Real fluids are further divided into Newtonian fluids and noi-Newtonian yg. Most fluid problems assume real fluids with ‘Newtonian characteristic, u convenience. This assumption is appropriate for water, alt, gases, steam, ..° other simple fluids like alcohol, gasoline, acid solutions, ele. Hi slurries, pastes, gels, suspensions may not behave according to simple g,¢ relationships. Delatant Fluids Figure 1 - 1: Types of fluid MASS DENSITY, p (RHO) ‘he deny of id is its mass per unit of volume, di"where: p= absolute pressure of gas in Pa R= gas constant Joule / kg" For air: R= 287 J/kg-°K R= 1716 Ib-fe/slug-°R T= absolute temperature in *Kelvin *K=°C +973 °R=9F +460 ‘Table 4 - 1: Approximate Room-Temperature Densities of Common Fiuldsie English : lb/ft te aan Metric; dyne/cm? cea of UP SI N/m? or KN/m* Sad F varies , fat SPECIFICGRAVITY atio of @ fluid’s density t0 5, bu if rity, 5, is a dimensionless T reference dé = Spee ravi, © ci yauron sguias anal solide ‘he f= lensiy i, water at 4° C (39.2°F). ific gravity is the densiy standard reference to calculate the spec! For water at 4°C: j | y= 62.4 [b/f? = 9.81 KN/m* p= 194 slugs/ft®= 1000 kg/m? s=10 cs \ yr | WS VISCOSITY, 1 (MU) ‘The property of a fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to -- KINEMAT shearing forces. A perfect fluid would have no viscosity. Kinematic F; if mass.dens Consider iwo large, parallel Plates at a small distance y apart, the space between them being filled with a fluid. Consider the upper plate to bbe subject to a force F so as to ‘move with a constant velocity U. The fluid in contact withAe eta sai ome gals ‘vith the same velocity UI while fie ee a Ye ede MIO Bie se ftdhn cot ‘tan be assumed to be a straight line and F varies as A, U and y as: ee(slug/ft-sec), ‘dyne-s/cm? em?/s (poise) (stoke) afi pels Note: " Lpoise=1dynes/em?=0.1 Pasec (1dyne=105N) ‘stoke = 0.0001 m2/s_ of “skin” that seems to form on.the free surface of a fluids lecular cohesive forces, and is known as surfice tesin, | that insects are able to sit on water and a needles ie tension al s bubbles and droplets to take om 5 [have more surface area perCapillarity (a) Adhesion > cohesion “ (b) Cohesion > achesion (Conary acon ne aie geno te Ee, SN sid ina fe tube. The rise or fall or a fluid ina capillary tube is caused by i on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the "ells of the containing vessel. > cohesion) and fall in tubes they do ). Capillary is important when using tubesTable 1 - 3: Contact Angles, © Materials a ie [mercory-giass | aon [waterparaifin [10> [watersiiver | 902 fis —| Fcompressitilty) isthe fractional pin pressure Ina conan.ICES imposed on a fluid move in waves. The velocity or (also known as_acousti sonic velocity) is tial oF 5tial absolute pressure of gas final absolute pressure of gas Vj = initial volume of gas Ve final volume of gas T; = initial absolute temperature of gas in °K (°K = °C + 273) Tp = final absolute temperature of gas in °K = ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to the specific heat a constant volume, Also known as adiabatic exponent. | | lecular activity in a liquid will _ liguid surface. Molecules of the vay vaporization and condensation at : liquids, such as propane, butane, pressure at normal temperatures. Lig orizes easily are said to volatile liquids.Table 1 - 4: Typical Vapor Pressures ¥ ae Det and a volume of 0.952 cu. m. s density, p, and (@ specific -Solution (@ W=mg =22(9.75) W=214.5N its mass will still be 22 kg. i ie (®) Since the mass of an object is absolute, Problem 1-5 ; i "What is the weight of a 45-kg boulder if it trough meas were aE nie per mastProblem 1-7 \ es ‘What is the specific weight of air at 480 kPa absolute an«1397 ene iol 325) 10° Note: pan = 101.325 kPa Bee +273) * rr cProblem 1 - 18 oe filled ‘Two large plane surfaces are 25 mm apart and the space BONY them is filled with a liquid of viscosity \ = 0.958 Pa-s. Assuming, the vel Coe ae Be a straight line, what force is required to pulla very, thin es ee a.constant speed of 0.3m/s if the plate is 8.4 mm from one of the s 0.958(0.3)(0.37) 0084Solution st, U/y U=ro U=0.125(2n) _U=0.785 m/s[2F, = 0] Wsin6-F,=0 Fe=Wsind = 176.58 sin 15° lary tube of diameter 3pens : ee of water 0.3 mm, t Jn What is the value of the surface felon et me the droplets 3 pen ith air if the pressure within diameter which is in contact with air if the P ; Pa? aations, me Will be the ° fe ati, ‘Atmospheric Pressure & Vacuum ® Ellted so “Atmospheric Pressure sc the pressure at any one pointon the earth's surface from the © Same ~ weight of the air above it. A ouewum is a space that has all matter removed from it. MP as wel It is impossible to create a perfect vacuum in the laboratory; NO matter how static force advanced’ vacuum system is, some molecules are always present in the vacuum > bucket js area, Even remote regions of outer space have a small amount of gas. A vacuum emptying an also be described as a region of space where the pressure is less than the [ABSOLUTE AND GAGE PRESSURES Gage Pressure (Relative Pressure) ite ts Gage pressures are pressures al sured by pressure ‘or manome! P ne yee is SE It obeoista ‘ofa U-shaped tube with one end connected the container and the other open to the 2 water, oil, or mercury, the difference in manometer ‘indicates the pressure conditions. ror higher pressure Tferences, a Bourdon gauge, named ee the French inventor Eugene Bourdon, is used. ‘This consists Gea nalon tut Be veer een, bent in the shape of a hook: One ene, the tube is Ted the other open and connected to the measurement 722.0". the . igference from local, atmospheric ~ normal atmospheric pressure of 760 mm (29.9 in) of mercury. Under Normal conditions at sea level: Pat, = 2166 I/F? 47 psi = 29.9 inches of mercury (hg) 760 mm Hg = 101,325 kPa ( Absolute Pressure 4 4 “ , : Absolute pressure is the pressure above absolitte zero (vacuum). Note: * P Absolute zeros attained ial ari E ee ponrecnre nee Tels the lowest possible pressure attainable. : 999e Pressure is equal to the negative ofthe ambient atmospheric pressure.58.675 920° 1 ‘current atmosphere = Standard atmosphere = 101.325 abs 104, 41.325 9000 160 2b ‘Absolute ro = -103.225 oF -100 9890 ne ‘Al pressure units in kPa Figure 2 - 3: Relationship between absolute and gage Pressures Note: Unless otherwise specified in this book, the berm pressure signifies gage Pressure, MERCURY BAROMETER 5 ‘A mercury barometer Is an accurate and relatively ‘simple way to measure changes in atmospheric pressure. At sea level, the weight of the atmosphere. forces mercury 760 mm (29.9 in) up a calibrated See {lass tube, Higher elevations yield lower readings pressure because the atmosphere is less dense there, and the Reser thinner air exerts less pressure on the mercury. eel vat sea Level With refereno ANEROID BAROMETER. In an aneroid barometer, a partially evacuated metal drum ‘expands of contracts in response ~ tp changes in air pressure, A series of levers and springs translates the up and down movement ofthe drum top into the direuir motion of the pointers along the anerold barometer's face,vation is hi, to lie in the 2), whose difference in ele n rth a crosscctione AEA © ‘and a length of L. pon it must be in equilibrium. VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE Consider any two points (1 & ends of an elementary prism Since this prism is at rest, all forces acting Free liquid surface ests | Figure 2 - 4: Forces acting on Jem or “ Py zero gage pressure or withNOMETER. A Matiometer isa tube, us 4 alt ane \ of a! isually bent in me Known specific Btavity, the surface of wl Of pressure. It is used to me ure. Press usProblem 2-3 If the pressure 23 meter below a liquid 084 Fn Tee, eget WSL to asries aL twclenigtlts Uni eters 5) surface in a closed tank is Problem 2-5 the surface? If the pressure in the air s 115 kPa absolute, what is t pace above an oil (6 = 0.75) the gage pressure 2m below Solution P= Portico + Yt Pawtace = 115 - 101.325 Note: parm Peace = 13.675 kPa gage p= 13.675 + (9.810.75)(2) p= 28.39 kPa = 101.325 kPa Problem 2-6 Find the absolute pressure in kPa at a depth of 10 m below the free surface of oil of sp. gr. 0.75 if the barometric reading is 752 mmHg. Solution Par = Pain + Parse Paisn = Yin Tm = (9.81 x 13.6)(0.752) Paim = 100.329 kPa Pas = 100.329 + (9.81 x'0.75)(10) Pate = 173.9 kPa Problem 2 - 7 A pressure gage 6 m above the bottom ainin, l of the tank containing a liqui kPa. Another gage height 4 m reads 103 kPa. Deine cn : a ight of the liquid. RD Solution Re) Pesce icyProblem 2-8 An » — golution kN/S, tank contains 5.8 m of water covered with 3.2 m of Kerosene (y=, ince! ‘m’). Find the pressure at the interface and at the bottom of the tank, shoul Solution 4 (®) Pressure at the interface 4 PA= Yehe = 662) pa= 25.6 kPa kerosene | (b) Pressure at the bottom ue i pe=Zyh ube = Yo Iho +e Me 4 <9.81 KN , = 9,816.8) +86.2) } po = 82.498 kPa I Problem Problem 2-9 5 jn the fy If atmospheric pressure is 95.7 kPa and the gage attached to the tank reads 1s} | pressure mmHg vacuum, find the absolute pressure within the tank. pressure 231.3 KE ‘of olive) Solution Pats = Pat * Powe Page = Yorcry Henry = (981 x 13.6)(0.188) = 25.08 kPa vacuum, Page = -25.08 KPa pan = 95.7 + (25.08) > fod ar paw =70.62KPaabs F Problem 2-10 The weight density of a mud is gi Sew he 2 given by y= 10 + 0.5h, where y is in KN/m? a¥! his inmeters. Determine the pressure, in kPa, ata depth of Sm, : ieoa of the nares vet fevp 4 mercury to (a) IH bre 7 teeProblem 2 - 18 (CE November 1998) is 0501sq. em. Piston A has a cross-section of 1,200 sq, cm while that of piston © is poe Bett atcee tases than plsuonid by 175 elite bakeRViens ne Po Os Fe arial witsse specine gravityi\0.8, what Bpneidtierence P< between A and B. Solution Pap, rol = (9810 x 0.8)(1.75) pa~ ps = 13,734 Pa c. Solution Since points 1 and 2 lie on the same elevation, then;tional to d with? contain Probl e+ since the gage reads “FULL” "For the tank shown in:the Figure, oft. he, Ha then the reading is equivalent 10 30 cm of gasoline. Reading (pressure head) when the tank contain water # (y + 2phe) em of gasoline Then; y+2yhy 730 y= 27.06em JE jem 2 = 24 (CE Board November 2000) = 3m and fy = 4m. Determine the valueProblem 2-25 (cE Board May 1992) .e air chamber? In the figure shown, what is the static pressure in kPa in the aif Solution ai ‘The pressure in the air space Solution equals the pressure on the surface Sum-up pressur Dh sd 1 to3 in meters Pa y4q3. mao ; he 81(2) .62KPa e 0+14.75 = Pp Pe Pa toll 19.62 ~ps= (9.81 x 0.80)(4) po=s1L.77 kPa Another solution: 5 Sum-up pressure head from 1 to 3 in meters of water: _ i: Ft 42-4080) = 23 : f y y 5 ‘ 049-32— P30 fi 981 ps= 177 kPaFigure (b): ie When the funnel is filled with water to B, pot with the same value as point 2 moving up t0 2 ‘Sum-up pressure head from B to 2: PB) 4 gg 4 y+ x—(@ + 0.15 +2)(1359) = Y Pa. 7 0+ 080+ 2.03 + x-27.1r-2.03=0 26:1 x=080 x= 0,031 m= 3.1 em New reading, R= 15 #2¢=15 +20) New reading, R= 22cm Problem 2-29 ‘The pressure at point m in the figure eased from 70 KPa to 105 KPa. This causes the top level of ‘mercury to move 20 mm in the sloping tube, Whatis the inclination, 02 Figure (a) In Figure (a)Sum- pe Pressure head from 2 to m in meters of water: Pa 5 ya36)-x= Pm = Be esr Fa) In Figure (b): Sum-up pressure head from 2’ to m’ in meters of water: | FZ + (0.2sin 0 + y + 0.2)(13.6) -(x + 0.2) = a | OF 272sinO + 13.6y + 2.72 - -x-0.2= aR =*=8.183-2,72 sin ® Eq. (2)Problem 2-31 + The U-tube shown is 10 mm in diameter and contains mercury. If 12 ml of water is Poured into the right-hand leg, what are __ the ultimate heights in the two legs?ET : a ee ep pressure head from 1 03 in mm of water: Pi 41528-Ras.6)= 1 vf a R=11.24mm & in Eq. (2): 5 TL.24 + 2e= 240 s x= 114.38 mm Ll Ultimate heights in each leg: Right-hand leg, he = ht +x = 152.8 + 114.38 Right-hand leg, hg = 267.18 mm Left-hand leg, lic = R+ = 11,24 + 11438 Left-hand leg, fy, = 125.62 mm Problem 2 - 32 Fora gage reading of -17.1 kPa, determine the (a) elevations of the liquids in the open _ piezometer columns E, F, and G and (b) the deflection of the mercury in the U-tube meter neglecting the ‘weight of airone ee Weight =F, = pix Aree 74a FP Weight = 61.61 kN Problem 2-35 ‘mercury reading is 100 mm, what difference in meters of water? (b) If carbon tetrachloride (ss Je) were'used instead of mercury, what would be the manomete: ‘teading for the same pressure difference? Be sericngs-1-15~ Fs 7 Be =15-01+0.1136) Y PS =2.76 mof water 7 i) Gage liquid = carbon tetrachloride reading i=? um-up pressure head from 1 {04 in meters of water, Bh oxen -Wa.ss)-x-15 = 26 7 7 Ba Ph 15 +059 ae where BS 2376 > fom) : ves: adem Inthe figure shown, determine the height of water and the reading at 24 reading at A oven the =r Pressure at B is oe 290 og nips Bu.‘Sum-up absolute pressure head from B to.A in meters of water, z -07(136) +07 = ee Besar Be (P= 2035 kPa abs: (Problem 2537-2077) iq aga ION Relea oar ee Inthe figure shown, the atmospheric pressure is 101 KPa, the gage ‘reading a A i540 kPa, and the vapor pressure of alcohol is 12 KP absolute. Computex + y Solution ‘Sum-up absolute pressure heed from I to 2in meters of water; A yog= 22 J ie 2 ‘Sam-up pressure (ga) head from 1 to 4in meters of water; BL +1109) 13(08)-13036) ~ Be t BO + 09r-1651=0 ost x=1381m ‘then, x + y= 2842. m Problem 2-38 for the manometer setup. shown, determine the difference in. pressure between A and 8. "Solution x2088=y +17 x-y7102m > Eq. a) ‘Sum-up pressure head from A to B in meters of water, Hane een 7 #7 D6) + y= Be Pa FE 84, @ Substitute s~y = 1.02in Bg.) to Bg, (2) aN ee Ey, 1.02In Figure bp’ = p+ 40 ‘Sum-up pressure head from A’ to B in meters of water; PA (osx) 0254 29936+ 22543) ~ Ft PatHO og sn-34-m7zr2a5te~ FE Y 7 Pa MO 65 a52r= BE Y 98t Y Pa, . BB = 2523-2403 + oT 1.65 = 252-2423 ¥= 0162: = 162mm Bur 24 . Ba New mercury deflection ~ 250+ 2x = 250 + 2(162) New mercury deflection = 574 mm Problem 2-41 In the figure shown, determine the difference in pressure between poins, and # samp pressure hea from A to Bin meters of ster: Ds «0.21088 0990136) -031(082) +025 -0(00012) = PE 7 Pa _ P= 4.0523 mof water 17 pupa 981010523) = 10.32 KPa problem 2-42 (CE Board) ‘ssiming novmal barometric pressure, how deep in the ocean is the point sve an air bubble, xpon reaching the surface, has six times its volume than ithad a the bottom? Solution Applying Boyle's Law {@ssuming isothermal condition) p= 1013+ 0= 1013 Vem 6V (1013 + 10.204) V = 1013.6 ioa04h=101369.1013 = 50.13 mProblem 2- 43 A vertical tube, 3m long, with one ‘open end down, into a tank of w: ‘connected to the upper end of the: ‘Vapor pressure and assuming no1 the tube below the water surface Solution ~ay ON PLANE SURFACES _Consider the plane surface shown inlined at an angle @ with the hon “To get the total force F, consider Poses faced Sy slemen|sherional the pressureslem vertical rectangular plane of height d and base b is submerged in a ligui ith its top edge at the liquid surface. Determine the total force F actin ‘side and its location from the liquid surface. acting on De rccrcascenProblem 3-2 ‘A vertical triangular surface of ‘submerged in a liquid with ts vertex force Facting on one side and it | Hence, pressure Side horizontal.Using the presaure diagram: F= Volume of prewure - = 08) and half in What is the ratio of ‘by oil acting on theProblem 3-7 (CE Board May 1994) A vertical cular gate ina tunnel 8m in diameter has ol P80) on Side and as ont er sue" If olf 12m above the fnvert and n° Presune 40 a where wl ingle suppor be cated (BOY the icy the tunnel to hold the gate in position? _ Ses indie tark 2m in dnt and 8m dnp wih ai Pete 6 m deep ofl (sp. gr. 08). The al abowe the guid sorte hes 4. re te ere ees Btistasboninan tose ca Solution B=pucA : Por = 08 kg/cm®= 8,000 ki/mn? = 8000s 2) =32,000n ky yie6+1=7m apa a= (1000 08)() + 8,000 Pre= 10400 kg/m? 1040042 6) = 124.8008 eg Far = Pur A, =40% 4.06)? : Fag = 2011 KN ¢ ayia bs i *124,800% = (1000 x 0.8)h (2n x 6) ‘The support must be located at point O where the moment due to fs ry ata and Fats zero. Since Fat > Pur O must be below Fs. ee, {EMo= 0} Le _ Rene: Fale —§) = Fuld ~9) Ay (2nx6)(13) (G155)5-y) = 201144-y) decide” ie vam "F.=156800n kg > Total normal forceFetus By (136,800%) y= (2,0008)(7) + 124.8008)2.77) soustion Y=363m~ "> Location of Ficom the bottom Mine OF S Pred!) | a | sing the pressure diagram: Fetha=98F jas) perish i =e eo J& wher =F % y _ sa? 1 ““asxin | Wh 1 =05+e~05+ pee 7 ak Th (e+ 4 ) =40 sh +0.08903 = 2718 =527m=h +05=5.77m > critical water depth. P, = $0002) = 125 0008 kg, P, = 14,800)(6N2n) = 288007 ky P=P,+P,=156800xkg > Total normal force (y= Pins Pays) Problem 3-10 (056800) y = (128,000%)(4) + (28,8005) 2) "A serial circular gate is submerged in aliquid so that its top edge is ushed Y=363m > Location of P from the bottom “rth the liquid surface. Find the ratio of the toal force acting on the lower lft that acting on the upper haf Problem 3 in the figure shown, stop B will break if the force on it reaches 40 KN. Find the critical water depth. The length of the gate perpendicular to, the sketch is 15mNovember 1997) ide of tediameter are used for supporting flashboards at the cre Tests show that the yield point of iron to be 310 MPa s). Neglecting the dynamic effect of water on flashboards tic conditions, what is the proper spacing, S, of the iron pins, shoards 600 mm high will yield when water flows 150 mm fie flashboards. ? deep= 624830204068 3019189 Ibs Fay 6202) e= 0.1347 ft b= 1.698 - 0.1347 = 1.5683 ft [2Ms = 0} PQ) = Fa) 13,01989(1.5633) = Ft) = 50885 Ibs solving for sbi he as Mo = G81 13.6)070) + OBI 175, he2am | Total force on side CD: (Note: 1 bar = 100 kPa)Problem 3 - 3on with the upstream face vera. Wate is im high and’6 m wide atthe base anc oetwcen the base§ Ge Fes ie 10.485 ‘roblem 3-32 (CE Board November 2001) The section o Fa gravity dam is "3-33 (CE Board May 1985) as shown in the 8 hydrostatic upteovahy tol on ofthe Masonry dam s as how ic uplift to vary Fe eee tof Concree e eey cibe specific weight of water is ‘uniformaly from full hydrostatic ager eran oe ZAM UN ae, Aaemegspit pram Uplift from the hee] to zero at varity ydrotatlc acs the toe, Determine the total sees eal o ero at reaction per unit length at the prestirion of the drain, base of the dam. Use sp. gr. of S the ose the (location of concrete = 24 mitant force, @) factor there hes ingtaliding if Solution i : ote or ection 075, rf eaety against Re fRe* . eit the stress at - rearing; (2) the ses sxe po on) ‘Consider 1-foo! length af da =e nithorizontal shearing R-Foyha aaron at the base = 62.430)60 *1) = 112,320 bs Rant ee We Were sym 24x29 9°49 ya W, = 224,640 Ibs. Wey Va m= (24.29 28 a) _ We= 44,928 Ibs We = ye Va= (624 « 24) 19(24)(40)(1) Wi) = 71,884.8 Ibs: ; Wem te Var (024) 480)(60) 1, = 56,160 Ibs = yu Vis = (624) ¥4(60)(70)(1) = 131,040 tbs R,= 224,640 + 44,928 + 71,8848 + 56160 131,040We = 2354 [(7\52)(1) = 8,569 kN Ws = 28.54 [4(26)(52)(0)] = 15,913 KN We = 981(/45)0)0)] = 1.2263 kN U= ¥490.5)(23.2)(1) = 5,690 KN Fy A =9.81(25)50(1)) =12263 kN UL, Reaction R= P= 12263 WN R= Wit Wit We 4 -U = 3188 + 8569 + 15,913 +1,2253-5,690 R,=23.2013kN IV. Moment RM= WiG473) * W295) + 1440733) + W@653) = 3 183(34.73) +8569(29.5) + 15,913(17.38) + 1.226.306, RM = 683,900.12 kN-m Om = 60/3) + u@047, = 12,263(50/3) + 5,690(30.47) OM = 877,758 kN-m V. Location of R, Ry =RM-OM 23.2013 F = 683,900.12 - 377,758 =13.2m (@) The resultant force is 13.2 m from the toe. Sitess atthe toe, (use “+”); y= 117021 kPa ‘Steess at the heel, (use -") je> 1452 KPa (0 Unit horizontal shearing stress, 5, The submerged curve AB is one ‘quarter ofa circle of radius 2.m and is located on the lower ‘comer of atankas shown. The Jength ofthe tank perpendicular tothe sketch is 4m, Find the ‘magnitude and location of the horizontal and vertical ‘components of the total force acting on AB.Benya Fa=98109)14)2) | Fr 3924 kNProblem 3 - 40 81 x 0:82)(0.00628) fn inverted conical plug 400 min diameter and 300 mi long close, | cllametercicular hole at the bottom ofa tank containing 600 mm of re") f= 0.0506 KN SP. of 082, Determine the total vertical force acting on the plug! ng ahh || BZos1d- 000s | Solution cam FeO NGS KN = 635 N downoad | | é at | “Fete eter horizontal cylinder 2 m long plugs « i by 2mm sectangular A 2a ee pottom of a tank, With what force is the cylinder pressed against fe oe rk duc to he 4m depth water? thepotio™ Bam F,= 0.81 x 0:82)(n(0.1}(045)] Fi=OLI4kN Ms Va Viraen= Vein oye: 2 foay +(0.2\(0)+(04)2) -0.1)40.15) i V3 = 0.00628 m*Area of segment, A: = 0.614 m? Vo= 0.614) =1.228 me F:= Fs =981(1.228) Fe= Fe 1205KN Net force =) FF Net force = 42.72 ~ 12.05 12.05 Net force = 18.62 kN Problem 3-42 In the figure shown, determine the horizontal and vertical components of the toral force acting on the cylinder per m of ts lenge Area of segment, A, = (0)"(120*) egment, Ay = FA in on =9181(401) nose Vaated 1h A FeV an(6 121424001 BA 354.56 KN BE os pind haa = ee)? 48824 4.20] =40.1 m? : shown is a The ge m varier_ circle 25 “Wie Find the force F sufficient to prevent eee thegate. i let the weight of 2-025:07105)Solve for z and x Fut) = FuQ/3) 21.05(e) = 49.05(2/3) | 22 155m ya2ez=2-155 45m PMs = 0} Fs @/3) + Fv(s)- FQ) = 0 2F = 49.05(2/3) + 21.05(0.45) Problem 3-44 he cylindrical tank shown has a ‘hemispherical end cap. Compute the horizontal and vertical components of the total force due to oil and water acting, on the hemisphere Since the surface is circular, EMo= Odue to Fan Py aan fe 2198 = O80) 1.279) x ncay Peres in a 1Yo Fro Volume of imaginary oll above the surface Y,= Volume of half eylinder “Volume of eophere Ye Yax@)0) - 4 x) ¥,= 70.686 m? Fao = 81 « 080)(70.686) Fron S574 EN Fores dus to water Fn= Pe A Fm [081 «08)(7) + 9810273) x Yexoy Fn = 953.19 KN eae escheat tose edu 4 weight of real water above the corace Fou = @B1 08)» Yin3}47) +981 «M4 0) Fry = 105401 Total horizontal force, Fy = Fuo + Fray ‘olal horizontal force, F, = 635.4 + 953.19 Total horizontal force, F, = 1,588.59 kN > ‘Total vertial force, Fy = Fiy~ Fro ‘Total vertical force, Fy = 1,054.01 - 554.74 Total vertical force, Fy = 499.27 kN veight of fluid withi Faye gihtel Gat within he hemisphere Fo= (281M0.8)[ 24, ia on x 37.G))] +9.81[}<4n @))]Problem 3-45 Pressurized water hydrostatic force acti {ls the tank shown in the figure. Com, ing on the hemispherical sirtace. ote 3-46 7 ryder gate shown m3 a frce required to open the quarer-ylindr peterming I tne is 50 kN acting 1.2.m to the right of O. tone empha int wo : farce tes oo aie . i 4 os J ‘Solution ‘Convert 100 kPa to its equivalent pressire head, 2 or os Eo aie ee eee PMo=9} 8) = 8001.2) + Fx0) | AMEN” 100 kPa F = Weight of imaginary water abave the hemispherical surface Ve. Bab Vz = Volume of cylinder + Volume of hemisphere _{ihmispetcal dome shown is sil with ol (¢ 09) ands attached to the Veo = 0(2)45.194) + Ex $22) eee eel) opp. . What Vay = 82.025 m* F =9,81(82.025) = 804.7kKN force in each bolt i: quired down ifthedomeweighsS0KN?