240
volts AC in the home and with as little as 24 volts DC. The real measure of a shock's
1. Electrical Safety WEEK 1
intensity lies in the amount of current (in milliamperes) forced through the body.
Any electrical device used on a house wiring circuit can, under certain conditions,
transmit a fatal amount of current.
Currents between 100 and 200 milliamperes (0.1 ampere and 0.2 ampere) are
fatal. Anything in the neighborhood of 10 milliamperes (0.01) is capable of
producing painful to severe shock.
As the current rises, the shock becomes more severe. Below 20 milliamperes,
breathing becomes labored; it ceases completely even at values below 75
milliamperes. As the current approaches 100 milliamperes ventricular fibrillation
occurs. This is an uncoordinated twitching of the walls of the heart's ventricles.
Since you don't know how much current went through the body, it is necessary to
perform artificial respiration to try to get the person breathing again; or if the heart is
not beating, cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is necessary.
Prevention is the best medicine for electrical shock. Respect all voltages,
have a knowledge of the principles of electricity, and follow safe work procedures.
Do not take chances. All electricians should be encouraged to take a basic course in
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) so they can aid a coworker in emergency
situations.
Always make sure portable electric tools are in safe operating condition.
Make sure there is a third wire on the plug for grounding in case of shorts. The fault
current should flow through the third wire to ground instead of through the
operator's body to ground if electric power tools are grounded and if an insulation
breakdown occurs.
1. Electrical Safety WEEK 1
Figure 1-2
Use the safety model to recognize, evaluate and control workplace
Know how to shut off and de-energize circuits to avoid any possible
electrical hazards
1. Electrical Safety WEEK 1
Figure1-6: Spot the wrong practice. Figure 1-7: Carelessness may hurt you
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1. Electrical Safety WEEK 2
2. Kneel beside the casualty with your knees near his shoulders (leave space to
roll his body). Place one hand behind his head and neck for support. With
your other hand, grasp the casualty under his far arm (See Figure above).
3. Roll the casualty toward you using a steady and even pull. His head and neck
should stay in line with his back.
4. Return the casualty's arms to his side. Straighten his legs. Reposition
yourself so that you are now kneeling at the level of the casualty's shoulders.
However, if a neck injury is suspected, and the jaw thrust be used, kneel at
the casualty's head, looking toward his feet.
Step 2: Opening The Airway-Unconscious and Not Breathing Casually
1. If there is any foreign matter visible in
the victim's mouth, wipe it quickly with
your fingers or cloth wrapped around
your fingers. Tilt the Head back so the
chin is pointing upwards. The victim
should be flat on his back. Pull or push
the jaw into a jutting out position for
removal of obstruction of the airway by
moving the base of tongue away from
back of throat (See figure 2).
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1. Electrical Safety WEEK 2
(air may be long through the victim’s teeth even the are clenched the first
blown should be determine whether or not abstraction exists.
3. Remove your mouth, turn your head to side and listen for the return rush of
the air that indicate air exchange. Repeat the blowing effort. For the adult
blow vigorously at a rate of about 12 breaths per minute. For a child, take
relatively shallow breaths appropriate for the child's size, at a rate of about 20
per minute.
4. If the victim is not breathing out the air that you blew in, recheck the head
and jaw position. If you still do no get air exchange, quickly turn the victim
on his side and hit him sharply between the shoulder blades several times in
hope of dislodging foreign matter. Again sweep you finger through the
victim's mouth to remove foreign matter. If you do not wish to come in direct
contact with person, you may hold a cloth over the victim's mouth or nose
and breath through it. Cloth does not greatly affect the exchange of air.
5. After giving two breaths which cause the chest to rise, attempt to locate a
pulse on the casualty. Feel for a pulse on the side of the casualty's neck
closest to you by placing the first two fingers (index and middle fingers) of
your hand on the groove beside the
casualty's Adam's apple (carotid pulse).
(Your thumb should not be used for pulse
taking because you may confuse your pulse
beat with that of the casualty.) Maintain the
airway by keeping your other hand on the
Figure 1
casualty's forehead. Allow to 10 seconds to
determine if there is a pulse (See Figure).
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1. Electrical Safety WEEK 2
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1. Electrical Safety WEEK 2
Screwdrivers:
Always match the size and type of screwdriver blade to fit the screw.
Don’t hold the work piece against your body while using the screwdriver.
Don’t put your fingers near the blade of the screwdriver when tightening a
screw.
Don’t force a screwdriver by using a
hammer or pliers on it.
Don’t use a screwdriver as a hammer or as
a chisel.
Don’t use a screwdriver if your hands are
wet or oily.
Discard and replace your screwdriver if it
has a broken handle, bent blade, etc
Use an insulated screwdriver when Figure 1
performing any electrical work.
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1. Electrical Safety WEEK 2
Hammer:
Pliers:
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1. Electrical Safety WEEK 2
Cutter
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2. Electrical and Electronics Symbols WEEK 3
3.0 Symbology
To read and interpret electrical Figure 1 Basic Transformer Symbols diagrams and schematics,
the reader must first be well versed in what the many symbols represent. This chapter discusses
the common symbols used to depict the many components in electrical systems. Once mastered,
this knowledge should enable the reader to successfully understand most electrical diagrams and
schematics.
The information that follows provides details on the basic symbols used to represent
components in electrical transmission, switching, control, and protection diagrams and
schematics.
Transformers
The basic symbols for the various types of transformers are shown in
Figure 1 (A). Figure 1 (B) shows how the basic symbol for the transformer is modified to
represent specific types and transformer applications. In addition to the transformer Figure 2
Transformer Polarity symbol itself, polarity marks are sometimes used to indicate current flow in
the circuit. This information can be used to determine the phase relationship (polarity) between
the input and output terminals of a transformer. The marks usually appear as dots on a
transformer symbol, as shown in Figure 2.
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2. Electrical and Electronics Symbols WEEK 3
Figure 2.
On the primary side of the transformer the dot indicates current in; on the secondary side the dot
indicates current out. If at a given instant the current is flowing into the transformer at the dotted
end of the primary coil, it will be flowing out of the transformer at the dotted end of the
secondary coil. The current flow for a transformer using the dot symbology is illustrated in
Figure 2.
Switches
Figure 3 shows the most common types of switches and their symbols. The term "pole," as
used to describe the switches in Figure 3, refers to the number of points at which current can
enter
a switch. Single pole and double pole switches are shown, but a switch may have as many poles
as it requires to perform its function. The term "throw" used in Figure 3 refers to the number
of circuits that each pole of a switch can complete or control.
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2. Electrical and Electronics Symbols WEEK 3
Table 4 provides the common symbols that are used to denote automatic switches and explains
how the symbol indicates switch status or actuation.
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2. Electrical and Electronics Symbols WEEK 4
Fuses and Breakers
Figure 5 depicts basic fuse and circuit breaker symbols for single-phase applications. In addition
to the graphic symbol, most drawings will also provide the rating of the fuse next to the symbol.
The rating is usually in amps.
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2. Electrical and Electronics Symbols WEEK 4
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2. Electrical and Electronics Symbols WEEK 4
The symbols in Figure 8 are used to identify the larger components that may be found in an
electrical diagram or schematic. The detail used for these symbols will vary when used in system
diagrams. Usually the amount of detail will reflect the relative importance of a component to
the particular diagram.
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3. Cables in Electrical installation WEEK5
4.1 Conductors
A" conductor " mean a material which allow the free passage of an electric
current along it, with very little resistance.
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3. Cables in Electrical installation WEEK5
b) Aluminium
Is available in many form, generally used in electrical applications.
The table (4-1) shows different types of conductors.
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3. Cables in Electrical Installation WEEK6
4. 2 Conductor characteristics
Conductors have three characteristics are:
1) Electrical.
2) Physical.
3) Chemical.
4.2.1 Electrical Characteristics
a) Resistivity
"Resistivity" is the resistance of a piece of the conductor with unit
length and unit cross- sectional area .
Solution: ρ L
R =
A
L = 1000 m
1.78 × 10-8 × 1000
ρ = 1.78 × 10-8 Ω.m
R = 4 × 10-6
A = 4 mm
2
= 4 × 10-6 m2
R = 4.45 Ω
b) Conductivity
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3. Cables in Electrical Installation WEEK6
c) Temperature coefficient
R2 = R1[ 1+ α (t2-t1)]
Example 4-2
The resitance of conductor is 20 Ω at temerature 30oC ,calculate the resistance at 60 oC? assume
Solution:
R2 = R1[ 1+ α (t2-t1) ]
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3. Cables in Electrical Installation WEEK6
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3. Cables in Electrical Installation WEEK7
4.3 Insulators
"Insulator" is a material which does not allow the free passage of an
electric current.
Insulators are used to surround the conductor with a material that prevents
the direct touch of live conductor and to provide a protection from outer
damages.
Types of insulators
Table (4-2) shows different types of insulators.
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3. Cables in Electrical Installation WEEK7
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3. Cables in Electrical Installation WEEK7
Cables Applications
a) Flexible cables ( flexible cord )
1- P.V.C insulated single core wire.
2- Tow core or (twin ) cable. Domestic and industrial work.
( two single isulated-stranded wire ).
3- Three core ( twisted ).
b)Sheathed cables
1- P.V.C sheathed cables.
2- Tough rubber sheathed cables ( TRS ). Domestic and industrial wiring.
3- Lead alloy P.V.C sheathed ( LAS ).
4- P.C.P ( polychloroprene sheathed cable ).
Table (4-3) : Wires and cables used in domestic installations.
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3. Cables in Electrical Installation WEEK7
c)
b) Circular flexible cable
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3. Cables in Electrical Installation WEEK8
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3. Cables in Electrical Installation WEEK8
Group 1 Group 3
Nominal Group 2
One or more Single-
Cross- Multicor
Single-core core
sectional e
cable cable in
area of cables
in conduits air
copper Rated Rated Rated
conductor Carrying Carrying
Carrying fuse fuse fuse
(mm2) capacity capacity
capacity (A) current current current
(A) (A)
(A) (A) (A)
0.75 - - 12 6 15 10
1 11 6 15 10 19 10
1.5 15 10 18 10 24 20
2.5 20 16 26 20 32 35
4 25 20 34 25 42 35
6 33 25 44 35 54 50
10 45 35 61 50 73 63
16 61 50 82 63 98 80
25 83 63 108 80 129 100
35 103 80 135 100 158 125
50 132 100 168 125 198 160
70 165 125 207 160 245 200
95 197 160 250 200 292 250
120 235 200 292 250 344 315
150 - - 335 250 391 315
185 - - 382 315 448 400
240 - - 453 400 528 400
300 - - 504 400 608 500
400 - - - - 726 603
500 - - - - 830 630
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4. Simple Lighting Circuits WEEK8
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Switches
Switch is a mechanical device for making and breaking electric current, non
automayically, a circuit carrying a current not greatly in excess of the rated
normal current of the switch. A switch is used for controlling a circuit or part of
A circuit.
Single-pole switch
Usually called one way switch, controls the live pole of a supply, also these
switches provids ON and OFF control of a circuit from one position only. The
usual application to control the lighting circuits.
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4. Simple Lighting Circuits WEEK8
Double-pole switch
Control two poles, use of double-pole switch means that a two-wire circuit
can be completely isolated from the supply.
Figure (4-5) shows single & double pole switches. The usual application is for
the main control of sub-circuit and for the local control of cookers, water-heater
and other fixed current-using apparatus.
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4. Simple Lighting Circuits WEEK8
4.2.2 Rating
Switch rating is the maximum current and voltage at which it should be
operate. In domestic installations, the rating of switches as follows :
Lighting circuits 5A or 6A
Water heater 15A or 20 A
AC circuit 25A or 45A
4.2.3 Regulations
Some of Bahrain regulations are :
All switches must be fixed in P.V.C or a metal boxes.
The minimum height of fixed a light switch is 1.37m above floor level.
No switches can be situated in bathrooms.
The minimum cross-sectional area of conductors used in lighting circuit is
1.5mm².
An earthing terminal, connected to the protective conductor of the final
circuit, must be provided at each metal switch box.
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COST ESTIMATION IN PLANNING WEEK
10
Having considered the technical aspects of contracting, that is, how to technically
carry out a particular installation, we now have to consider the business side. It is
quite clear that without being able to estimate the cost of a particular job, or being in
a position to give prospective clients a price for carrying out work, a contractor may
never have the opportunity to use this knowledge.
We cannot afford to quote too low a price, as this would involve the business in a
loss, yet i f the price is too high against that of the competitors, the work will go
elsewhere, and this happens two or three times, the client may refrain from inviting
further tenders.
5.6.2 Measurements
Estimating involves taking into account how the fob is to be carried out. This will be
generally stated in the specification or brief, taking into consideration site conditions,
and the construction of the building, measuring the quantity of materials required, if
no bill of quantity is given and on the basis of this, costing the materials and labour
required to carry out the work involved, making due allowance in measurements for
the fact that runs are not always straight, for switchdrops, wastage, etc. Estimating
the cost of materials is relatively simple, as long as careful measurements are made;
the quantity is multiplied by the net trade cost price of the material, and listed.
Estimating the labour involved and costing it, is far more difficult, and even
nowadays experienced estimators do not always agree on the number of labour-
hours required for identical'work. Yet every installation is in fact made up of a
large number of small jobs. the fixing of a fuse-board, lying of conduit, wiring of
conduit fittings, etc. No matter how large the installation, it can always be divided up
into smaller divisions, and finally split up into individual small jobs.
The time taken for each individual job in repetion work, in. let us say, a factory
production unit, can be fairly closely established by time-and-motion study as
working conditions are fairly constant. In the case of contracting however where site
and working conditions vary so very much from contract to contract, and where the
wiremen may be fixing conduit one day and fuse-boards the next, this is far more
difficult.
COST ESTIMATION IN PLANNING WEEK
10
When estimating the time allowed for each operation this must be consistent in the
same way as the price for materials, and must not change with the mood of estimator
from one estimate to another.
For most installations in buildings, the best way to sub-divide the installation is to
adopt a system such as the following:
1. Main switchgear
2. Sub-feeders
3. Sub-distribution boards
4. Lighting installation
5. Lighting fittings
and so on, and to deal with each item separately. This makes estimating easier,
gives a better overall picture, and ensure that nothing is forgotten. In many cases it
is advantageous to start the estimate with the lighting installation, as this enables the
estimator to familiarize himself with the extent of the building and its constructions
before tackling the more
difficult parts.
shown in Table. (5-1 of men. rather than priced immediately, as labour rates
change, whereas the time taken for given operations is fairly stable.
Week 11
Step 1:
Draw the execution plan of the circuit.
Step 2:
Layout the route of the conduits and the location of the boxes on
the board.
Step 3:
Cut the conduit according to the sizes given on the layout diagram.
Step 4:
Make the required 90° bends as shown on the layout diagram. See Fig.
(1.3 a, b), for bending springs and methods of bending.
Step 5:
Secure the conduit ends to the boxes, use adopters where necessary.
Step 6:
Secure the conduits to the board by saddles.
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Questions:
Materials Manuf cv Quaty Unit price Mat cost Labour Labour remarks
unit hrs
Total
PRICE SHEET
From the price sheets the cost of materials and labour has been established, but
this price must now be modified to take into account all the other expenses, and
work that is involved in carrying out a satisfactory installation.
At the beginning of every year management must decide what turnover they are
looking for. This may be based on the previous year's turnover or indeed if a newly
established company, a minimum turnover must be aimed for, in order to cover
costs.
The number of engineers, estimators, and other employed at Head Office must bear
some relation to turnover, and these salaried staff, together with office rents and
other expenses, storage, ...etc. form a fixed expenditure on overheads, irrespective
of turnover which must be covered by the contract price.
Let us assume that the total turnover target is BD. 80000 and the fixed overheads
are BD. 5000 per annum. Then, as a percentage the overheads are 6.25 percent and
the overall contract price must be increased by this percentage to cover Ac
overheads.
- Transport, even when the materials are purchased locally, also, transport or
ELETRICAL BILL OF QUATITIES WEEK
12
INTRODUCTION
A technician should learn to read without errors in plans or schemes given to him by
an architect or a contractor for the realization of an electrical installation , He might
also need to establish by himself a plan or a scheme of an installation before
executing it or to modify an already done plan or scheme
Different type of plans and schemes exist, According to the importance and the
complexity of an electrical installation, plan may play different role. This chapter
will discuss the knowledge of many elements, which joined together, contribute in
making it easier for a technician to read and execute an electrical installation. And
after considering the technical aspects, we are going to discuss how to estimate the
cost of a particular job, or in other words how the job is to be carried out.
Allocation plan determines and shows the detail of an observed object according to
the direction from which we are looking at it. Accordingly ,six different location
plan exist, see fig. 5.1
ALLOCATION PLAN WEEK 13
Side view: Right and left side view, looking at the object from the sides
Multi-view drawings are also called orthographic drawings A floor plan is a single,
view orthographic drawing of the outline and partitions of a building as you see them
if the building were cut horizontally about 12m above the floor line as shown in fig
5.2
There are many types of floor plans, ranging from very simple sketches to
completely dimensional and detailed floor plan working drawings.
Fig 5.3 shows the location plan of an apartment where the positions of the
door,windows and different sides of the apartment are indicated
After the basic floor plan is drawn,the designer should determine the exact position
of all appliances and lighting fixtures on the plan, as shown in fig 5.4
ALLOCATION OF LIGHTING AND WEEK 14
POWER POINTS
The exact position of the switches and outlets to accommodate these appliances and
fixtures should be determined Next, the electrical symbols representing the
switches, outlets, and electrical devices should be drawn on the floor plan. A dotted
line is then drawn from each switch to the connecting fixture.
Lighting
The main sources of light in a room should be controlled by a wall switch ,type of
switch plate cover should be selected.
Bedroom lights and lights for stairways and halls should be controlled with a two-
way switch as shown in fig 5.6 andfig 5.7 The outside lights must also be controlled
with two way switch from the garage and from the exit of the house as shown in fig
5.8.While basement lights should be controlled by a two way switch and a pilot light
in the house at the head of the basement stairs.
SOCKET OUTLETS
Thereare several types of electrical outlets. The convenient outlet is the plug in .It is
available in single, double, triple, or strip outlets .The socket outlet is a connection
point of a cicuit for one special piece of equipment.
The basic rules to follow when planning the outlets location on a floor plan are,
1 . No socket outlets shall be mounted in any bathroom except for shower outlet that
is of low voltage
2. No socket outlet shall be mounted within two meters of any tap sink, bisin in any
kitchen or any place.
4. Each room shall have at least one easy to reach outlet for the vacuum cleaner or
other appliances, which are often used.