Chapter 7

The Nervous
System

Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical College

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Peripheral
Nervous
System
(PNS)
PNS consists of
nerves and
ganglia outside
the CNS
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 Structure of a Nerve

 Nerves are bundles of neurons found outside the

CNS
 Endoneurium is a connective tissue sheath that
surrounds each fiber
 Perineurium wraps groups of fibers bound into a
fascicle
 Epineurium binds groups of fascicles

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Figure 7.22 Structure of a nerve.
Axon

Myelin sheath

Endoneurium

Perineurium

Epineurium

Fascicle

Blood
vessels

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 Structure of a Nerve

 Mixed nerves
 Contain both sensory and motor fibers
 Sensory (afferent) nerves
 Carry impulses toward the CNS
 Motor (efferent) nerves
 Carry impulses away from the CNS

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 Cranial Nerves

 12 pairs of nerves serve mostly the head and

neck
 Only the pair of vagus nerves extends to thoracic
and abdominal cavities
 Most are mixed nerves, but three are sensory
only
1. Optic
2. Olfactory
3. Vestibulocochlear

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 Cranial Nerves Mnemonic Device

 Oh – Olfactory
 Oh – Optic
 Oh – Oculomotor
 To – Trochlear
 Touch – Trigeminal
 And – Abducens
 Feel – Facial
 Very – Vestibulocochlear
 Green – Glossopharyngeal
 Vegetables – Vagus
 A – Accessory
 H – Hypoglossal

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Figure 7.23 Distribution of cranial nerves.

III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
VI Abducens
I Olfactory II Optic
V Trigeminal V Trigeminal

VII Facial

Vestibular
branch

Cochlear
branch
VIII Vestibulocochlear

X Vagus
IX Glossopharyngeal
XII Hypoglossal XI Accessory

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Table 7.2 The Cranial Nerves (1 of 6)

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Table 7.2 The Cranial Nerves (2 of 6)

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Table 7.2 The Cranial Nerves (3 of 6)

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Table 7.2 The Cranial Nerves (4 of 6)

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Table 7.2 The Cranial Nerves (5 of 6)

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Table 7.2 The Cranial Nerves (6 of 6)

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 Spinal Nerves

 Spinal nerves
 31 pairs
 Formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal
roots of the spinal cord
 Named for the region of the spinal cord from which
they arise

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Figure 7.24a Spinal nerves.

C1
2
3 Ventral rami form
Cervical 4
5 cervical plexus
nerves (C1 – C5)
6
7 Ventral rami form
8*
T1 brachial plexus
2 (C5 – C8; T1)
3
4
Thoracic 5
nerves 6
7
8 No plexus
9 formed
(intercostal
10 nerves)
Lumbar 11 (T2 – T12)
nerves 12
Sacral L1
nerves 2
3 Ventral rami form
lumbar plexus
4 (L1 – L4)
5

S1 Ventral rami form

2 sacral plexus
3 (L4 – L5; S1 – S4)
4
(a)
*Note that the cervical nerve C8 emerges inferior to the C7 vertebra, while the other seven cervical nerves
emerge superior to the vertebrae for which they are named.
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 Spinal Nerves

 Spinal nerves divide soon after leaving the spinal

cord into a dorsal ramus and a ventral ramus
 Ramus—branch of a spinal nerve; contains both motor
and sensory fibers
 Dorsal rami—serve the skin and muscles of the
posterior trunk
 Ventral rami (T1–T12) —form the intercostal nerves that
supply muscles and skin of the ribs and trunk
 Ventral rami (except T1–T12)—form a complex of
networks (plexus) for the anterior

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Figure 7.24b Spinal nerves.

Dorsal root Dorsal

Dorsal root ramus
ganglion

Spinal
cord
Ventral
Ventral ramus
root
Spinal nerve

(b)
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 Spinal Nerves

 Plexus—networks of nerves serving motor and

sensory needs of the limbs
 Form from ventral rami of spinal nerves in the
cervical, lumbar, and sacral regions
 Four plexuses
1. Cervical
2. Brachial
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral

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Table 7.3 Spinal Nerve Plexuses (1 of 3)

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Figure 7.25a Distribution of the major peripheral nerves of the upper and lower limbs.
Axillary nerve

Humerus

Radial
nerve
Musculo-
cutaneous
nerve
Ulna
Radius
Ulnar nerve
Median
nerve

(a) Brachial plexus,

anterior view
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Table 7.3 Spinal Nerve Plexuses (2 of 3)

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Figure 7.25b Distribution of the major peripheral nerves of the upper and lower limbs.

Femoral nerve
Lateral femoral
cutaneous nerve
Obturator nerve
Femur
Anterior femoral
cutaneous nerve

Saphenous nerve

(b) Lumbar plexus,

anterior view
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Table 7.3 Spinal Nerve Plexuses (3 of 3)

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Figure 7.25c Distribution of the major peripheral nerves of the upper and lower limbs.

Superior gluteal
nerve
Inferior gluteal
nerve

Sciatic nerve

Posterior femoral
cutaneous nerve

Common fibular
nerve
Tibial nerve
Sural (cut) nerve
Deep fibular
nerve
Superficial fibular
nerve

Plantar branches

(c) Sacral plexus, posterior view

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 Autonomic Nervous System

 Motor subdivision of the PNS

 Consists only of motor nerves
 Controls the body automatically (and is also known as
the involuntary nervous system)
 Regulates cardiac and smooth muscles and glands

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 Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Compared
 Somatic nervous system
 Motor neuron cell bodies originate inside the CNS
 Axons extends to skeletal muscles that are served
 Autonomic nervous system
 Chain of two motor neurons
 Preganglionic neuron is in the brain or spinal cord
 Postganglionic neuron extends to the organ
 Has two arms
 Sympathetic division
 Parasympathetic division

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Figure 7.26 Comparison of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Central
nervous system Peripheral nervous system Effector organs

Acetylcholine

Somatic nervous system Skeletal muscle

Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Smooth muscle

(e.g., in stomach)

Sympathetic Ganglion
division Acetylcholine Epinephrine and
Autonomic norepinephrine
nervous Blood Glands
system vessel
Adrenal medulla
Acetylcholine
Parasympathetic Cardiac
division muscle
Ganglion

KEY:
Preganglionic Postganglionic Myelination Preganglionic Postganglionic
axons axons axons axons
(sympathetic) (sympathetic) (parasympathetic) (parasympathetic)

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 Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division

 Parasympathetic division is also known as the

craniosacral division
 Preganglionic neurons originate in:
 Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X
 S2 through S4 regions of the spinal cord
 Preganglionic neurons synapse with terminal
ganglia; from there, postganglionic axons extend
to organs that are served

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Figure 7.27 Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system.

Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Eye Eye
Brain stem
Salivary Skin
glands Cranial
Sympathetic Salivary
ganglia glands
Heart Cervical

Lungs Lungs
T1 Heart

Stomach
Thoracic
Stomach Pancreas

Liver
Pancreas and gall-
L1 bladder
Liver and Adrenal
gall- Lumbar
gland
bladder

Bladder Bladder
Sacral
Genitals nerves Genitals
(S2–S4)
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 Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division

 Sympathetic division is also known as the

thoracolumbar division
 Preganglionic neurons originate from T1 through
L2
 Axons pass through a ramus communicans to enter a
sympathetic trunk ganglion
 Sympathetic trunk, or chain, lies near the spinal cord

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 Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division

 After synapsing at the ganglion, the axon may

synapse with a second neuron at the same or
different level
 Or, the preganglionic neuron may pass through
the ganglion without synapsing and form part of
the splanchnic nerves
 Splanchnic nerves travel to the collateral ganglion
 Collateral ganglia serve the abdominal and pelvic
organs

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Figure 7.27 Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system.

Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Eye Eye
Brain stem
Salivary Skin
glands Cranial
Sympathetic Salivary
ganglia glands
Heart Cervical

Lungs Lungs
T1 Heart

Stomach
Thoracic
Stomach Pancreas

Liver
Pancreas and gall-
L1 bladder
Liver and Adrenal
gall- Lumbar
gland
bladder

Bladder Bladder
Sacral
Genitals nerves Genitals
(S2–S4)
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Figure 7.28 Sympathetic pathways.

Lateral horn of Dorsal ramus

gray matter of spinal nerve
Dorsal root
Ventral ramus
of spinal nerve

Sympathetic
trunk
(a) To effector:
blood vessels,
Spinal (c) (b) arrector pili
nerve muscles, and
sweat glands
of the skin

Ventral root Gray ramus

communicans
Sympathetic Splanchnic White ramus
trunk ganglion nerve communicans

Collateral ganglion
(such as the celiac)

Visceral effector organ

(such as small intestine)

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 Autonomic Functioning

 Body organs served by the autonomic nervous

system receive fibers from both divisions
 Exceptions: blood vessels, structures of the skin, some
glands, and the adrenal medulla
 These exceptions receive only sympathetic fibers

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 Autonomic Functioning

 When body divisions serve the same organ, they

cause antagonistic effects due to different
neurotransmitters
 Parasympathetic (cholinergic) fibers release
acetylcholine
 Sympathetic postganglionic (adrenergic) fibers release
norepinephrine
 Preganglionic axons of both divisions release
acetycholine

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 Autonomic Functioning

 Sympathetic—“fight or flight” division

 Response to unusual stimulus when emotionally or
physically stressed or threatened
 Takes over to increase activities
 Remember as the “E” division
 Exercise
 Excitement
 Emergency
 Embarrassment

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 Autonomic Functioning

 Parasympathetic—“housekeeping” activities
 “Rest-and-digest” system
 Conserves energy
 Maintains daily necessary body functions
 Remember as the “D” division
 Digestion
 Defecation
 Diuresis

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Table 7.4 Effects of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (1 of 2)

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Table 7.4 Effects of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (2 of 2)

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 Developmental Aspects of the Nervous
System
 The nervous system is formed during the first
month of embryonic development
 Any maternal infection can have extremely
harmful effects
 Oxygen deprivation destroys brain cells
 The hypothalamus is one of the last areas of the
brain to develop

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 Developmental Aspects of the Nervous
System
 Severe congenital brain diseases include:
 Cerebral palsy
 Anencephaly
 Hydrocephalus
 Spina bifida

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 Developmental Aspects of the Nervous
System
 Premature babies have trouble regulating body
temperature because the hypothalamus is one of
the last brain areas to mature prenatally
 Development of motor control indicates the
progressive myelination and maturation of a
child’s nervous system

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 Developmental Aspects of the Nervous
System
 Brain growth ends in young adulthood. Neurons die
throughout life and are not replaced; thus, brain
mass declines with age
 Orthostatic hypotension is low blood pressure due
to changes in body position
 Healthy aged people maintain nearly optimal
intellectual function
 Disease—particularly cardiovascular disease—is
the major cause of declining mental function with
age
 Arteriosclerosis is decreased elasticity of blood vessels

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