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TRAVERSING
Presented by
Daw Than Mar Swe
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Mandalay Technological University (MTU)
21.4.2022
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Outlines
• Introduction
• Methods of Traversing
• Plotting Traverse Survey
• Checks
• Closing Error
• Balancing a Traverse
• Computation of Area of A Closed Traverse by Coordinates
• Omitted Measurements
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Introduction
The word traverse literally means ‘passing across’.
In surveying it means ‘determining the lengths and directions of
consecutive lines’.
The linear measurements are made with a chain or tape and
the relative directions of the lines are measured with a chain,
compass or theodolite.
(Continued)
Closed Traverse
(Continued)
Open Traverse
An open traverse is one that does not return to the starting
point.
(Continued)
Methods of Traversing
The precision usually specified for traversing requires the use
of a steel tape and the theodolite.
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Meridian: the fixed direction in which the bearings of survey lines are
expressed. (north-south reference line)
Magnetic Meridian: is employed as a line of reference on rough
surveys.
Bearing: the horizontal angle between the reference meridian and the
survey line measured in clockwise or anticlockwise direction.
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2) By Included Angles
The included angle = F.B. of the forward line – B.B. of the previous line
= a negative value + 360 ိ (exterior included angle)
= a positive value (interior included angle)
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3) By Tangents
4) By Chords
5) By Rectangular Coordinates
(Continued)
(Continued)
(Continued)
Checks
1) Closed Traverse
(Continued)
Check on Angular Measurements
i) Traversing by included angles: The sum of interior included
angles should be = (2n – 4) right angles, and the sum of exterior
included angles should be = (2n + 4) right angles, where n is the
number of sides of the traverse.
(Continued)
2) Open Traverse
Closing Error
• In a closed traverse if the work is correct, the algebraic sum of
the latitudes (L) should be equal to zero, i.e., ∑L = 0, and the
algebraic sum of the departures (D) should also be equal to
zero, i.e., ∑D = 0.
Balancing a Traverse
1) Bowditch rule
2) Transit rule
(Continued)
If the corrections are to be applied separately, then the following
rules may be used:
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(Continued)
4) Check ∑L = 0 and ∑D = 0. If not, a correction is applied using
the transit rule. In the case of a compass traverse, the correction
is applied by Bowditch rule.
Omitted Measurements
Often it becomes impossible to measure all the lengths and
bearings of a closed traverse.
The algebraic sum of the all the latitudes and that of all the
departures are each zero, i.e. ∑L = 0 and ∑D = 0
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(Continued)
If the missing data be the bearings of any two adjacent lines of
a closed traverse.
(Continued)
Sometimes the bearings of two lines, which are not adjacent,
are missing.
Solution
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From ∆ADE,
DE EA DA
= =
sin EAD sin ADE sin AED
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