Archives of Oral Biology 97 (2019) 97–101

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Archives of Oral Biology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/archoralbio

A 3000 year old case of an unusual dental lesion: Pre-eruptive intracoronal T

resorption
⁎
Uri Zilbermana, , Ianir Milevskib,c, Dimitry Yegorovd,e, Patricia Smithf
a
Head of Pediatric Dental Clinic, Barzilai Medical University Center, Ashkelon, Israel
b
Head of the Prehistoric Branch, Israel Antiquities Authority Jerusalem, Israel
c
Program “Raíces”, Ministry of Science and Technology, Argentina
d
Israel Antiquities Authority, Southern District, Omer, Israel
e
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
f
Laboratory of Bioarchaeology and Ancient DNA, Faculties of Medicine and Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Objective: To determine the cause of a large dental lesion, tentatively identified as a case of pre-eruptive intra-
PEIR coronal resorption (PEIR), in the permanent second mandibular molar of a young individual from an Iron Age
Tel Erani cemetery at Tel Erani (Israel), dated to ca. 3000 years B.P. The provisional diagnosis was based on the massive
Caries size of the lesion in a young individual in whom the adjacent teeth were caries-free and showed no visible
Dentine resorption
enamel defects.
Iron age
Design: The lower molars of Tel Erani on the affected side were radiographed and compared to radiographs of a
Dental disease
modern clinical case of PEIR treated by one of us (U.Z) and the internal structure and mineral content of the
lesion examined in detail using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
Results: The Tel Erani specimen closely resembled the modern clinical case of PEIR. Moreover, both cases oc-
curred in young individuals in whom the adjacent teeth were caries-free. Examination with SEM revealed ab-
sence of dentine in the affected tooth from Tel Erani, together with changes in structure and mineral content
characteristic of resorption.
Conclusions: Our study shows that the changes found in the lower second molar of the 3000 year old mandible
from Tel Erani are characteristic of PEIR and demonstrate the antiquity of this condition.

1. Introduction
Dental caries is one of the most common diseases affecting hu-
mankind at the present and is attributed primarily to the consumption
of fermentable carbohydrates, with sugars and soft drinks considered
the main cariogenic agents (Kassebaum et al., 2015). The cavities that
characterize caries are caused by acid-fermenting bacteria that destroy
the enamel and dentine (Aas et al., 2008; Takahashi & Nyvad, 2011)
facilitating the spread of pathogens via the pulp cavity and root canals
to the periapical bone. Numerous genetic and developmental insults
that result in hypoplastic or hypomineralized enamel are known to
facilitate the onset and progress of carious lesions (Seow, 2014, 2003).
Such defects can usually be easily identified on visual examination and
normally affect many teeth. These considerations, however, do not
apply to the condition known as pre-eruptive intra-coronal resorption
(PEIR), also known as hidden caries or occult caries. In this condition
only one tooth is usually affected and the enamel appears to be intact,
but crumbles soon after eruption exposing a large cavity lacking of
dentine. The condition has been described in deciduous as well as
permanent teeth with no apparent gender or population differences
(Skillen 1941, Seow & Hackley 1996; Seow et al., 1999; Seow 2000,
2003; Moskovitz & Holan, 2004; Al-Batayneh et al., 2014; Omar et al.,
2015; Schwimmer et al., 2017), although Al-Tuwirqi and Seow (2017)
found that PEIR was significantly more frequent in children with de-
layed dental development of at least six months.
The factor or factors that trigger the activity of the clastic cells that
resorb the dentine and its replacement by soft tissue are still unknown,
but Counihan and O’Connel (2012) identified them as osteoclast-like
giant cells on the pulpal surface of the dentine, while Seow (2003)
suggested that they may originate from undifferentiated cells of the
developing dental follicle. Serial radiographs of developing teeth have
shown that the process begins soon after crown formation is completed
(Seow, 2003), as the dentine underlying the enamel is progressively
resorbed and replaced by soft granulation tissue. This leaves the

⁎
Corresponding author: Head of the Pediatric Dental Unit, Barzilai Medical University Center, 2nd Hahistadrut st., 7830604, Ashkelon, Israel.
E-mail address: ori@barzi.health.gov.il (U. Zilberman).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.015
Received 15 July 2018; Received in revised form 14 October 2018; Accepted 15 October 2018
0003-9969/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
U. Zilberman et al.
occlusal layer of enamel unsupported so that it fractures soon after
eruption exposing the pulp chamber and root canals to the oral flora.
The prevalence of PEIR at the present time has been determined as
2–8% by subject and 0.6–2% by tooth, primarily affecting the man-
dibular first premolar and second and third molars (Seow & Hackley,
1996; Savage, Gentner, & Symons, 1998; Nik & Rahman, 2003; Al-
Batayneh et al., 2014; Demirtas et al., 2016).
To the best of our knowledge the condition has not previously been
described in skeletal remains from archaeological contexts. In the case
described here, an extremely large lesion was identified in the lower
right second molar of a young individual in an otherwise caries-free
mouth. The provisional diagnosis of PEIR was based on the character-
istics of such lesions described by Seow (2003) who wrote “the dis-
proportionate size of the cavity relative to the short time the tooth has
been in the mouth should alert the clinician to the fact that the lesion is
unlikely to be caries”. He continues by describing the lesion that is
uncovered after collapse of the occlusal enamel as a large carious cavity
that rapidly becomes attacked by oral microbial flora. All these criteria
apply to the specimen from Tel Erani that is examined here, where we
have evaluated the diagnosis of PEIR through (a) comparison with a
recent clinical case treated by one of us (U.Z) in which the diagnosis of
PEIR was based on pre-eruption radiographs and subsequent treatment
and (b) detailed examination of the structure and chemical composition
of the lesion and intact enamel of adjacent teeth in the Tel Erani spe-
cimen to examine the extent to which the lesion may have been mod-
ified by other factors.
2. Materials and methods
The specimen containing the affected tooth was found in the course
of salvage excavations carried out in 2015–2016 on the lower terrace of
Tel Erani on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Map of Middle East showing location of Israel with insert showing location of Tel Erani and other Iron Age sites.
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Archives of Oral Biology 97 (2019) 97–101
The site, located near the modern town of Kiriat Gat, was traditionally
known during the Iron Age as Gat of the Philistines, described in the
bible (Killebrew & Lehman, 2013). However, it is now known that Tel
Erani was settled at least 5000 years ago by the early Canaanites
(Kempinski & Gilead, 1991; Yeivin, 1961; Milewski et al., 2016) The
specimen in question was found in the remains of an Iron Age cemetery
dug into Early Bronze Age deposits at the foot of the Tel (Yegorov &
Milevski, 2017; Milevski, Yegorov, Aladjem, & Pasternak, 2016) and
contained some 50 skeletons as well as numerous grave goods. The
grave goods included pottery vessels and other offerings that date to the
end of the Iron Age IB (11th century) and are characteristic of the local
Canaanite culture.
The specimen studied here comprises part of the right mandibular
corpus with all three permanent molars erupted and in good alignment.
Enamel wear facets were present on the first molar cusps, with pinpoint
exposure of dentine on the tips of the buccal cusps and only small en-
amel facets on the mesial cusps of the third molars, attesting to the
young age of this individual. No deposits of calculus were present
around the teeth and the bony margins around the teeth showed no
signs of resorption. The first and third molars were caries-free, but in
the second permanent molar there was an extensive cup-shaped carious
lesion exposing the floor of the pulp chamber and openings of the root
canals (Fig. 2). The partial mandible with the lesion was radiographed
and compared to a clinical case of PEIR identified from radiographs
taken prior to eruption and treated by one of us (UZ).
We used an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX EDS
System) SEM (FEI Quanta 200 microscope operating at 25 keV) to
compare the mineral content of the surface enamel in a recently ex-
tracted first molar and first permanent molar from the Tel Erani spe-
cimen, the internal surface of the lesion from the Tel Erani second
molar and five samples of the soil from the soil in contact with the bone.
The structure of the internal surface of the lesion was then examined at
U. Zilberman et al.
Fig. 2. Tel Erani mandibular fragment, Locus 2151.
A. Buccal view- Note the intact first and third erupted permanent molars and the large lesion in the second molar. Note: attrition of the cusps on the occlusal surface
of first molar. B. Lingual view.
X6000 with the SEM in backscattered electron mode.
3. Results
In the clinical case used as a standard for evaluating the lesion in the
Tel Erani mandible, the condition of PEIR was initially diagnosed from
panoramic radiographs taken as part of a routine dental examination
(Fig. 3a). It showed a large radiolucent lesion in the crown of the un-
erupted second molar, while all other teeth in this individual were
caries-free. The tooth was treated by surgical exposure of the crown and
removal of the occlusal enamel (Fig. 3b). This exposed a layer of soft
granular tissue that was removed and found to be composed of myo-
fibroblastic cells (spindle shaped actin positive), macrophages (oval
shaped CD68 and CD163 positive) and lymphocytes. The cavity was
filled with glass-ionomer (EQUIA FORTE FIL by GC co. Japan) re-
storative material (Fig. 3c). Follow-up of 18 months showed normal
eruption of the crown with no signs of further resorption, pulpal sen-
sitivity, or pathologies. The parents gave their consent for publication
of the images.
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Archives of Oral Biology 97 (2019) 97–101
Radiographs of the three molars in the partial mandible from Tel
Erani confirmed that the lower first and third permanent molars were
caries-free and in good alignment with no obvious structural abnorm-
alities. The large lesion in the second molar (Fig. 3d) was associated
with small periapical lesions indicative of abscess formation while the
apices of the third molar roots were patent, indicative of a mean age of
18–20 years for this individual. (AlQahtani, Hector, & Liversidge, 2010;
Gunst, Mesotten, Carbonez, & Willems, 2003; Liversidge & Marsden,
2010; Solari & Abramovitch, 2002). As can be seen from Figs. 2 and 3,
the lesion in the Tel Erani molar closely resembles that seen in the
clinical case of PEIR described above. In both individuals, the affected
tooth was the lower second permanent molar, and the adjacent teeth
were caries-free, while the location and extent of dentine loss appears
similar.
Table 1 shows the mineral content of the teeth examined with EDS
program of SEM. The intact enamel surface of the first molar from Tel
Erani was similar to that of the recent first molar, but showed some
evidence of diagenesis, expressed in the loss of carbon and phosphate
and its replacement with silica and alumina from the burial context.
Fig. 3. PEIR in modern mandibular second
permanent molar and in Tel Erani.
A.Panoramic view-No dentin on the mesial as-
pect of the crown. B. Clinical view of the PEIR
lesion in the dentin of the exposed second
molar- Note the large cavity. C. Radiograph
showing follow-up of 18 months after restora-
tion with glass-ionomer cement. D. Radiograph
of Tel Erani the mandible. Note the normal
enamel on first and third molars and the large
coronal lesion and periapical radiolucency in
the second molar.
U. Zilberman et al. Archives of Oral Biology 97 (2019) 97–101

et al., 2000). No dentine tubules were identified.

4. Discussion

The changes observed in the elemental composition of the lesion in

the Tel Erani individual resemble those reported (Robinson et al., 2000)
for carious lesions in recent teeth where some degree of remineraliza-
tion occurs, although in the archaeological specimen the external en-
vironment is soil and not saliva. They reported that the extent of mi-
neral exchange with the oral environment changes through the various
zones of decalcification and remineralisation characteristic of caries.
These changes differ from those seen in chemical erosion where the
surface zone is most affected with 62–64% mineral loss and increased
porosity, since much of the organic matrix is unaffected (Eisenburger,
2009). This was obviously not the case in the specimens studied here,
where oral pathogens have broken down the organic matrix. Moreover,
in the case in question we are dealing with a localised condition af-
fecting one tooth, whereas erosion during life usually affects many teeth
surfaces, rather than one tooth (Ganss, Klimek, & Borowski, 2002;
Coupal & Sołtysiak, 2017). The same applies to factors affecting the
Fig. 4. Occlusal surface of Tel Erani first permanent molar.
11a marks the intact enamel examined by EDS. 11b shows the region with integrity of the mineralized tissues after death as far as erosion from the
cupping of dentine due to attrition. pH of the burial context is concerned. Attack by biological agents in the
soil to produce the localized lesions seen in bones and occasionally in
exposed cementum rarely attack the more highly mineralized dental
Table 1
enamel (Kendall, Høier Eriksen, Kontopoulos, Collins, & Turner-Walker,
Mineral content of intact enamel from modern M1, the intact occlusal surface of
2018). The only account of such a lesion we have seen, is that shown in
Tel Erani M1, internal surface from Tel Erani M2 (PEIR lesion) and soil samples.
the crown of a fossilized rat and has shallow sloping margins
Elements Modern M1 Tel Erani Tel Erani Tel Erani Soil samples (Fernandez-Jalvo & Andrews, 2016: Fig. A423) that are very different
Enamel M1 Enamel PEIR-M2 PEIR-M2
to the steep undercut enamel margins in the Tel Erani specimen.
Fig. 4 Fig. 5A Fig. 5A
Loc1A Loc 1B The size and shape of the lesion is therefore in our opinion unlikely
to be attributable to diagenesis, while it differs from that typical of diet
C 12.75 8.70 0.23 0.28 4.85 related caries. This, since the time of onset and progress are primarily
O 41.74 37.08 57.73 56.14 36.3
correlated with diet and age so that the frequency of caries is usually
P 14.53 10.77 1.07 0.82
Ca 30.99 39.85 31.74 28.34 9.5 higher in the early erupting first molar than in the second molar
Si 2.48 5.59 9.41 29.5 (Nordblad & Larmas, 1975) as well as in older individuals (Hopcraft &
Al 1.11 1.46 2.31 7.95 Morgan, 2006). The latter reported that the first molar was the tooth
Mg 0.55 0.53 1.04 most frequently affected in all age groups they examined, even though
Fe 1.95 1.76 6.95
the mean score for DMTS (Decayed, Missing, Treated Surfaces) teeth
Note: C = Carbon, O = Oxygen, P = Phosphate, Ca = Calcium, Si = Silica, was far greater in those aged 31–35 years, than in those aged 17–21
Al = Alumina, Mg = Magnesium, Fe = Iron. (13.04 and 3.21 respectively). Thus there is only a low possibility that
the extremely large carious lesion in the second molar of the otherwise
More extensive changes were seen in the partially decalcified internal caries-free mandible from Tel Erani is not associated with PEIR, since it
surface of the PEIR lesion in respect to carbon and phosphate together fits all the criteria described by Seow, Wan & McCallen (1999), and
with an increased content of silica, alumina and iron. At the same time Seow (2003).
the calcium content of the internal surface was high and this was as- In both the Tel Erani specimen and the modern clinical case of PEIR
sociated with the presence of large recrystallized apatite crystals, a used for comparison described here the cavities in the second molars
phenomenon commonly seen at the base of carious lesions (Robinson resembled one another in size and shape and were associated with
caries-free first molars and were lacking dentine.

Fig. 5. Internal surface of the PEIR lesion in

Tel Erani second molar.
A. Labels 6a and 6b on the figure denote the
locations of ESD analyses. B. Enlargement
X6000 of region 6b. Note: absence of dentin,
different sized enamel crystals. A. Labels 1A
and 1B on the figure denote the location of EDS
analyses. B. enlargement X6000 of region 1B.
Note: absence of dentin, different sized enamel
crystals.

100
U. Zilberman et al.
As with many other diseases affecting modern societies, technical
advances in diagnosis, combined with the greater availability of med-
ical care, have led to improved diagnosis of PEIR, a condition, which
untreated results in rapid loss of the affected tooth once it erupts. While
the clinical diagnosis is now primarily based on diagnosis from radio-
graphy of the developing jaws, this is not usually carried out during
routine dental examination of skeletal remains. However, we propose
that it is another factor to consider in evaluating the cause of an ex-
tremely large carious cavity in a recently erupted tooth in an otherwise
caries-free mouth in the skeletal remains of young individuals.
Moreover, since the untreated tooth is lost soon after eruption because
of the rapid destruction of the tooth and resultant resorption of the
supporting bone, it may account for the early loss of a single tooth in an
otherwise healthy dentition. As with other pathologies where the ae-
tiology is still unknown, identifying when and where PEIR occurred in
the past may contribute to a better understanding of the factors in-
volved. Certainly the fact that the condition was present some
3000 years ago means that it long predated the on-going deterioration
in environment and increased stress of modern lifestyles.
5. Conclusions
This study demonstrates that PEIR is not a disease of recent origin,
but was present at least 3000 years ago. We propose that the criteria
used in the clinical diagnosis of this condition, are adequate for its di-
agnosis in skeletal remains and should be taken into consideration in
evaluating the pathogenesis of unusual dental lesions in recently
erupted teeth, or early ante- mortem loss in skeletal remains.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding
agencies in the public, commercial, or non-for-profit sectors.
Acknowledgments
We want to thank the Department of Publications of the IAA (Israel
Antiquities Authority) for the permit granted to publish data from the
salvage excavations at Tel Erani (Permit A-7524/2015). We also want
to thank the staff and workers at Tel Erani; special thanks to Yossi
Nagar (physical anthropologist at the field), Svetlana Talis (Iron Age
pottery), Emil Aladjem and Martin Pasternak (field supervisors), and
Daniel Varga (Southern District of the IAA).
We want to thank Roxana Golan from the Isle Katz Institute for
Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University of the
Negev, Beer-Sheva for the work on the SEM and the EDS analysis of the
ions content.
Conflict of Interest
None.
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