Dr.

Mesut ÜNLÜ
Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

History and Development of

Web Technologies

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Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

Source: Carloscastilla/Dreamstime.com
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Grading Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

Activity Percentage
%

1 LAB WORKS 10

2 MIDTERM EXAM 40

3 FINAL EXAM 50

TOTAL 100
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REFERENCES Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

 The Web Was Done by Amateurs:

A Reflection on One of the Largest Collective
Systems Ever Engineered, Marco Aiello, Springer,
July 2018, 978-3319900070

Web Technologies: A Computer Science

Perspective, Jeffrey C. Jackson, Prentice
Hall, August 2006, ISBN-13: 978-0131856035
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REFERENCES Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
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Outline Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

•Definition and History of the Internet

•Data Transmission Structure on the Internet

•Basic Internet Concepts (www, client, server, etc.)

•Internet Domain Names (Address structure, domain names, etc.)

•Protocols (HTTP, TCP/IP, FTP, etc.)

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Internet Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

The Internet is the world’s most extensive public

communication system.

It’s also the world’s largest implementation of

client/server computing and internetworking, linking
millions of individual networks all over the world.

It is an electronic communication network that

connects computer networks and corporate computer
systems around the world.

It is an infrastructure where reside active and

passive components of networking.

It uses a vast of communication protocols.

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Evolution Of Computer Networks Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

•1950s: Telegraph technology adapted to computers

•1960s: Dumb terminals access shared host computer
• SABRE airline reservation system
•1970s: Computers connect directly to each other
• ARPANET packet switching network
• TCP/IP internet protocols
• Ethernet local area network
•1980s & 1990s: New applications and Internet growth
• Commercialization of Internet
• E-mail, file transfer, web, P2P, . . .
• Internet traffic surpasses voice traffic
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What Happened in 1969? Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

1969 was an Incredible year!!

• The first man landed on the Moon!
• The Woodstock Festival took place
• Charles Manson went on a killing spree
• THE INTERNET WAS BORN and nobody noticed! ARPANET
Team
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The First Message Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
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Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
The First Message

• Was it “What hath God Wrought” (Morse 1844)?

• Or “Watson, come here. I want you.” (Bell 1876)?
• Or “This is a Giant Step for Mankind” (Armstrong 1969)?
It was simply a LOGIN from the UCLA computer to the SRI
computer.
• We sent an “L” - did you get the “L”? YEP!
• We sent an “O” - did you get the “O”? YEP!
• We sent a “G” - did you get the “G”?

(by Leonard Kleinrock)

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Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
The ARPANET

• Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970.

• (c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972.
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Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

Worldwide Number of Hostnames

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Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
What is a Protocol?

• Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules

• A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating

parties are to interact
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
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Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

TCP (1974)

 Transmission Control Protocol (RFC 675)

 replacement of Network Control Protocol
(NCP) (RFC 60)

 'A Protocol for Packet Network Bob Kahn

Interconnection'
 by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn

 Reliable and ordered transmission of byte

stream between two endpoints

 Migration of ARPANET to TCP/IP in 1983 Vint Cerf

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Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

TCP/IP (1978) (RFC 675 and RFC 760)

 4 abstraction layers
 each layer offers functionality to the
above layer
 separation of concerns
 Application layer
 HTTP, FTP, POP, ...
 Transport layer
 TCP, UDP, ...
 Internet layer
 addressing hosts and packet routing
 IP, ...
 Link layer
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Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

TCP/IP Layers

message M Application Application M

segment Ht M Transport Transport Ht M

datagram Hn Ht M Internet Internet Internet Internet Hn H t M

frame Hl Hn Ht M Link Link Link Link H l Hn H t M

Ethernet Satellite, Ethernet

...
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Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

World Wide Web (WWW)

 Networked hypertext system (over ARPANET) to
share in- formation at CERN
 first draft in March 1989
 The Information Mine,
Information Mesh, …?

 Components by end of 1990 Tim Berners-Lee Robert Cailliau

 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

 HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
 HTTP server software
 Web browser called WorldWideWeb

 First public "release" in August 1991

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Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

WordWideWeb Browser (1993)

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Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ
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Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

Mobile Web

 New forms of connectivity and information exchange

 P2P networks

 New requirements and functionality

 location-based services
 voice navigation

 Access the Web from anywhere at anytime

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Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

 User becomes an author and shares

information
 tagging
 Wikis
 social networking
 mashups

 Not a new technology!

 In spite of the major wins and advancement of web 2.0, there were major challenges. One of these is
the movement away from the main reason why the web existed in the first place. An open cyberspace
where everyone could contribute without control or gatekeeping from powerful individuals,
organizations, and the government.
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Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

Semantic Web (Web 3.0)

 Add explicit semantics

to web resources

 Machine-interpretable
Web

 Use of ontologies

 Potential reasoning over

Web resources
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Internet Studies Dr. Mesut ÜNLÜ

Internet of Things / Web of Things

 Mark Weiser coined the term Ubiquitous
Computing while working at Xerox PARC
 M. Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century, ACM Mobile
Computing and Communications Review, July 1999

 Related terms are Disappearing Computing, Pervasive Computing Mark Weiser

or Internet of Things
 Physical objects with embedded computing functionality that
actively or passively participate in the Web
 mobile phones, RFID-tagged objects, smart pens, …