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• The core, with a radius of 0.2R, is the source of all • The solar atmosphere, the exterior of the Sun, is
the Sun’s energy and it contains half of the Sun’s composed of the photosphere, chromosphere,
mass. and the corona.
• The combination of high temperature and high • The photosphere corresponds to the lowest and
density creates the correct environment for the densest part of the atmosphere.
thermonuclear reaction to take place.
• Because the Sun is completely made of gas and
• Two atoms of hydrogen come together to produce there is no hard surface, the photosphere is
one heavier atom of helium, releasing a great usually referred to as the Sun’s surface.
amount of energy.
• Once energy is produced in the core, it travels
from the center to the outer regions.
• The region immediate to the core is identified as
the radiation zone because energy is transported
by radiation and it extends to 0.7R.
The sun loses 4.3 million metric tones of mass per second (∆m
=4.3x109 kg/s). This results in the solar radiant power Φe,S of:
This value divided by the sun’s surface area, AS, provides the specific
emission of the sun:
Every square metre of the sun’s surface emits a radiant power of 63.11 MW
• The axis of the Earth is tilted at an angle of 23.458 to the plane of its elliptic path
This determines the extraterrestrial irradiance experienced at
around the sun.
Earth’s orbital distance from the sun. However, the distance • This tilt is the major cause of the seasonal variation of solar radiation available at any
between the sun and Earth is not constant throughout the year. It location on Earth. The angle between the Earth–sun line and a plane through the
varies between 1.47 • 108 km and 1.52 • 108 km. This causes a equator is called solar declination, δ.
variation in the irradiance, Ee, of between 1325 W/m2 and • The declination varies between -23.458 to +23.458 in 1 year. It may be estimated by
1420 W/m2. The average value, called the solar constant I0, is: the relation:
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
• Components of a PV system
The solar energy conversion into electricity takes place in
a semiconductor device that is called a solar cell. array
Cell
• A solar cell is a unit that delivers only a certain amount of
electrical power.
• In order to use solar electricity for practical devices, which
require a particular voltage or current for their operation:
• a number of solar cells have to be connected together to
form a solar panel, also called a PV module.
• For large-scale generation of solar electricity the solar
panels are connected together into a solar array.
module
1/5/2017