Theories of Personality

Personality
What shapes personality?
-born with? made to? (nature vs. nurture)
- latin word = persona (mask -> people wear or the role they play in life)
- pattern of permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and
individuality to human behavior
- pagkatao o ugali
- consistent way of thinking, feeling, behaving in each situation

- Patterns
o application 1
- exposed the person to multiple situations to see who they really are
- time would expose a person personality
o application 2
- don’t judge pagkatao from one situation
- “nadala lang ng sitwasyon” (not really your pattern)
*key to correct personality judgement: pattern or rare? *
o application 3
- paano mo malalaman kung may problema ang isang tao?
· master pattern (‘parang may kakaiba sayo”)
Traits
- unique or common to some or shared by the entire species but the pattern is different for
each individual
- First Force
o Some traits = highly genetic
- Temperament
- Depression
- Alcoholism
- Second Force
o Environment (natututunan)
- Family, friends, religion, culture
- Power to modify, “Re-shape” genes
· Interaction – process when the environment modifies your genetic
disposition that affects your behavior
*personality is not prisoners of our genes*
Bakit ka ganyan?
 1. Genetic level
2. Environmental level
3. Interaction level
Psychodynamic Theory of Sigmund Freud
- Neurologist, not a psychologist when he first started
- Hysteria - Physical symptoms without physical causes
- Freud believed that hysteria was a result of being seduced during childhood by a sexually mature
person, often a parent or other relative. But in 1897, he abandoned his seduction theory and replaced
it with his notion of the Oedipus complex.
- he said that a person's thoughts and behaviors emerge from tension generated by "unconscious
motives and unresolved childhood conflicts"

- Developed Psychodynamic Theory

o Physical Problems = Psychological in origin

- E.g. kaya masakit ulo mo kasi may underlying psychologica reason.
- Psychosomatic disorders
· Disorder that are psychological in origins that gives way to
physical symptoms
o Psychological cause are in the “unconscious”.
- Headachesanger
- Cinstipationfear
o Children have sexual feelings
- Sa parents
- Those feeling can explains feelings and characteristics of a person.

Psychodynamic Principles
1. Human mind = 3 levels
a. Unconscious
i. Biggest part ng ugali
ii. Contains all hidden desires we have
iii. Skeletons in the closet
iv. contains urges, drives or instincts beyond our awareness and motivates
most of our words, feelings, and actions.
v. can become conscious only in distorted forms such as dream images or
slip of the tongue
vi. strives to become conscious
b. Subconscious
i. contains images that are not in awareness but that can become
conscious (easily or with level of difficulty)
ii. retrievable memory
iii. with a little effort to be brought into consciousness
c. Conscious
i. Smallest part ng ugali
ii. Present thought
iii. information in your immediate awareness
iv. all things we are aware of at any given moment
v. it is the only level of mental life directly available to us
Can we explore the content of our unconscious?
- Yes by “dream analysis”
o Everything we see in our dreams our contents of our unconscious
- By “hypnosis”
o From conscious to unconscious (explore)
- By alcohol and drugs
o Lahat ng ginagawa at sinasabi mo kapag ikaw ay high at lasing ay galling sa
unconscious
- By “Freudian slips”
o Walang kamalian ang tao lahat ng wrongdoings na nagawa ay galing sa
unconscious desire within us.
o Walang accident = lahat ay may unconscious reasons

2. There are 3 psychological entities that affect our personality

*ID = I WANT ; SUPEREGO = I SHOULD; EGO = I WILL*

a. Id
i. Psychic energy that forces you to do something na masasarap
ii. Pleasure principle and seeks constant and immediate satisfaction
iii. does not distinguish reality and fantasy
iv. selfish, sinful, illogical, irrational, impulsive
v. ID DOMINANT = immature personality
b. Ego
i. Practical entity
ii. Reality principle
iii. Balance both id and super-ego to not have psychological tension
iv. EGO DOMINANT = practical personality, street smart
c. Super-ego
i. Moral principle = conscience
ii. Pushes you to do the right things
iii. internalization of society's & parental moral standards
iv. SUPER-EGO DOMINANT = Conservative personality

3. Personality Development undergo 5 stages

a. Oral
i. development of vices
ii. Some childrena are overly deprived and overly gratified
iii. pleasure-seeking activities such as thumb sucking, chewing, biting
● Orally deprived = kulang
○ Attention seeker
○ Bitter, untrusting
○ Oral fixation (milk substitute)
■ Hahanap ng substitute nung nagadult
● Orally Gratified
○ sobra
b. Anal
i. 1.5- 3 years old
ii. Toilet training
Iii. bakit magastos nung bata
iv. Anally expulsive and Anally retentive
 ● Anally expulsive
○ Poor toiler training
○ Happy go lucky
○ Irresponsible
○ Over-spenders
○ Nung bata labas ng labas ng ihi at popo
● Anally Retentive
○ well-trained
c. Phallic
i. Bakit mama’s boy and daddy’s girl
ii. 4-5 years old
iii. unconscious child sexual attraction occurs (to parents)
iv. oedipus complex
v. unconscious courtship = IDENTIFICATION
● Identification
○ Imitating personality of the same sex parents
○ Para mahalin ka g nanay mo dapat makita niya sayo tatay mo
and vice versa
● Personality Insights
○ Males: mana sa daddy
○ Females: mana sa mommy
d. Latency
i. Why are most kids asexual during middle to late childhood year
ii. 7-12 years old
iii. No erogenous zones
iv. Not interested sa sexual attraction
v. sexual energy → non sexual expression
vi. displaced ng libidinal energy sa non sexual expression
e. Genital
i. Re-awakening of sexual energy
ii. 13 onwards (maturation of sexual impulses)
iii. Kaino ka maiinlove → non family member
iv. Sabi ni friend nainlove ka sa someone na nagreresemble sa parents
v. sexual energy → non sexual expression
vi. Male: gusto ko yung tulad ni mommy Female: gusto ko yung tulad ni daddy

*theory ni freud ay made for the male psyche*

4. Personality can be an expression of defense mechanism

- Purpose of defense mechanism
- Protection of sanity/mental health
- Psychological immune system
- Problems in life that threatens the psyche
- Failures
- Rejections
- Stress
- Forbidden desires
- Traumatic memories
All defense mechanism: distortion
- Distortion of reality
- Sinungaling
- To make the problem manageable kaya naglie

12 Defense Mechanism of Sigmund Freud

1. Denial
a. Problem does not, did not, will not, happen
b. dead -end relationship (nagbubulagbulagan)
c. Symptoms - may problem lang kami pero maayos din
d. In their perspective you’re not making sense, they are making sense
e. refusal to acknowledge certain facts about a particular situation
2. Sublimation
a. Unaaceptable desire converted to acceptable forms
b. May maiisip kang kadiri so itatago siya ni unconscious so gagawin niya na socially
acceptable
c. E.g. i want to kill my teacher then masesense ni unconscious na masama so instead
maglalaro ka nalang ng video games na barilan
d. E.g pre-marital sex → nude painting
3. Projection
a. Passing / reflecting unacceptable idea to others
b. E.g. i want to cheat,,, hides to unconscios tapos ituturo sa walang alam/ginagawa
c. Takot sa sariling multo
d. By not acknowledging threatening traits in themselves, and seeing them in other
people instead, the client can protect their self-concept.
4. Displacement
a. changing or displacing the original target of a particular impulse to another similar
target
b. Aidan experiences intense rage and hatred toward his mother; however, he cannot
act on these impulses. Instead, he displaces his feelings about his mother onto other
people whom he associates with her. He might show hostile behavior toward other
women who embody the same characteristics and behaviors as his mother.
5. Repression
a. When clients experience or think things that may be threatening, they may choose to
repress them instead.
b. Jacob cannot remember certain painful memories as a child. To protect himself, he
unconsciously represses these memories from his consciousness. Instead, he displays
anxious behaviors toward other items that he associates with these original painful
memories.
6. Introjection
a. the client identifies key behaviors, thoughts, and characteristics of important people in
their life and forms an internal representation of these individuals.
b. Agatha experiences introjection related to her highly critical mother as the internal
voice that continuously criticizes and berates her. As a result, Agatha has developed
low self-esteem and often runs herself down.
7. Undoing
a. Undoing refers to a behavior when individuals ruminate on previous events, replaying
and reimagining them as a way to change what happened and, as a result, help
protect against certain feelings or behaviors
 b. Jayme recently argued with a customer, lost his temper, and consequently lost that
customer’s contract. He is very angry about the outcome. He relives this argument,
ruminating on how he should have responded, and imagines delivering a precise
retort and embarrassing the client.
8. Compensation
a. attempt to make up for what they consider to be their flaws or shortcomings or for
dissatisfaction in one domain of their lives
b. Jeffrey is bullied at school by the other boys because of his slim build. In response,
Jeffrey exercises regularly. He undertakes an intense exercise program, drinks protein
shakes, and is very diligent in his strength training.
9. Splitting
a. refers to the mechanism where individuals are considered either only good or only
bad, but never a mix of both.
b. Her therapist tries to point out that Cary’s friend has helped in the past, but Cary
refuses to acknowledge this and continues to harbor resentment toward her friend. A
few weeks later, when Cary asks for help again, this same friend offers to lend a
hand. Cary flips her opinion and now embraces this friend wholeheartedly. Because of
Cary’s unstable attitude toward her friend and inability to consider that her friend can
have good and bad qualities, her friendships are very tenuous and often characterized
by unrealistic expectations and conflict
10. Suppression
a. the conscious effort to avoid certain thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, or to keep them
out of consciousness.
b. During the therapy session, Amy refuses to recall her feelings toward her late
husband. She actively works against these memories through a variety of techniques
(e.g., ignoring them, changing the topic, or just refusing).
11. Conversion
a. characterized by the transformation of psychological pain or distress into
physiological impairment, typically of sensory or motor symptoms such as blindness,
paralysis, seizures, etc.
b. Awongiwe has experienced extreme trauma and distress while relocating. A few days
later, Awongiwe wakes up to find that she is blind.
12. Dissociation
a. the experience where the client experiences a short-lived gap in consciousness in
response to anxiety and stress.
b. Katherine is recalling an especially traumatic experience to her therapist. While
recalling the experience, Katherine feels overwhelmingly exhausted and cannot
control her yawning. These feelings of exhaustion quickly intensify, and she struggles
immensely not to fall asleep. Her exhaustion is a sign of dissociation, and her mind is
trying to protect her from re-experiencing the traumatic experience.

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

- Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology

- Swiss psychiatrist pastor’s kid
- Member, psychoanalytic society (unconscious)
- Close to freud
- Malaki ang link ng spirituality to theory of personality
- Chosen by frued to be the successor of psychoanlysis
 - The 1913 conflict (breakup of freud and jung)

Differences

- Unconscious - sexual desires, painful memories, id, ego, super-ego

- Collective unconscious - archetype
- Universal minde
- Unconscious of the entire human race

Proofs of the collective unconscious

1. Universal Ideas
a. Soul
b. Salvation
c. heaven/hell
d. good/evil
2. Dreams
a. Why do we dream of strangers? Unfamiliar places? Unfamiliar wishes/
b. Those were in someone else’s unconscious before

II. Levels of the Psyche

A. Conscious
 a. Ego as the center of consciousness but not the core of personality
b. In the psychologically mature individual, the ego is secondary to the self.
B. Personal Unconscious
a. psychic images not sensed by the ego.
b. Some unconscious processes flow from our personal experiences contains the
complexes (emotionally toned groups of related ideas) and the collective unconscious,
which includes various archetypes.
C. Collective Unconscious
a. beyond our personal experiences and that originate from the repeated experiences of
our ancestors. not inherited ideas, but rather they refer to our innate tendency to react
in a particular way whenever our personal experiences stimulate an inherited
predisposition toward acton.
b. Love at first sight?
D. Archetypes
a. Contents of the collective unconscious originate through the repeated experiences of
our ancestors and that they are expressed in certain types of dreams, fantasies,
delusions, and hallucinations.
b. Series of personalities that may emerge in a given situation

- Each archetypes: good side (light attribute) and bad side (shadow attribute).
- There is a dominant archetype for each person

Different Archetypes
- Don Juan
- To manipulate others to get what you want
- Sweet words, charisma, sex
- Good side - promotes survival; bad side - violence
- Anima
- Female side of the male psyche
- Good side- nurturing to others; Bad side- prone to social criticism of being weak
- A second hurdle in achieving maturity is for men to accept their anima
- their feminine side-irrational moods & feelings
- Animus
- Male side to the female psyche
- Good side - independent, assertive; bad side - domineering, unfeminine
- and for women to embrace their animus-their masculine side.
- irrational thinking & opinions
- Seeker
- Intense desire to know and expose the truth
- the hero
- image we have of a conqueror who vanquishes evil but who has a single fatal flaw
- Self
- The most comprehensive archetype is the self, that is, the image we have of
fulfillment, completion, or perfection.
- the great mother
- the archetype of nourishment and destruction
- Persona
- the side of our personality that we show to others.
- Shadow
- the dark side of personality. In order for people to reach full psychological maturity,
they must first realize or accept their shadow.
 - the wise old man
- the archetype of wisdom and meaning
*Archetypes largely explains your patterns in the present,,, bakit ka ganyan magisip*

Jung’s Typology

- MBTI - Jung’s Theory

- Personality ( 4 components)
1. How you relate with others (I - introvert or E - extrovert)
2. How you define truth (S - sensing or N - intuitive)
3. How you make decisions (T - thinking or F - feeling)
4. Lifestyle-structure or goal in life (J - judging or P - perceiving)
- Extrovert (e)
- Get energy from other people
- Bored doing things alone
- Talkative
- Introvert (i)
- Likes to do things alone
- Secluded place
- Energy that they get comes from the inside
- Iba sa anti-social
- Defining Truth
- Sensing (s) → evidence bases
- I wont believe till i see it
- Intuitive( i) → used gut-feeli and vibes
- “Basta alam ko”
- Decision making
- Judging (j) → structured, predictable
- May schedule, oc
- Perceiving (p) → unstructured, care free
- Planning is not a priority
- Come what may
- Gagawin ko ang bagay na gusto ko gawin

Adler’s Individual Psychology

- People are born with weak and inferior bodies → feelings of inferiority and dependence to
other people feelings of unity with others (social interest)

Compensation

- A person excel at something to hide weakness

- So why are people compensating?
- Start at infancy
- All human being starts with the feeling of inferiority
- Incompetent
- Inadequate
 - Dependent
- Inferiority unconsciously carried over to maturity
- Inferiority complex - too much, adolescent year
- People with an inferiority complex may experience chronic self-doubt, have low
self-esteem, and feel the need to withdraw from social situations.
- Converting weakness to become strength
- Personal Insight : “ how we let other people treat is becomes who we are (unconsciously)”

- Scientific support
- Pygmalion effect (self-fulfilling prophecy)
- We believe about ourselves what other people believe about us.
- Our personality is unconsciously shaped by the way other people treat us
- Degree of your achievement is one degree of your weakness
- Pwede magovercompensation na nagiging superiority complex
- Superiority Complex - a belief that your abilities or accomplishments are somehow
dramatically better than other people's.
- The greater the feeling of inferiority that has been experienced, the more powerful is
the urge to conquest and the more violent the emotional cognition.

What draws the line between healthy and unhealthy compensation?

- Healthy : you compensate so you can help other people (incompetition within yourself)
- Unhealthy : lagi in competition with other people.

Darwinian Theory

- Teaches superiority complex

- Personality insight:
- mental health = serving others in your capacity
- No compensation = depress
Adler’s Claim

- Birth order → Personality

→ Freud focus more on the relationship of the parents and the child

→ Adler focus more on the relationship of the siblings.