7.7 Technique and Skill - its Characteristics and Importance .

Different Stages of Technique

Development and Technique Training . Tactics and Strategy

Technique and Skill

The basis of all games and sports is a few skills , performed with certain precise techniques .
Therefore , the relationship between a skill and a technique is that of hand and glove . Notably , no sport
can be played without its skills being learnt , practiced and perfected , and no skills can be performed
without using one or other technique . For example , high jump involves skills of running at an angle with
certain speed , taking off at a certain point , propelling the body into the air , going over the cross bar and
landing , and each one of these simple skills performed with respective techniques . Even the simple
activity like running is governed by the skill - technique principle . Some sports like gymnastics ,
swimming , soccer , hockey , basketball , etc. , are more complex in terms of skills , so are the techniques
with which the respective skills are performed . Remember , skill is fundamental to a sport , technique is
performer's choice .

Technique

Technique refers to a way of carrying out a particular task especially the execution of an artistic
work or a scientific procedure ( with a view to achieve an aim ) . In common parlance , a technique is a
particular method of doing an activity , usually a method that involves practical skills . In sport ,
technique is defined as the motor procedure adopted to cope with ( or tackle ) a motor task . Each sports
skill has a given way of solving a motor task ( contents of a sports skill ) in accordance with the rules of a
given sport , biomechanical rules and locomotive possibilities of the athlete which are referred to as
technique . Specific individual adjustment of technique by an athlete is referred to as style .

The motor procedure is the system of movements ( number of them may take place
simultaneously ) of several body parts to a definite sequence . In different sports , sportspersons have to
come to tackle different types of motor tasks ; for example , in shot - put , putting the shot as far as
possible ; in weight - lifting , lifting as much weight as possible ; in team sports , hitting , striking , kicking
, lobbying throwing , bowling the ball as hard and fast as possible in different situations constitute variety
of motor tasks . Technique or motor procedure is basically a model and is presented in verbal , mechanical
or physical mathematical form - the most common being verbal and physical . The physical aspect of
technique is conveyed through demonstration and the audio - visual aids .

Characteristics of Technique

The following characteristics of technique are well documented in sports literature .

 Technique is a qualitative aspect of an action , and an economical way of performing an act or a

skill .

 Every technique has a theoretical model defining its procedure and supporting it .

 It may combine numerous intertwined movement patterns .

 A technique is a product of some innovative idea , human experience and practice .

 Technique is dynamic concept , ever - changing or modifying itself in relation to exigencies of time
and place as well as its importance .

 Quality of coordination and level of motor development are proponent factors in the acquisition of a
particular technique .

 Often sports rules and regulations necessitate modifying old techniques of performing certain skills
and / or innovating new ones .

 Models of techniques draw much strength from the actual motor movement procedures followed by
elite sportspersons .

Importance of Technique
 Technique is important in sport and in other aspects of life such as cooking , washing , mopping
the floor , cleaning the utensils , making gadgets , handling a neonate , teaching a precocious child or a
slow learner , and so on for its ability to allow human beings to economize on effort , energy and time .
Tremendous improvement in sports performance has taken place in almost all sports sherry due to
incorporation of innovative biomechanical , training and psychological techniques . The performance
techniques are being refined day by day by making use of the latest computer technology and artificial
intelligence . But for innovative Fosbury Flop and Bubka techniques incredible improvement in high
jump and pole vault would have been just not possible .

Apart from this , technique is one of the greatest indicators for sports injury . Poor technique leads
to higher injury rates , especially overuse injuries . Good technique , on the other hand , protects against
injury and produces a better performance . Someone with good technique is biomechanically efficient .
This means they can produce more power , and greater accuracy with less effort . This protects against
injury . For example , a tennis player with good technique for their serve is more consistent with their
first serves , but also suffers less injury because they are putting less strain on their body . This prevents
injury to the back or shoulder .

A player with poor technique generates unnatural forces that pull the body or its joints in directs
they are not designed for . This is non - efficient movement , requiring greater effort from the athlete and
causing more injuries . A cricket bowler with poor technique is more likely to injure their neck , back or
shoulder .

Skill

Skill is a generalized term applied to any act , action or activity that is voluntary , coordinated and
is performed with a specific goal in mind . In terms of definition , ' a skill is any learned ability to bring
about pre - determined results with maximum certainty ; often with the minimum outlay of time or
energy or both ' . Everything we do in any life situation , contains an element of skill . No skill comes to
us automatically but has to be learnt informally or formally by observation or by experience i.e. trial and
error . Training and practice are very crucial to learning of skills . At the foundational level , skills are
very simple , having only a single element but gradually many simple skills combine to form a complex
skill , having several different elements . In sporting context , a skill is an ability to perform a sporting
skill consistently well at speed , under fatigue and pressure conditions in a competition environment .

Skill Categorization

Though there is huge variety of skills ranging from physical skills to technical skills , mechanical
skill , mental skill , etc. , to performing skills , yet from the viewpoint of education , learning , physical
activity and sports , skills are often sub - divided into two categories : ( 1 ) physical skills and ( 2 ) mental
skills . Physical skills , also known as motor skills , form the basis of all sporting activity ranging from
spontaneous play of infants and children to highly complex and competitive sports and games . Motor
skills are further sub - divided into ( a ) Simple motor skills or fundamental movement skills that require
very little intricate body movement and are similar in most sports , for example , running , jumping ,
throwing , hopping , catching , kicking and hitting ; and ( b ) Complex motor skills that require intricate
body movements with finer control of many body parts , for example , a lay - up shot in basketball or a
somersault in gymnastics .

Fundamental motor skills are movements that have specific observable patterns . They include :

 Locomotor skills such as running , jumping , hopping , galloping , rolling , leaping and dodging ,
horizontal jump , slide .

 Manipulative skills such as throwing , catching , kicking , striking and trapping , dribble ,
overhand throw , and underhand roll

 Stability skills such as balance , twisting , turning and bending

Fundamental sport skills stem from fundamental motor skills and are these movement skills applied
to a sport situation : for example , kicking a soccer ball , running a sprint , jumping up for a basketball
rebound , catching a baseball . By mastering fundamental movement skills , children will find it easier to
learn fundamental sport skills . The combination of these two types of skills forms the basis of physical
literacy and opens the door to new sports and physical activities and helps build a better , more confident
athlete and person .
 Based on the precision of movements , the following two big motor skill categories are mentioned in
literature .

 Gross Motor Skills : These are the skills that we need to operate the large muscles in our body . It
refers to things like moving our arms and legs . Gross motor skills are some of the first things we
develop , like when we learn to crawl and then walk . Generally speaking , our gross motor skills are
developed by the time we are done with childhood .

 Fine Motor Skills : These skills are small movements and actions . So , actions like holding a
pencil and writing both require fine motor skills . These skills use smaller muscles like our fingers
and toes . They involved more refined movements than gross motor skills .

No matter , what category or sub - category a motor skill belongs to , some element of mental skill is
involved in it . Most performances in sport require some form of mental activity . The simple motor skills
require little mental input , whereas activities such as orienteering require the performer to mentally
assess the situation before making a decision about the next move . Mental input is required to ' read the
game ' knowing when to smash in badminton as opposed to playing a drop shot . Working out why errors
occurred during a performance before repeating that performance , requires a high level of mental input .
Top performers will therefore , have as high a level of mental agility as physical .

Characteristics of Skill

Various definitions of skill and its performance in practical situations define the characteristics of
a skill .

 A technique is an ability to perform a physical task , a skill is do so in a game setting .

 Often a skill is said to be an action or a group of actions in combination , for example , ability -
technique combination

 A skill is learned , performed , controlled , coordinated , and practiced to be point of perfection .

 A skill involves some technique of doing it in a particular way .

 It is marked by maximum certainty , efficiency and pre - determined results .

 Consistency , aesthetics , coordination and efficiency are hallmarks of a Em good skill .

 Finally , a huge difference exists between learning a skill and learning to perform the skill
consistently well at speed , when you are fatigued , under pressure and trying to execute the skill
in front

Importance of Skills

Skill is important in life . The 21st century is the century of skilled people where survival depends
on the quality of personal skills . Skill is of paramount importance in sport because the sky high of
mansion of sports stands proudly on the strong foundation of skill . This is what makes skill a prerequisite
in sport . The more skilled you are , the better you control the proceedings on the playfield , in the
gymnasium , on the track and in the swimming pool . All top sportspersons , in any sport , are known for
their perfect skills , which they have developed over time with the sweat of their brow , ingenuity and
cognitive superiority . Skill is obviously a central part of sports Athletes use their skill to achieve athletic
objectives e.g. sprinting a 10.0 second 100m . Skill is not an inborn attribute ; it is something acquired
and therefore has to be learned .

When skills have been perfected , they instill confidence in the sportsperson and enable him or her
not only to play their game during competition with utmost physical readiness and right frame of mind but
also take on the opponent without any fear of failure or anxiety . If the athlete has lower skill levels then
they will focus on the skill and this can result in greater incidence of injury . Not being well skilled in
hitting , kicking , catching , falling and tackling ( the ball and the opponent ) is tantamount to an open
invitation to injury .
 No other compartment of sport is so objective and straightforward in judging the quality of athletes
performing at various levels than the sporting skills . By testing skills , it is possible to make a distinction
between the superior athletes and those inferior in performance . That is the reason why skills occupy
topmost spot in the structure of sports .

In the absence of quality skill , the overall performance in any sporting activity gets a drubbing
and you cannot , in any case , hope to achieve your objective at the competition . For example , a poorly
skilled football player , may be dribbling the ball looking down the whole time and collide with a defender ,
or even his own player . In this he may lose control of the ball or get himself injured . Or he may be
distracted and step on the ball spraining his ankle . Conversely , a more skilled autonomous athlete ,
however , can focus on his or her surroundings and still perform the skill well . They can dodge players
and see what is coming in front of them . If he or she is hitting a cricket ball , he / she can respond
quickly to the particular ball , adjust his / her action and perform the skill safely without being injured .

Different Stages of Technique Development and Training

As pointed out above , skill and technique make the solid stuff of a sport and both are subject to
learning and training . No one , how so gifted in terms of sporting talent , can become an athlete of some
consequence without being formally exposed to skill - based activities according to their aptitude and
interest right from the beginning . In today's highly competitive world , wishing to be a serious
sportsperson in a sport of one's choice requires one to adopt a sporting career , which , technically , is
divided into several stages , running parallel to the individual's maturing process in which , as one
advances in time , various abilities develop through interaction with various internal and external forces .
Athletic abilities , skills and the techniques of acquiring them are varied - both general as well as specific .
Education , learning and training are intertwined long processes and have an intimate relationship with
growth and development processes notwithstanding personal qualities an individual happens to possesses
by Providence .

The stages of technique development , by and large are the same for tea sports and those with
similar characteristics . Each training stage defines the differential criteria for the development of
technical ability as a consequence an organized training under the well - known parameters .

 Multipurpose general conditioning stage ( age 8-10 years )

 Oriented multilateral preparation stage ( age 10-12 years )

 Specific initiation stage ( age 12-16 years )

 Specialization stage ( age 16-20 years )

 Stage of perfection ( ( age 20-24 years )

 High performance stability stage ( beyond 24 years )

Multipurpose General Conditioning Stage

This prime of life stage is crucial for growth and development and requires children to be
adequately exposed into congenial activity environment which affords them opportunity to have varied
motor experiences . This helps children unfold their talent in terms of coordinative abilities ( capacities ) .
Importantly , the activity program orientation , during this period , must be non - specific , focusing
squarely on participant's general development . Experience and experimentation are largely the basis for
motor capacity development .

Oriented Multilateral Preparation Stage

After undergoing a spectrum of wide and varied motor movements , the young athlete arrives at the
the threshold of this oriented multilateral preparation stage , where the training of technical abilities is
mostly focused on the improvement of non - specific coordination of such movement groups as present the
individual to be really talented . Past this stage , the individual gets ready to make a plunge into the web of
the specific technique associated with some sport specialty e.g. basketball , soccer , gymnastics or
athletics .
Specific Initiation Stage

12-16 - year life - span is a specific initiation stage when generalized training must give way to
more formal and specific technical training focused on sport specialty movements following self - execution
model . Adaptation of abilities specific to skills with involvement of cognitive processes is of utmost
importance for the motor repertoire to assimilate them . As per psychologists , thoughts , movements and
behaviors which don't get into the muscles through consistent effort never fully possess the mind . Hence ,
the emphasis on practice and more accurate practice is a fundamental principle of technique learning .

Specialization Stage

From growth viewpoint , this supposedly pseudo - maturity stage is a stage of specific
specialization as the child's morphological development comes to completion . Importantly , the technical
training gets streamlined so as to move on the path of stability enabling the athlete to take their own
decisions in important matters at critical junctures . Adaptability to competition situations , among other
factors , must necessarily be the focus of all technique training . That , perhaps , would enable the athlete
and the coach to realize that their choice was correct .

Stage of Perfection

At this juncture , the sportsperson has had a firm grip over all technical abilities and now onward
all his effort is directed towards gaining perfection over all critical aspects of performance . It is important
for the space - temporal and structural aspects to be in total concordance for achieving perfection over
competitive situations . The variability in these situations serves as a testing ground for cognitive and
specific conditional capacities , which are being trained with continued consistency so that ultimate
perfection in technical ability is achieved effortlessly .

High Performance Stability Stage

This high - performance stability stage stems from the perfection stage . From now onward , all
possible motor solutions to competitive situations must be sought in most cases on the basis of athlete's
personal attributes and creative capacity . The sportsperson is now in possession of a very high level of
technical ability and he / she is well trained to take the bull by the horns during intensely competitive
performance situations . Tryst with movement solutions over time makes the athlete highly efficient and
effective in his / her performance sprees .

Technique Training

The importance technique in sport has already been highlighted above . Importantly , sports can be
categorized on the basis of technique involvement and performance / competition situation , which could
be constant or variable .

( 1 ) Sports in which a single technique determines the performance , and which are based on
a constant technical model , where the structure of da competition is relatively constant . This includes
most track & field events , swimming , bowling , shooting , and archery . Any variation within the ant
structure of competition is restricted to factors such as weather , competition surfaces , facilities and
equipment .

( 2 ) Sports in which a multiplicity of techniques determines the total performance , and

where the structure of competition is relatively constant . Within each sport there exists a similarity of
technical model between certain techniques , but each technique is distinct . Constancy of technical
performance is made possible by the structure of competition and the conscious differentiation of
techniques . Artistic gymnastics , dance , figure skating , and diving fall under this category .

( 3 ) Sports in which a multiplicity of techniques may be demanded of a rapidly changing

competition structure . Sportspersons here must select appropriate techniques to meet the changing
demands of competition , but must also master each technique in the ' pool ' at sportsperson's disposal .
All team sports , combat sports , sports in which there are exchanges with an opponent ( such as table
tennis , tennis , badminton ) , and sports in which environmental demands other than the opponent ( for
instance , weather , terrain ) , necessitate rapid and / or accurate selection of the most expedient
technique ( sailing , climbing , golf or canoeing ) , come under this category .
 The aim of technique differs from sport to sport ; in some sport , it is meant to improve a fitness
component , in another , to develop certain physical abilities as briefly described below :

( 1 ) Sports wherein technique aims to express intensive strength of brief duration within the ideal
technical model such as sprints , jumps , throws , weight - lifting , etc .

( 2 ) Sports wherein the aim is endurance development with an optimal expression of strength .
This embraces middle- and long - distance running , skiing , rowing , swimming , cycling etc.

( 3 ) Sports wherein technique aims to developm those physical abilities , which permit accuracy of
performance of movements within a prescribed program . This includes gymnastics , trampolining , figure
skating , and diving .

( 4 ) Sports wherein technique aims to solve complex problems associated with interplay of athletes
and / or environment , e.g. team games , combat sports , racquet sports , etc.

Objectives of Technical Training

The general objectives of learning or using technique in different sports are as under :

 In endurance sports events , techniques ensure high movement economy or reduction in energy
expenditure . The number of techniques to be learnt is too small - one or two at the most . The
movements are simple and can be mastered within a short period as in long distance running ,
cycling , rowing etc.

 In sprinting events , technique is meant to ensure high movement frequency with high generation of
force for short duration . Here also one or two movements are to be acquired and perfected to effect
effort economy .

 In power sports ( such as shot put , high jump , weight - lifting etc. ) technique facilitates generation
of maximum force for imparting maximum speed to the body or to an implement . The performance of
movement requires a very high co - ordination so that the force generated by different muscle groups
of various body parts can be effectively summated to achieve technique's ultimate aim . Techniques
involved in these sports are limited just one or two though the movements are usually complex
requiring much longer period of training for perfection .

 In technical sports like diving , gymnastics , figure - skating , etc. , the technique enables the
sportsperson to execute a movement or a combination of different elements of a movement with
perfect precision , grace and beauty .

 In regulatory sports like sailing , motor sports , equestrian events etc. , learning of proper technique
is important as it helps to regulate a complex system ( of relationships ) in which the athlete and
some equipment , automobile or animal have to work in perfect unison . The force applied to produce
movement is external and the sportsperson has to control and regulate it in order to achieve the best
results .

 In combat sports ( judo , wrestling , boxing , etc. ) a good technique enables the player to execute
learned movement ( s ) for tackling a task very well in consideration of the situation and tactics . In
each of these sports , techniques , which come in a great variety - each with several variations , act
as tools for effective tactical action .

 In team sports ( field hockey , football , basketball , handball , volleyball , etc. ) technique aims to
enable a sportsperson to tackle a task in consideration of situation , the opponent ( s ) , teammate
( s ) and tactical objective to be achieved . In each team sport , a large number of techniques
( common as well as play position - specific ) with great variations have to be mastered .

Stages of Technical Preparation

The motor skill learning process occurs against the theoretical backdrop governing it .

Accomplishing the aim is conditioned by :

  understanding the technique as a unity of its internal and external features

 step - by - step procedure of its acquiring

 stabilizing the technique

 comprehensive conception ( contents organization )

 conscious activity of both the athlete and coach

The process is neither linear nor even ; it is winding and long - term unlimited by time . In practice ,
it seems to cover three stages : ( 1 ) drill , ( 2 ) improving , and ( 3 ) stabilization .

Drill

Tasks :

 learning the objectives of selected sports discipline

 drilling the technical basics of relevant sports skills

This stage proceeds in the follow axis :

 introduction ( rules , feeling the water , ball etc. )

 defining the task ( couch's input , athlete must identify him / herself with the image )

 creating image

 initial attempts ( verifying the image under simplified conditions ) , repeating ( " repeating without
repetitions " )

Improving

Tasks :

 firming , improving and subsequent adjusting techniques in given specialization .

 gradual interconnection of technique and fitness requirements and physiological functions of the
athlete .

 focusing the stage aims at further shaping the image

All information is integrated in a single unit of complex locomotive analyzer which is sport specific .
Firming and improving is carried out through sophisticated repetitions of relevant exercises which lead
towards automation . This stage continues to improve mainly kinematic ( time and space ) and dynamic (
strength ) parameters of motion structures . Technique should be gradually interconnected with its
fitness basis and energy supply .

The main aim of this stage of technical preparation is final technique firming and stabilization .

Stabilization

Tasks :

 firming and stabilization of sports skills complexes as units which are ready to be involved in
programs for competitive activities of the athlete
  mutual interconnection , combination and adjustments of these units to most demanding conditions
under which sports activity is employed

 attempts to firm and stabilize lead to another , more in - depth , uniting of technique , fitness ,
psyche and tactics into highly functional units

The substance of stabilizing technique in this stage lies in automation of relevant structures and actions
of skills structures and their continuous adjusting to competition conditions .

The methods for improvement of technique are analytic , analytic - synthetic , concentration ,
dispersion , etc. , precisely documented as : ( a ) Presentation Method ( demonstration , explanation ,
lecture ) ; ( b ) Co - operative Method ( movement , practice , discussion ) ; and ( c ) Task Method
( observation , movement task , training task , study task , planning task , documentation task ) . The
procedures include whole , from whole to part , and from to whole .

Tactical and Strategic Preparation

Along with techniques , tactics are also important . These are called simple tricks of the trade . A
tactic is defined as an action or strategy carefully planned to achieve a specific end . In sporting
contexts , tactics consist of tactical actions and also other measures adopted by the athletes before and /
or during the competition for achieving the desired goal . This is a strategic art of handling foreseen
and / or unforeseen situations skillfully as defense people do during battles and wars . Mastering
necessary tactical actions , working out play strategies - whether individually or with the teammates - in
consideration of the nature of competition , standard of the opponent ( s ) , exigencies of time and place ,
rules of the game and such other things constitutes tactical preparation . The underlined idea is to gain
an edge in competition by ( a ) successfully countering the opponent ( s ) ' moves , ( b ) making one's own
moves highly effective ( productively result - oriented ) , and ( c ) adopting psychologically superior
gestures and body language which take away the sting from out of the opponent's strikes , punches , hits
, kicks , drives or shots . Players also are trained to adopt such tactics as can influence the judgment of
the judges , referee , umpires , etc.

In terms of objectives , tactical preparation enables the athletes to :

 organize himself for the competition ;

 perceive and analyze the competition situations correctly ;

 prepare the competition plans and strategies precisely and diligently ;

 implement the plans effectively even under most trying situations ;

 quickly select and apply the already acquired skills for obtaining the best tactical results ;

 work out solutions for foreseen and unforeseen ticklish problems quickly ;

 make a realistic assessment of his own tactical behavior vis - à - vis that of the opponent ; and
finally , to

 overcome his rival convincingly so as to build up confidence for next competition .

Differentiating between Technical Skills and Tactical Moves or Strategies

The two terms can be differentiated this way :

 Strategy is understood as a pre - prepared plan of actions in a specific competition . The plan is
defined by key strategy points ( points in competition when the athlete makes decisions according to
given strategy in so - called conflicting situations ) .

 Tactics further analyzes and shows possible solutions of individual competition situations
( conflicting situations ) . The focus here is on practical implementation of these situations within given
 plan ( strategy ) ; in other words , tactics cover individual , group , team , offensive , and defensive
moves or strategies .

Implementing tactical actions is carried out on the following axis :

 perception and analysis ( situation occurrence - situation recognition situation analysis )

 mental solution ( solution proposal - solution selection )

 movement solution ( solution execution , feedback )

Tactics Application

Tactics are individual - specific strategies or tricks developed by the athlete himself or herself
through competitive experience and play interactions and 1209 applied in the variable ground - zero level
conditions , which are categorized as ( 1 ) fixed conditions ( referring to playfield or sports grounds , sports
area , equipment , fixtures , etc. ) ; and ( 2 ) changing conditions ( meaning such elements as the referee ,
audience , route , ball bounce , etc. ) . Playing competitive tennis , for example , on a grass court , concrete
or synthetic court makes the player change his tactics i.e. playing strokes or drives according to the
nature of the court . Similarly , playing under the watchful eye of a strict soccer referee makes the player
use play tactics especially tackling the opponent ( s ) carefully and discretely for fear of offensive play
leading to violence . Success is ensured when playing material , player's mind and spectators ' mood are
well aligned .

Drilling Tactical Skills

Tactical skills are understood as certain procedures or models of competition situations solutions
acquired by training . Acquiring tactical skills presupposes influencing the athlete's :

 perception ( space , rhythm , objects )

 thinking and decision - making ( analysis , synthesis , generalization , intuitive solutions -

solutions outside the scope of perception )

 knowledge ( rules , organization of sports combat conduct , principles of R tactical actions in

specific situations , knowledge of strategy )

 experience ( memory , anticipation )

The principles of drilling tactical skills include the following :

 Tactical skills are closely related to technique

 There is a certain specific solution for each competition situation

 Theoretical background ( algorithms , patterns ) must be acquired before drilling itself

 Suggest solution to a situation when drilling and perhaps let athletes to discuss it

 at first , teach without pushing , increase resistance and pressure ( time , space , fatigue ) after they
handle individual parts

 Group skills ( power play patterns ) must be practiced in an analytic way ( in pairs or groups of three )

 It is preferable to handle solving smaller number of situations with better quality

 Adjusting situation to expected competition conditions

Solving Competition Situations

 When creating strategy plan , pay attention to : ( a ) competition aim , ( b ) competitor power , ( c )
competitor strategy , ( d ) own power , and ( e ) information of on environment and conditions . Solving
practical situations is based on the level of preparation during training and the extent of their
indefiniteness ( i.e. they cannot be prepared in advance )

Let us differentiate among :

 Algorithmization ( standard situations L. ) the athlete chooses from several pre - prepared solutions
( A , B , C options ) . Medium indefiniteness .

 Patterns ( standard situations II . ) everyone knows what to do in a given situation , both me and other
team - mates ( e.g. direct free kick , offensive combination , service in volleyball . Minimum
indefiniteness .

 Instant unprepared solution is improvised . Creativity is of very high importance . High

indefiniteness .

Constituents of Tactical Preparation

Several elements combine to make tactical preparation .

 Tactical Knowledge : Tactical knowledge , firstly , refers to the need for the knowledge of rules and
regulations of the game . An athlete deficient in this department of the game often faces variety of
problems during competition . Clever sportspersons know how to manipulate or exploit the lacunae in
rules to gain tactical advantage . Apart from this , knowing what technique to apply where and when is
crucial for effort economy ; for instance , not to overtake on the curve in running events .
Psychologically disturbing the opponent , and understanding the extent to which judges , referees ,
umpires , etc. , can significantly influence a sportsperson's performance and how he can divert this
influence to his own advantage are superior game tactics . In final analysis , the sportsperson must
primarily acquire complete information about the competition so as to plan out his strategies well and
in time . se al in

 Tactical Skills : Tactical skills are automatized motor behaviors which come into operation
instinctively when a tactical task or situation is to be tackled tactfully during the game with utmost
economy of effort . These skills are , in fact , conditioned mental responses reflected in movements
which require quick smooth execution . A sportsperson makes tactical responses at the spur of the
moment with no forethought of it .

 Tactical Abilities : The term tactical ability refers to the capacity of the sportsperson to make use of
his physical and psychological abilities as well as technical and tactical skills according to the
situation on the playing field when the game is in progress . A person may have variety of effective
weapons in his arsenal , but if he possesses no ability to use them at a right moment and in a right
manner , he will remain miles away from success . It is difficult to enumerate tactical abilities for they
are merely abstract concepts . Suffice to say that tactical abilities are mental attributes which
distinguish a top sportsperson from an ordinary none . The ability to have a good orientation ,
differentiate one kind of

1211 – Missing

series , seminars , workshops , symposia , etc. , on the subject are very useful to develop this ability .

Quality of Competitive Behavior : Competitive behavior ( nature , spirit , motivation , etc. ) is not
inherited , it stems from individual environment interaction . The more a sportsperson gets exposure in
the competitive environment , the more he / she is able to sharpen the edge of their volitional , cognitive
and emotional qualities needed to realize their goals at competitions .

Exposure to New and Unaccustomed Situations : If you intended to raise your level of performance and
be able to tackle more difficult problems ea you must not tread the beaten paths but go in for more vivid ,
varied and intensive interaction with new and unaccustomed situations . You would be able to accept
challenges and throw challenges to others only when you have learnt to be creative and intelligent in
coping with unforeseen situations and emergencies . In order to develop this ability ,frequently change
exercise patterns , work under varying sets of col conditions and circumstances , increase the level of
difficulty progressively , add new elements to tactical training schedules , and bno undertake more
demanding athletic ventures .

 Creative Self - effort : Acquiring game tactics is directly linked to your gait own creative self - effort
than to your coach's formal or informal teaching for training . You must at your own learn to make a
tryst with several options in finding out new solution ( s ) to old problems and be more creative than
depending on others for everything - big or small . The min self - effort should be directed not only at
doing tactical exercises on the playing field but also at assimilating the latest knowledge on techniques
motor and tactics of the game , development of mental and social skills needed to improve the
performance related tactical factors . In this entire effort , the coach must act as a good friend , guide ,
philosopher and directing to agent .