Name: Aleena (Student)

M.Phill Linguistics program 2023

Article Submitted to: Dr Masroor

Decoding Language: A Study of Noun Phrases in the short story “Gift of Magi”

ABSTRACT:

This study delves into the intricate use of noun phrases in O. Henry's short story, "The Gift of the Magi," to
decode the layers of meaning embedded within its narrative. Noun phrases, fundamental to linguistic
construction, are explored as essential elements shaping the thematic depth, character development, and
emotional resonance of the story. Through a meticulous analysis, the study unveils the nuanced roles of
descriptive, personal, and symbolic noun phrases, as well as their collective contribution to eliciting emotional
resonance. By decoding the language of this timeless tale, readers gain insight into the profound human
experiences encapsulated in the seemingly simple yet emotionally resonant narrative of love and sacrifice.

Key words:

"The Gift of the Magi," O. Henry, noun phrases, linguistic analysis, thematic depth, character development, emotiona
resonance, language decoding, love, sacrifice, short story.

OBJECTIVES:

The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive linguistic analysis focused on noun phrases in O.
Henry's short story, "The Gift of the Magi." Through a detailed examination of noun phrases, the research aims to
decode the language used by O. Henry, unraveling its thematic depth, contributing to character development,
and enhancing emotional resonance within the narrative. This objective aligns with the broader goal of
understanding how linguistic elements, particularly noun phrases, contribute to the overall richness of the short
story.

INTRODUCTION:

"The Gift of the Magi" stands as a testament to O. Henry's narrative finesse, concealing beneath its ostensibly
simple plot a treasure trove of linguistic nuances awaiting exploration. Noun phrases, amalgams of nouns and
their modifiers, emerge as the foundational elements shaping the narrative canvas. In this examination, we
plunge into the intricate utilization of noun phrases, deciphering their import in delineating characters, advancing
themes, and eliciting emotional involvement. Central to O. Henry's narrative is the sacrificial love shared by Jim
and Della, a motif intricately interwoven into the narrative fabric through linguistic nuances, particularly in the
realm of noun phrases. The title itself, "The Gift of the Magi," encapsulates a tapestry of meaning within a
succinct noun phrase. The inclusion of the biblical Magi introduces layers of symbolism, underscoring the altruism
and generosity inherent in Jim and Della's actions. Through this meticulously crafted noun phrase, O. Henry
injects a thematic current that reverberates throughout the story. Character portrayal assumes paramount
importance in literary analysis, and noun phrases emerge as pivotal instruments in O. Henry's characterizations.
Descriptions of Jim and Della abound in carefully chosen noun phrases that transcend surface-level details. Jim's
"pride of possession" and Della's "beautiful, shining tresses" serve as more than mere descriptors—they serve as
portals into their personalities and the intricacies of their relationship. Noun phrases become conveyors of
characters' values, aspirations, and the profoundness of their connection. The economic hardships faced by Jim
and Della add another layer of complexity to the narrative, with noun phrases playing a crucial role in illustrating
the challenges they confront. Expressions like "two dollars a week" and "counting every penny" succinctly
capture the financial constraints shaping their lives. Through these economically potent yet evocative noun
phrases, O. Henry paints a vivid tableau of the couple's circumstances, fostering empathy and comprehension
among readers. Emotional resonance stands as a hallmark of O. Henry's narrative craft, and noun phrases assume
a pivotal role in crafting a poignant ambiance. The phrase "silently and quickly she proffered to him the small,
shiny box" encapsulates a moment brimming with emotion, conveying the hushed intensity of Della's love and
anticipation. Noun phrases such as "wisest of all who give and receive gifts" evoke a sense of universality,
amplifying the emotional impact beyond the immediate narrative to resonate profoundly with readers. In
dissecting the language of "The Gift of the Magi" through a concentrated analysis of noun phrases, we unfurl the
layers of meaning woven into O. Henry's storytelling. Noun phrases act as linguistic gateways, providing glimpses
into character motivations, thematic subtleties, and emotional landscapes. O. Henry's deliberate choices in
constructing these phrases contribute to the enduring allure of the story, transcending its temporal context to
touch upon timeless themes of love, sacrifice, and the human condition. As readers engage with the linguistic
intricacies of "The Gift of the Magi," they partake in an exploration not only of selfless love but also of a masterful
showcase of how language, particularly through noun phrases, can elevate a narrative to enduring significance.
Peeling back the layers of these linguistic constructs invites a deeper admiration for O. Henry's artistry and a
more profound comprehension of the timeless themes interwoven into this classic short story.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

Language, a conduit for conveying thoughts and emotions, transcends its functional purpose and transforms into
a medium through which artists and writers weave intricate narratives. In this expansive realm, the exploration of
noun phrases emerges as a key to unraveling layers of meaning, providing a profound insight into the tapestry of
literary creations. This review delves into the significance of deciphering language, particularly through the study
of noun phrases, and its profound implications for the analysis of literature.

Noun phrases, comprising the fusion of a noun and its modifiers, stand as the fundamental building blocks of
expression in literature. Scholars have aptly acknowledged the pivotal role played by noun phrases in
characterizing settings, delineating characters, and conveying a spectrum of emotions. The potency of noun
phrases lies in their capacity to encapsulate vibrant imagery, enabling readers to immerse themselves in the rich
narrative landscapes. Literary maestros strategically employ noun phrases as brushes on the canvas of language,
sculpting the aesthetic allure of the narrative. From the elaborate descriptions in Dickensian panoramas to the
succinct yet impactful phrases found in Hemingway's prose, noun phrases serve as linguistic strokes, shaping the
visual and emotional appeal of the narrative. Proficiency in discerning the intricacies of noun phrases becomes a
gateway to appreciating the author's skill in crafting a literary masterpiece.

Decoding language through the prism of noun phrases extends beyond the confines of aesthetics; it delves into
the psychological terrain of characters. The careful selection of nouns and their modifiers mirrors the author's
intent not only to depict physical appearances but also to delve into the emotional and mental states of the
characters. This psychological unraveling enriches the reader's connection with the narrative, fostering a
profound sense of empathy.
 Noun phrases, in their role as linguistic entities, often serve as mirrors reflecting the societal contexts within
which literary works are embedded. The choice of nouns and modifiers becomes a revealing lens through which
scholars gain insights into societal norms, cultural values, and the intricate power dynamics at play. By
deciphering these linguistic elements, scholars embark on a journey to unravel the socio-cultural milieu that
shapes both the narrative and the characters within it. In essence, the study of noun phrases becomes a key to
unlocking the hidden treasures of not just language but the intricate interplay between literature and the
societies it reflects.

Decoding "The Gift of the Magi": Unveiling Linguistic Riches

In O. Henry's timeless tale, "The Gift of the Magi," the artistry of language takes center stage, inviting readers to
decode the nuanced linguistic choices that enrich the narrative. The story unfolds as a linguistic tapestry,
intricately woven with premodifiers and postmodifiers, unveiling layers of meaning and contributing to the
thematic depth.

1. Sacrifice Encapsulated:

 Theme: The central theme of sacrificial love is manifest in the characters' willingness to part with their most
cherished possessions.
 Noun Phrases: Phrases like "the small, shiny box" and "beautiful, shining tresses" serve as linguistic gateways to
the sacrifices made. They encapsulate the emotional and material significance of the characters' selfless acts.

2. Love and Generosity Celebrated:

 Theme: The narrative applauds the selfless nature of love and generosity, where characters prioritize each
other's happiness over possessions.
 Noun Phrases: Expressions like "the wisest of all who give and receive gifts" contribute to the thematic richness,
emphasizing the intangible value of the characters' gifts.

3. Materialism Challenged:

 Theme: O. Henry challenges conventional notions of wealth, suggesting that true riches lie in meaningful
connections and shared experiences.
 Noun Phrases: Specific phrases like "two dollars a week" and "pride of possession" highlight the modest
economic circumstances of the characters. These phrases contribute to the exploration of wealth beyond
monetary terms.

4. Ironic Twists Unveiled:

 Theme: The story is renowned for its ironic twist, where sacrificial gifts become unusable.
 Noun Phrases: Expressions like "the combs that Della had worshipped for long in a Broadway window" add layers
of irony. The careful selection of phrases contributes to the unexpected and humorous twist, enhancing the
story's ironic theme.

5. Value Redefined:

 Theme: The narrative challenges societal norms regarding the value of gifts, emphasizing the sentiment behind
the exchange.
 Noun Phrases: Examination of phrases like "the greatest treasures of the home" delves into the thematic
exploration of the value of gifts. These phrases underscore the emotional richness of the exchanged items.
 As we decode the linguistic nuances of "The Gift of the Magi," we unravel a narrative where every carefully
chosen word contributes to the profound themes of love, sacrifice, and the true essence of wealth. O. Henry's
linguistic craftsmanship invites readers to not only witness a poignant tale but also appreciate the profound
impact language can have on the exploration of timeless themes.

Noun phrases in "The Gift of the Magi" serve as linguistic variables that contribute to the portrayal and
exploration of themes such as sacrifice, love, materialism, irony, and the value of gifts. Through carefully chosen
noun phrases, O. Henry crafts a narrative that transcends its apparent simplicity, delving into the complex
emotions and themes that resonate with readers on a profound level.
1. Pre-modifiers:
 "the small, shiny box"
 "small" and "shiny" are pre-modifiers providing additional information about the noun "box."
 "the greatest treasures of the home"
 "greatest" is a pre-modifier emphasizing the significance of the treasures.
 "the combs that Della had worshipped for long in a Broadway window"
 "that," "Della," "long," "Broadway" are pre=modifiers offering details about the combs and the
act of worship.
2. Post- modifiers:
 "the box wrapped in shiny paper"
 "wrapped in shiny paper" is a post modifier specifying the condition of the box.
 "the combs that Della had worshipped for long in a Broadway window"
 "in a Broadway window" is a post-modifier indicating the location of Della's worship.

Noun Phrase Variables in 'The Gift of the Magi' "

Thematic Decoding through Noun Phrases: The central thematic element of sacrificial love is encapsulated in the
very title of the story, "The Gift of the Magi." Here, the noun phrase becomes a variable that carries layers of
meaning. The reference to the biblical Magi introduces a symbolic dimension, emphasizing the selflessness and
generosity inherent in the characters' actions. Through a nuanced examination of such noun phrases, the article
decodes the thematic variables carefully woven into the linguistic fabric of the narrative.

Character Development and Noun Phrase Variables: Characterization is a focal point of the analysis, with a focus
on how noun phrases function as variables in portraying Jim and Della. The article delves into specific phrases like
Jim's "pride of possession" and Della's "beautiful, shining tresses." These are not mere descriptors; they are
linguistic variables that provide insights into the characters' personalities, values, and the dynamics of their
relationship. The careful selection of noun phrases becomes a tool for O. Henry to construct characters with
depth and complexity.

Economic Struggles and Noun Phrase Variables: The economic challenges faced by the characters are explored
through specific noun phrases that serve as variables in conveying their financial constraints. Phrases such as
"two dollars a week" and "counting every penny" become linguistic variables that succinctly capture the
characters' circumstances. The article examines how these economical yet evocative noun phrases contribute to
shaping the readers' understanding of the characters' lives and struggles.

Emotional Resonance through Noun Phrase Variables: The emotional landscape of the story is a crucial aspect of
O. Henry's narrative, and the article scrutinizes noun phrases as variables in creating emotional resonance.
Moments such as Della proffering "the small, shiny box" are analyzed to understand how noun phrases
contribute to the intensity of emotions. Phrases like "wisest of all who give and receive gifts" become variables
that elevate the emotional impact, extending the narrative's resonance beyond its immediate context.

Linguistic Gateways and Noun Phrase Variables: Noun phrases are presented as linguistic gateways that unlock
the layers of meaning within the story. The article explores how O. Henry's deliberate choices in crafting noun
phrases serve as variables that invite readers into the narrative's intricacies. By decoding these linguistic
constructs, readers gain a deeper appreciation for the artistry behind O. Henry's storytelling and a richer
understanding of the universal themes embedded in the short story.

Critical analysis of Noun Phrases in the short story “Gift of Magi”

1. "The Gift of the Magi"
 The very title of the story is a noun phrase that encapsulates a wealth of meaning. The reference to the
biblical Magi immediately introduces a layer of symbolism, foreshadowing themes of selflessness and
generosity.
2. "the furnished flat"
 This phrase is used to describe the setting of Jim and Della's home. The choice of "furnished" provides
insights into their economic circumstances, hinting at a modest lifestyle.
3. "Jim's gold watch"
 This phrase not only describes a possession but also serves as a symbol of Jim's pride and a reflection of
his character. The use of "gold" adds a layer of value and importance.
4. "Della's beautiful, shining tresses"
 Describing Della's hair with this noun phrase goes beyond a simple depiction. It becomes a window into
her character, emphasizing her beauty and the value Jim places on it.
5. "two dollars a week"
 This phrase succinctly captures the financial constraint faced by Jim and Della. It emphasizes the meager
amount they have to manage their lives, adding a layer of tension to the narrative.
6. "counting every penny"
 Another phrase that contributes to the portrayal of economic struggles. It reflects the meticulous
budgeting and financial challenges the couple faces.
7. "the imputation of simplicity"
 This complex noun phrase is used to describe Della's initial reaction to Jim's gift. It conveys a sense of
innocence and straightforwardness but with a nuanced twist.
8. "the Combs - the set of combs"
 This repetition of "combs" in close proximity emphasizes the significance of this gift in the narrative. It
becomes a focal point, symbolizing sacrifice and love.
9. "Queen of Sheba"
 When Della is compared to the Queen of Sheba after cutting her hair, this noun phrase introduces a
cultural and historical allusion, adding depth to the description.
10. "wisest of all who give and receive gifts"
 This concluding phrase of the story is a powerful noun phrase that elevates the theme of selfless giving to
a universal and timeless level. It resonates beyond the immediate narrative, inviting readers to reflect on
the profound nature of love and sacrifice.
11. Jim's watch chain"
 This phrase refers to an accessory that holds sentimental value for Jim. It adds a personal touch to his
character and becomes a symbol of his connection to time and tradition.
12. "the second-floor front"
 Used to describe the couple's apartment, this phrase not only provides a physical setting but also
hints at the challenges of climbing to the second floor, subtly reflecting the uphill journey of their
lives.
13. "mutual gifts of the Magi"
  Towards the end of the story, this noun phrase emphasizes the reciprocity and shared sacrifice
between Jim and Della, echoing the biblical Magi's tradition of gift-giving.
14. "the combs that Della bought for Jim"
 This phrase emphasizes the significance of Della's gift. The repetition of "combs" draws attention to
the sacrificial act and its impact on the characters.
15. "Della's sacrificial love"
 A more interpretive noun phrase that encapsulates the essence of Della's actions. It goes beyond a
physical gift, highlighting the profound nature of her love.
16. "the long, dark days before Christmas"
 This descriptive phrase creates a sense of anticipation and sets the tone for the challenges faced by
Jim and Della during this particular period.
17. "the small, shiny box"
 Used to describe the box containing Della's hair, this phrase adds a tactile quality to the narrative,
enhancing the reader's sensory experience.
18. "the chronic absence of a dollar"
 This phrase hints at an ongoing financial struggle, suggesting that their challenges are not isolated
but chronic, adding a layer of complexity to their situation.
19. "the little Jew's shop"
 This phrase introduces a cultural and ethnic element to the story, providing context for where Della
purchased Jim's gift.
20. "the future days"
 As Jim and Della face the consequences of their gifts, this phrase alludes to the challenges and
uncertainties that lie ahead, adding a temporal dimension to the narrative.

Sara Mills' Feminist Stylistic Model 1995

This modal provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing linguistic and stylistic elements within a text, with
a specific focus on issues related to gender. Applying Mills' model to O. Henry's "The Gift of the Magi" involves
examining various linguistic aspects through a feminist lens.

1. Lexical Cohesion: "The Gift of the Magi," O. Henry utilizes lexical cohesion to convey the themes of sacrifice, love,
and selflessness lexical choices associated with sacrifice are evident in phrases like "sacrificed for each other"
and "gave up what each most prized." The repetition of words like "sacrifice" and "gave up" creates a cohesive
lexical field centered on the theme of self-sacrifice.
2. Collocational Clusters:
Collocational clusters in linguistic analysis refer to groups of words that frequently occur together in a particular
context. In "The Gift of the Magi," O. Henry employs collocational clusters to enhance the narrative's richness and
meaning. Collocational clusters around expressions of love and sacrifice include phrases like "sacrificed for each
other," "gave up what each most prized," and "pure love." These words cluster together to convey the central
theme of selfless love and sacrifice. The collocational cluster around prized possessions includes phrases like
"gold watch," "beautiful, shining tresses," and "Jim's pride of possession." These terms are consistently used to
describe valuable items, forming a cohesive cluster that highlights the importance of material possessions in the
story
3. Grammatical Cohesion:
Grammatical cohesion is an essential aspect of linguistic analysis that involves examining how various
grammatical elements within a text contribute to its overall coherence and meaning. In "The Gift of the Magi," O.
Henry utilizes grammatical cohesion to structure the narrative and convey the story's themes. O. Henry employs
the repetition of pronouns to link sentences and maintain cohesion. For instance, the repeated use of "she" and
"her" in phrases like "Della counted it three times" and "Della counted her money" creates a grammatical link,
ensuring clarity and continuity in the narration
4. Intersexuality:
 Intersexuality refers to the way in which one text refers to, incorporates, or transforms elements from other
texts. In "The Gift of the Magi" by O. Henry, intersexuality can be observed through various references and
allusions that add layers of meaning to the narrative
The very title, "The Gift of the Magi," alludes to the biblical Magi, who were wise men bringing gifts to the
newborn Jesus. This intersexual reference adds a layer of symbolism to Jim and Della's gift-giving, portraying their
actions as selfless and imbued with a sense of wisdom..
5. Stereotype Deconstruction:
Stereotype deconstruction involves analyzing and dismantling preconceived notions or conventional beliefs about
certain characters, themes, or situations within a literary work. In "The Gift of the Magi" by O. Henry, stereotype
deconstruction is evident in the portrayal of characters and their actions Stereotype: Traditional gender roles
often dictate that men are the primary breadwinners, while women are responsible for maintaining appearances.
Deconstruction: Jim and Della challenge these roles. Della takes an active role in securing a Christmas gift for Jim
by selling her hair, challenging the stereotype of passive femininity. Jim, on the other hand, sacrifices his prized
possession, challenging the notion of male stoicism and attachment to material wealth.

"Linguistic Alchemy: Noun Phrases Transformed Themes in 'The Gift of the Magi'"

"The Gift of the Magi" by O. Henry explores several themes, and the use of noun phrases contributes to the
nuanced depiction of these themes.

Key themes in the story and their connection to noun phrases:

1. Sacrifice:
 Theme: The central theme of sacrificial love is manifested through Jim and Della's willingness to sacrifice
their most prized possessions for each other.
 Noun Phrases: Noun phrases, such as "the small, shiny box" and "beautiful, shining tresses," play a crucial
role in portraying the sacrifices made. They go beyond mere descriptions, encapsulating the emotional
and material significance of the sacrificial acts.
2. Love and Generosity:
 Theme: The story celebrates the selfless nature of love and generosity, where the characters prioritize
each other's happiness over their own.
 Noun Phrases: Phrases like "the wisest of all who give and receive gifts" contribute to the thematic
richness. These noun phrases convey the depth of love and wisdom embedded in the characters' actions,
emphasizing the intangible value of their gifts.
3. Materialism and True Wealth:
 Theme: O. Henry challenges conventional notions of wealth and materialism, suggesting that true wealth
lies in meaningful connections and shared experiences.
 Noun Phrases: Specific noun phrases like "two dollars a week" and "pride of possession" highlight the
modest economic circumstances of the characters. These phrases contribute to the exploration of wealth
beyond monetary terms, emphasizing the emotional and sentimental value of possessions.
4. Irony:
 Theme: The story is renowned for its ironic twist, where Jim and Della's sacrificial gifts become unusable
due to the recipients' sacrifices.
 Noun Phrases: The use of noun phrases such as "the combs that Della had worshipped for long in a
Broadway window" adds a layer of irony. The careful selection of these phrases contributes to the
unexpected and humorous twist in the narrative, enhancing the impact of the story's ironic theme.
5. Value of Gifts:
 Theme: The narrative challenges societal norms regarding the value of gifts, suggesting that the true
worth of a gift lies in the sentiment behind it.
 Noun Phrases: The article examines noun phrases like "the greatest treasures of the home" to delve into
the thematic exploration of the value of gifts. These phrases underscore the emotional richness of the
exchanged items, emphasizing the profound meaning behind the seemingly simple gifts.
Conclusion
In the realm of literary mastery, certain narratives stand as timeless tributes to the art of storytelling. O.
Henry's "The Gift of the Magi" epitomizes such brilliance, where narrative brilliance intertwines seamlessly
with linguistic intricacy. As we conclude our exploration through the linguistic dimensions of this timeless
short story, titled "Decoding Language: A Study of Noun Phrases in the Short Story 'Gift of Magi,'" it is
essential to reflect on the profound themes, narrative impact, and thematic resonance revealed through the
lens of linguistic analysis. At the core of the narrative lies the profound theme of sacrificial love. Noun
phrases carefully chosen by O. Henry act as portals, inviting readers to delve into the emotional and material
significance of the sacrifices made by Jim and Della. In decoding phrases like "the small, shiny box" and
"beautiful, shining tresses," we unearth not mere descriptions but profound layers of meaning that amplify
the impact of their sacrificial acts. These linguistic choices transcend words; they become conduits for
readers to connect with the characters on a deeply emotional level. The sacrificial theme, encoded in
carefully crafted noun phrases, resonates beyond the narrative, touching upon universal notions of
selflessness and the boundless nature of true love. The celebration of selfless love and generosity permeates
the narrative, transcending material possessions. Noun phrases like "the wisest of all who give and receive
gifts" contribute significantly to the thematic richness of the story. Through these linguistic variables, O.
Henry elevates the narrative beyond a simple tale of gift-giving; it becomes a testament to the enduring
power of love that goes beyond tangible expressions. As we decode these phrases, we witness the
transformative impact of language in shaping our understanding of the characters' actions. The chosen words
become brushstrokes on the canvas of the narrative, portraying a love that is not bound by material
constraints but rather thrives in the realm of shared happiness and mutual generosity’s. Henry's narrative
challenges conventional notions of wealth, urging readers to reconsider the true essence of riches. Through
specific noun phrases like "two dollars a week" and "pride of possession," the economic struggles of Jim and
Della are vividly portrayed. The linguistic choices not only convey the characters' modest circumstances but
also serve as a commentary on societal values and the often misguided pursuit of material wealth. In
decoding these economic variables, readers are prompted to reflect on their own perceptions of wealth and
the societal constructs that shape such perceptions. O. Henry's narrative, enriched by linguistic nuances,
becomes a catalyst for contemplation, urging us to reassess the true sources of fulfillment and prosperity in
our lives. Irony, a hallmark of O. Henry's storytelling, is deftly woven into the fabric of the narrative. The noun
phrases selected, such as "the combs that Della had worshipped for long in a Broadway window," contribute
to the layers of irony that define the story's denouement. Through these linguistic devices, O. Henry
masterfully plays with reader expectations, delivering an unexpected and poignant twist. As we decode the
ironic variables embedded in these phrases, we recognize the storytelling finesse that transforms a seemingly
straightforward plot into a narrative that lingers in the reader's mind. The careful selection of words becomes
a testament to O. Henry's ability to subvert expectations and infuse his tales with a unique blend of humor
and poignancy. The theme of the narrative challenges societal norms regarding the value of gifts,
emphasizing the sentiment behind the exchange. Noun phrases like "the greatest treasures of the home"
serve as linguistic gateways into the exploration of the profound meaning behind the seemingly simple gifts.
In decoding these phrases, we come to understand that the value of a gift extends beyond its material worth.
O. Henry, through his linguistic choices, prompts readers to reassess their own attitudes towards gift-giving
and societal expectations. The redefined value becomes a lens through which we view not only the narrative
but also our own relationships and the significance we attach to meaningful exchanges. In conclusion, the act
of decoding language in "The Gift of the Magi" is akin to unraveling a literary treasure trove. The carefully
chosen noun phrases, serving as linguistic variables, unlock layers of meaning, thematic depth, and emotional
resonance. O. Henry's storytelling prowess is not confined to plot twists and character arcs alone; it extends
to the very fabric of language. Through this linguistic journey, readers are not mere spectators; they become
active participants, engaging with the narrative on a profound level. The decoding of noun phrases goes
beyond a scholarly exercise; it becomes a portal through which we explore timeless themes of love, sacrifice,
materialism, irony, and the redefinition of value.
References :

(https://www.gutenberg.org/): "The Gift of the Magi."

Literary databases or journals: Websites JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/)

Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/)

Sara Mills Modal(1995)

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lenny-
Brida/publication/335065795_ASSESSING_TEXT_ALIGNMENT_SARA_MILLS'_MODEL/links/5ec263b792851c11a
8704e5c/ASSESSING-TEXT-ALIGNMENT-SARA-MILLS-MODEL.pdf