Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By:
Dr. Aya Hossam
Lecture 1
“Components, Quantities, and Units”
RULES OF LECTURE
❑Sections:
• Dr: Hadeer
3
Rules
2. Capacitors: Foil
Mica
• Also named, condensers. Foil
Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil
• Store electric charge. Mica
Foil
Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)
Passive Components
3. Inductors:
• Also Known as Coils.
• Used to store energy in an electromagnetic field.
Passive Components
4. Transformers:
They are sometimes used to couple ac voltage from one point in a circuit to
another, or to increase, or decrease the ac voltage.
Active Components
• Passive components are used in conjunction with active components to form an electronic
system such as:
• In a complete circuit Voltage or current source are most active elements which deliver power in the
circuit.
- An ideal dependent source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
Independent voltage source
• An ideal independent source provides a specified voltage or current that is
completely independent of other circuit elements.
Examples: Generators, batteries are the ideal voltage sources in circuits.
• Figure (a) shows dc voltage source and figure (b) shows the symbol of time
varying voltage source
Independent voltage source
• The Electronic Power Supply converts the ac voltage from
a wall outlet to a dc voltage that can be varied over a specified range.
An ideal voltage source has zero internal resistance.
An ideal voltage source gives a constant voltage.
Practical voltage source has an internal resistance connected in series with an ideal voltage.
Independent Current source
• An ideal independent current source is also an active element which
supply a specified current to a circuit.
• The figure shows the independent current source symbol where arrow sign
indicates the direction of flowing current (i)
Independent current source
- An ideal current source gives a constant current. An ideal current source has infinite internal resistance
- Practical current source has an internal resistance connected in parallel with ideal current source
Dependent Source
• Dependent source of voltage or current is controlled by other element in the
circuit.
There are four types of possible dependent are:
❑A current controlled voltage source (CCVS),
❑A voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS),
❑A current controlled current source (CCCS),
❑A voltage controlled current source (VCCS).
Dependent Source
• A current controlled voltage source (CCVS)
,,,,,,,,,where ix is controlling parameter
Dependent Source
• A voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)
,,,,,,,where Vx is controlling parameter
Dependent Source
• A current controlled current source (CCCS)
,,,,,,,,where ix is controlling parameter
Dependent Source
• A voltage controlled current source (VCCS)
,,,,,,,where Vx is controlling parameter
Dependent Source
• Here the voltage is 5i depends on current (i) through element (C). The
value of dependent voltage source is in 5i Volt.
• Voltage source has polarities (+ -) symbols. But current source contains
arrow indicating the direction of current.
2. Measuring Instrument
1. Digital Multimeter (DMM):
An important
multipurpose
instrument is the
DMM, which can OFF VH
Hz
measure voltage, VH
current, and V
mV H
resistance. May A
VV
include other
10 A
40 m A COM
measurement
options.
2. Measuring Instrument
2. Power Supply:
An important
instrument for
providing voltage
and current.
2. Measuring Instrument
3. Oscilloscope:
An important
instrument for
observing and
measuring AC
circuits.
3. The International System of Units
SI• Fundamental Units
current ampere A
charge coulomb C
voltage volt V
resistance ohm W
power watt W
4. Scientific and Engineering Notation:
• Very large and very small numbers are represented with scientific and
engineering notation.
T tera 1012
G giga 109
M mega 106
k kilo 103
Small
Engineering Metric Prefixes
m milli 10-3
m micro 10-6
n nano 10-9
p pico 10-12
f femto 10-15
Quiz Of Lecture 1
1. A resistor is an example of
a. a passive component
b. an active component
c. an electrical circuit
d. all of the above
Quiz Of Lecture 1