TYPES OF ATTITUDE

literature, authors often employ various types of attitudes or tones to convey the mood and
emotions of a story. Here are some common types of attitudes used in literature:
 Positive Attitude: This conveys optimism, happiness, and a generally positive outlook.
It can be used to create a cheerful or uplifting atmosphere in a story.
 Negative Attitude: This reflects pessimism, sadness, or a generally negative perspective.
It can be used to create a somber or tense atmosphere.
 Sarcastic Attitude: Authors use sarcasm to mock or convey irony. It can add humor or
criticism to a narrative.
 Cynical Attitude: This reflects distrust or skepticism. It's often used to comment on
society, institutions, or human nature.
 Romantic Attitude: Common in love stories, it emphasizes passion, idealism, and
intense emotions.
 Tragic Attitude: Associated with tragedies, it evokes sorrow, despair, and a sense of
inevitable doom.
 Satirical Attitude: Authors use satire to criticize or ridicule something, often societal
issues or individuals. It's meant to be humorous but critical.
 Mysterious Attitude: This creates an aura of secrecy and intrigue, often used in
mysteries and thrillers.
 Hopeful Attitude: Conveys optimism and a belief in a better future, often used in stories
with uplifting or inspirational themes.
 Melancholic Attitude: Reflects a deep, lingering sadness or a sense of nostalgia. It can
create a bittersweet mood.
 Ironic Attitude: Involves saying one thing but meaning another, often used to highlight
contradictions or unexpected outcomes.
 Detached Attitude: Creates a sense of emotional distance or objectivity, often used in
non-fiction or observational writing.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
TYPES OF TONES USED IN LITERATURE,

 Sarcastic: A tone that mocks or ridicules something, often using irony.

 Serious: A tone that conveys a sense of gravity, importance, or solemnity.
 Humorous: A tone that aims to amuse or entertain the reader.
 Formal: A tone characterized by proper language and etiquette.
 Informal: A relaxed, conversational tone often used in everyday speech.
 Ironic: A tone where the intended meaning is opposite to the literal words used.
 Melancholic: A tone that expresses sadness or a sense of gloom.
 Joyful: A tone that radiates happiness and positivity.
 Suspenseful: A tone that keeps the reader on edge, often used in thrillers or mysteries.
 Satirical: A tone that criticizes or mocks human shortcomings, often through humor.
 Elegiac: A tone of lament or mourning, often found in elegies or elegiac poetry.
 Didactic: A tone that aims to instruct or teach a lesson.
 Romantic: A tone that emphasizes love, passion, or idealized emotions.
 Cynical: A tone that expresses distrust or pessimism.
 Hopeful: A tone that inspires optimism and positivity.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
TYPES OF FIGURES OF SPEECH IN LITERATURE
 Simile: Comparing two unlike things using "like" or "as," e.g., "Her smile was as bright
as the sun."
 Metaphor: A direct comparison between two unrelated things, e.g., "Time is a thief."
 Personification: Giving human qualities to non-human entities, e.g., "The wind
whispered through the trees."
 Hyperbole: Exaggeration for emphasis, e.g., "I've told you a million times."
 Understatement: Deliberately downplaying something for effect, e.g., "It's just a
scratch" for a deep wound.
 Alliteration: Repeating the initial consonant sound in a series of words, e.g., "Sally sells
seashells by the seashore."
 Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words, e.g., "The rain in Spain falls
mainly on the plain."
 Consonance: Repetition of consonant sounds in nearby words, e.g., "pitter-patter."
 Onomatopoeia: Words that imitate sounds, e.g., "buzz," "moo," "hiss."
 Oxymoron: Combining contradictory words, e.g., "bittersweet," "jumbo shrimp."
 Irony: A contrast between expectation and reality, e.g., "The fire station burned down."
 Paradox: A statement that appears self-contradictory but may reveal a deeper truth, e.g.,
"less is more."
 Allusion: A reference to a well-known person, place, event, or work of literature, e.g.,
"He's a real Romeo with the ladies."
 Symbolism: Using objects or elements to represent deeper meanings, e.g., a rose
symbolizing love.