21st century

Collate – collect and combine (info, or sets of figures) in proper order

Colonnade - A row of columns, usually supporting a roof.
Context- the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms
of which it can be fully understood and assessed.
Dramatic Situation- is the combination of setting, characters, and action in a poem/prose which
is supposed to engage the reader.
Fanlights - A window over a door or another window, in the shape of a semi-circle. Literary
Boom- It was a period of literary flourishing in the 1960s and 70s that brought much of the
area's literature to an international audience. During this time, Latin America enjoyed increasing
economic prosperity, and a new-found confidence.
Quran-is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God.
It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature. The Quran is divided into
chapters, which are subdivided into verses.
Sparrow a small finch like Old World bird related to the weaverbirds, typically with brown and
grey plumage.
Sonnet A sonnet is a one-stanza, 14-line poem, written in iambic pentameter. The sonnet, which
derived from the Italian word sonetto, meaning "a little sound or song," is "a popular classical
form that has compelled poets for centuries."
Surah- is the term for a chapter of the Quran. There are 114 Surahs in the Quran, each divided
into verses. The chapters or suras are of unequal length; the shortest chapter (Al-Kawthar) has
only three ayat (verses) while the longest (Al-Baqara) contains 286 verses.
White Pepper - A condiment made from dried beans and berries instead of the pepper plan.
European literature - also known as western literature.
Eavan Boldan (author of Atlantis: A Lost Sonnet – one of Ireland’s preeminent contemporary
poets
Metaphor – a figure of speech in which ideas, actions or objects are described in non-literal
terms. Basically, when an author compares one thing to another
Symbolism – refers to the use of an object, figure, event, situation or other idea in a written
work to represent something else
Hyperbole – an exaggerated statement that’s not meant to be taken literally by the reader
(example: I could eat a horse, I was dying of laughter)
Imagery – a figure of speech where an author describes a scene, thing or idea so that it appeals
to our senses (taste, smell, sight, touch, or hearing)
Arabic literature – refers to the body of written works produced in the Arabic language.
Tradition of Arabic literature stretches back 16 centuries ago to unrecorded beginnings in the
Arabian Peninsula
The Qur’an - revelation of the Quran to the Prophet Muhammad, beginning at some point early
in the 7th century AD, is the foundational event in Islam
21st century Arabic literature – New generation of poets across the Arabic-speaking world were
taking poetry in a variety of new directions. In the 21st century world of global communication
and of television, video, and the internet, Arabic poetry struggled to find a place within the
public domain, but, when political crises loomed, it was the voice of the poet that continued to
express the conscience, the agony, and the aspirations of the Arab people.
Hassounda Mosbahi (author of Yunus on the beach) – a literary author and critic as well as a
freelance journalist for Arab and German newspapers and magazines.
William Hutchins – American academic, author and translator of contemporary Arabic literature.
Element of short story
Setting: the time and location in which a story takes place

 Place – geographical location

 Time – when the story takes place
 Weather conditions – rainy, sunny, stormy
 Social conditions – writing that focuses on the speech, dress, mannerisms, customs, etc.
of a particular place
 Mood or atmosphere – feeling of the story
Plot: how the author arranges events to develop his basic idea

 Introduction – the beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is
revealed
 Rising action – where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict is
revealed
 Climax – highest point of interest and the turning point of the story
 Falling actions – the events and complications begin to resolve themselves
 Denouement – final outcome or the untangling of events in the story
Conflict: the opposition of forces which ties one incident to another and makes the plot move
Character: can be defined as any personal, animal or figure
Theme: controlling idea or central insight. It is the author’s underlying meaning or main idea
that he wants to convey
Gina Apostol is a contemporary Filipino author known for her novels that often explore complex
historical and political themes. "The Revolution According to Raymundo Mata" is one of her
works, it delves into the historical context of the Philippines, given Apostol's interest in Filipino
history and identity.
Noli Me Tangere: "Noli Me Tangere" is a novel written by Filipino national hero Jose Rizal. It tells
the story of a young man named Crisostomo Ibarra who returns to the Philippines after studying
in Europe. The novel explores the injustices and abuses suffered by the Filipino people under
Spanish colonial rule, and it criticizes the corruption and hypocrisy of the ruling class. The title
"Noli Me Tangere" is Latin for "Touch Me Not," and it alludes to a biblical passage. The novel
played a significant role in the Philippine struggle for independence from Spain.
Authoritarianism - the blind submission to authority and the repression of individual freedom of
thought and action. It involves the use of strong central power to preserve the political status
quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting.
Martial law - a temporary substitution of military authority for civilian rule over a designated
region or the whole country. It involves the suspension of civilian legal processes for military
powers, it is typically declared in times of emergency or civil unrest when civilian authorities are
unable to effectively maintain order.
Martial Law in the Philippines - Martial law began in September 21, 1672 under Proclamation
No. 1081, and the Marcos babies (those who were born 1964 to 1986) are only beginning to
write about this segment of the past. When martial law began, there was not much resistance
to it, as people believed that it would curb the insurgency of various rebel groups at the time.
Although it did lessen crimes in the country, anyone who went against President Marcos was
jailed, and in many cases, disappeared without a trace.
Apo on the wall - The following poem explores the experience of martial law and what came
after it. It is written using a child’s point of view and is complicated by his relationship with his
father.