Private versus state-owned slaves

Slaves have been owned privately by individuals but have also been under state ownership. For
example, the kisaeng were women from low castes in pre modern Korea, who were owned by the
state under government officials known as hojang and were required to provide entertainment to
the aristocracy; in the 2020s some are denoted Kippumjo (the pleasure brigades of North Korea
— serving as the concubines of the rulers of the state).[70] "Tribute labor" is compulsory labor for
the state and has been used in various iterations such as corvée, mit'a and repartimiento.
The internment camps of totalitarian regimes such as the Nazis and the Soviet Union placed
increasing importance on the labor provided in those camps, leading to a growing tendency
among historians to designate such systems as slavery.[71]
A combination of these include the encomienda where the Spanish Crown granted private
individuals the right to the free labour of a specified number of natives in a given area. [72] In the
"Red Rubber System" of both the Congo Free State and French ruled Ubangi-Shari,[73] labour was
demanded as taxation; private companies were conceded areas within which they were allowed
to use any measures to increase rubber production.[74] Convict leasing was common in the
Southern United States where the state would lease prisoners for their free labour to companies.