GEE 1: Living in the IT Era 3.
The Electro-Mechanical Period (1840-1940)
Lessons 1 - Introduction to the Information and
Communication Technology
Evolution of Information and Communication Technology
Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which is the use of technology to
manipulate and communicate information, especially in modern telecommunications
systems. ICT has evolved through different stages, including pre-mechanical, mechanical,
electromechanical, and electronic, to become what it is today. The merging of
telecommunications and computing technology has allowed for the development of the
internet as a dominant data communication system.
1. The Pre-Mechanical Period (3000 BCE-1450)
The pre-mechanical age of technology, which spanned from 3000B.C. to 1450A.D.,
was the earliest known form of ICT. During this period, humans developed different ways to
communicate, including language, petroglyphs, and alphabets. Writing materials such as
clay tablets, papyrus, pens, and paper were developed, and the first books and libraries
were created to store information permanently. Numbering systems were also developed,
with the first 1-9 system created by people from India around 100A.D., and the number 0
invented 775 years later. The abacus was the first calculator and sign of an information
processor during this period.
2. The Mechanical Period (1459-1840)
The mechanical age, which occurred between 1450 and 1840, saw the development
of technologies that laid the foundation for modern-day machines. During this period, the
slide rule, an analog computer used for multiplying and dividing, and the Pascaline, a
popular mechanical computer invented by Blaise Pascal, were created. Charles Babbage
developed the difference engine, which tabulated polynomial equations using the method of
finite differences. While the machines invented during this period were large and could
perform only one type of calculation, they were considered significant achievements at the
time.
The electromechanical age, which lasted from 1840 to 1940, marked the beginning of
telecommunication and the emergence of crucial technologies that paved the way for
advances in the field of information technology. The telegraph, created in the early 1800s, was
followed by the creation of Morse code by Samuel Morse in 1835, the telephone by Alexander
Graham Bell in 1876, and the first radio by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. In 1940, Harvard
University created the first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States called
the Mark 1, which was programmed using punch cards and was the size of a large room. This
machine paved the way for downsizing technology to make it more usable by businesses and
eventually in homes.
4. The Electronic Period (1940-present)
The Internet was also developed during the fourth generation, connecting
computers all around the world and allowing for easy sharing of information. This led to the
development of the World Wide Web, which was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. The
Web allowed for easy access to information and websites using hypertext links. Mobile devices
also began to emerge during this time, starting with the development of mobile phones and
later the introduction of smartphones, tablets, and other portable computing devices. Cloud
computing also became popular, allowing users to store and access data and applications
remotely over the Internet. The electronic age has brought about many advancements and
changes to the way we live our lives and interact with technology, and it continues to evolve at
a rapid pace.
Practical Application of ICT in Everyday Life
EDUCATION
The use of information and communication technology (ICT) has become
increasingly important in education. Teachers can use computers and other digital devices to
create and deliver engaging lessons and activities. Students can use ICT to access
information, communicate with teachers and classmates, and complete assignments.
Researchers can use ICT to conduct and analyze studies, and school administrators can use
it to manage school operations and communicate with stakeholders. ICT has also opened up
opportunities for distance learning, online courses, and virtual classrooms, allowing for
education to be more accessible to a wider range of students.
BANKING
Computers are crucial for the banking industry and electronic banking services. With
the use of computers, banks can efficiently manage and process financial transactions such
as deposits, withdrawals, and transfers. Computers also allow banks to monitor accounts,
provide online banking services, and offer customer support through various channels such
as phone, email, and chatbots. Electronic banking services have made banking more
convenient for customers as they can access their accounts and complete transactions from
anywhere, at any time.
The services include:
● Cheque Deposit
● Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
● Electronic Fund Transfer
● Direct Deposit
● Pay by phone system
● Personal computer banking/internet banking
The usage of ICT in the banking sector has brought many benefits to customers,
businessmen, and bank administrators. Some of the benefits include:
1. Convenience: Customers can access banking services from anywhere and at any
time using online and mobile banking. This saves them time and reduces the
need for physical visits to the bank.
2. Speed: ICT has enabled the banking sector to process transactions much faster
than before. Electronic fund transfers, mobile payments, and other digital
transactions are completed almost instantly, saving time for both customers and
bankers.
3. Security: ICT has improved the security of banking transactions. Technologies
such as encryption, biometrics, and multi-factor authentication have made it more
difficult for hackers to access sensitive information and carry out fraudulent
activities.
4. Efficiency: ICT has improved the efficiency of banking operations. Automated
systems have reduced the need for manual intervention in many banking
processes, leading to faster and more accurate results.
5. Access to information: With the use of ICT, customers can access their account
information, transaction history, and other banking details easily. This helps
them make informed financial decisions and manage their money more
effectively.
Overall, the use of ICT has revolutionized the banking sector, making it more efficient,
convenient, and secure for customers, businessmen, and bank administrators.
INDUSTRY
ICT is used in various ways to improve efficiency, productivity, and innovation. Some
of the benefits of using ICT in the industrial sector include:
1. Production planning and control: Computers are used to manage and control
production processes, from scheduling and inventory control to quality control and
maintenance management. This helps to streamline production, reduce waste,
and ensure consistent quality.
2. Supply chain management: ICT is used to optimize supply chain management,
from tracking inventory and shipments to managing suppliers and vendors. This
helps to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure timely delivery of goods
and services.
3. Product design and innovation: Computers are used in product design and
engineering, from 3D modeling and simulation to prototyping and testing. This
helps to speed up product development, reduce costs, and improve product
quality and innovation.
4. Workplace communication and collaboration: Computers and ICT are used to
facilitate workplace communication and collaboration, from email and
messaging to video conferencing and collaboration tools. This helps to improve
teamwork, productivity, and innovation.
 Overall, the use of computers and ICT in the industrial sector has transformed the way
businesses operate, improving efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness.
E-COMMERCE
In e-commerce, customers benefit from the convenience of online shopping and the
ability to access a wider range of products from anywhere with an internet connection.
Suppliers benefit from the ability to reach a wider market and reduce costs associated with
physical storefronts. Employees benefit from the increased efficiency of online
transactions and the ability to work remotely. Additionally, e-commerce can boost the
economy by creating new job opportunities and increasing revenue for businesses.
Impacts of ICT in different areas of specialization
FASTER COMMUNICATION SPEED
Advancements in ICT have led to faster communication speed, with the Internet
allowing for efficient and instant transmission of messages and news via email. With high
bandwidth, broadband and connection speed, any information can be sent and received
quickly and inexpensively, resulting in significant time savings.
LOWER COMMUNICATION COST
The use of the Internet is cost-effective compared to other communication methods
like mailing or courier service. It provides access to a large amount of data at a low cost and
basic services are often free. Additionally, the cost of connection to the Internet is relatively
cheap.
RELIABLE MODE OF COMMUNICATION
Computers are reliable for accessing and retrieving information from anywhere at
any time, but the reliability depends on the quality of input provided by humans. If the input
data is faulty, the output will also be faulty, as the term "GIGO" (Garbage In Garbage Out)
implies. In general, bad input produces bad output.
EFFECTIVE SHARING OF INFORMATION
The advancement of ICT enables people all around the world to share and exchange
information through the Internet. This allows for knowledge sharing and contributes to the
development of a knowledge-based society through discussion groups, mailing lists, and
forums.
PAPERLESS ENVIRONMENT
ICT technology has introduced the concept of a paperless environment, meaning that
information can be stored and retrieved digitally rather than on paper. Online communication
tools such as email, online chat, and instant messaging also contribute to reducing paper
usage.
BORDERLESS COMMUNICATION
The internet provides fast information retrieval, interactivity, accessibility, and
versatility, making it a borderless source of services and information. This means that
information and communication can be easily accessed from anywhere in the world without
any geographical limitations.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
ICT has negative impacts on society as well. People are becoming more reliant on
online communication and are becoming less likely to engage in face-to-face interactions.
This trend can lead to social isolation and can contribute to individualistic behavior.
HEALTH PROBLEMS
Spending long hours using a computer can cause harm to users and lead to health
problems such as bad posture, eyestrain, and physical and mental stress. To address these
issues, it is recommended to create an ergonomic environment, such as using an ergonomic
chair to reduce back strain and a screen filter to minimize eye strain.
Current Trends and Technologies
As technology continues to advance, it enables us to develop new technologies even faster.
This leads to an exponential growth in technological progress, where advancements are made
at an ever-increasing rate. This phenomenon is known as the "law of accelerating returns", and
it suggests that we can expect to see rapid and significant technological progress in the
coming years and decades.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of machines to perform tasks that would
typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-
making, and language translation. AI technologies are based on algorithms that can learn
from and make predictions or decisions based on data inputs. AI systems can be trained
using large amounts of data, and the algorithms can improve their performance over time
through a process known as machine learning. The goal of AI is to create machines that can
function autonomously and perform tasks without human intervention.
Some of the tasks performed by AI-enabled devices include:
● Speech recognition
● Object detection
● Solve problems and learn from the given data
● Plan an approach for future tests to be done
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that involves the use of algorithms that
can learn from and make predictions or decisions on data, without being explicitly
programmed to do so. Machine learning models are designed to improve automatically
based on their experience with data, and can be used in a wide range of applications, such
as image and speech recognition, natural language processing, recommendation systems,
and fraud detection, among others.
Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is a technology that uses software robots or bots
to automate repetitive and rules-based business processes. These bots are programmed to
perform tasks just like humans, such as logging into applications, entering data, copying and
pasting, and performing calculations. The bots can work 24/7 and do not require breaks,
making them more efficient and cost-effective than human labor. Additionally, RPA frees up
human workers to focus on higher-value tasks that require creativity, problem-solving skills,
and decision-making abilities.
Some of these tasks include:
● Addressing queries
● Making calculations
● Maintaining records
● Making transactions
Edge Computing
Edge computing is becoming increasingly important as more and more IoT devices
are deployed. These devices generate massive amounts of data that need to be processed
quickly, and edge computing allows for this to happen without relying solely on cloud
computing. Edge computing is also being used in industries such as healthcare,
manufacturing, and transportation to enable real-time data processing and decision-making.
Quantum Computing
Quantum computing is a rapidly growing field that has the potential to revolutionize
many industries, including healthcare, finance, and cybersecurity. Because quantum
computers can process vast amounts of data at lightning-fast speeds and solve complex
problems that are beyond the capabilities of traditional computers, they are expected to have
a significant impact on our world in the coming years. However, despite the progress made in
this field, there are still many challenges that need to be overcome before quantum
computers become widely accessible and practical for everyday use.
Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
VR and AR have also found applications in fields such as healthcare, architecture,
and engineering. For example, medical professionals can use VR to simulate surgeries or
procedures before performing them on actual patients. Architects and engineers can use VR
to visualize and test building designs before construction begins, reducing the risk of errors
and delays. As the technology continues to develop, it is likely to find even more diverse and
innovative applications in various industries.
Blockchain
Blockchain is a public, decentralized and encrypted database that records
transactions in chronological order, which cannot be altered or controlled by a central
authority. The participants in the network maintain and approve transactions.

Internet of Thing
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of computing devices
embedded in everyday objects that communicate with each other via the internet, sharing and
analyzing data. These devices can be found in consumer products like cars, appliances, and
medical equipment, as well as industrial machinery, shipping equipment, robots, and
warehouses.
5G
5G services are anticipated to transform our lives by enabling advanced technologies such
as AR and VR, cloud-based gaming services, as well as being used in factories, HD
cameras, traffic management, smart grid control, and smart retail.
Cyber Security
Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting electronic devices and services from
malicious attacks by hackers. It involves defending everything from computers and
smartphones to networks and databases from electronic threats. Offensive cybersecurity
measures do exist, but most professionals in this field focus on defensive strategies to
prevent attacks.
Lesson 2 - The Web and the Internet
History of the Internet
The internet is a global network connecting businesses, individuals, and government
agencies, providing access to goods, services, and information. It originated from a
networking project by the Pentagon's ARPA with the goal of allowing scientists to collaborate
on military and scientific projects. The network, called ARPANET, was established in 1969,
linking researchers across the United States. The internet is made up of various networks,
owned by public and private organizations, phone, cable, and satellite companies, and the
government. The internet is often referred to as the "information highway" and allows for the
electronic movement of ideas and information through cyberspace.
Connecting to the Internet
The Internet can be accessed through wired or wireless connections via computers
and mobile devices. Wired connections use a cable or wire to connect to a modem that
transmits data over a transmission media to the Internet, while wireless connections use
technology such as satellite or WIFI. Broadband Internet service is popular due to its fast data
transfer speeds and always-on connection. Public locations such as malls, coffee shops, and
airports often have Wi-Fi hot spots which provide wireless Internet connections to mobile
devices, and some require users to agree to terms of service or obtain a password to
connect.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
An ISP is a business that provides access to the Internet for individuals and
organizations for free or a fee, offering plans based on desired speeds, bandwidth, and
services. Bandwidth refers to the network's capability to send and receive data, with high
bandwidth connections transmitting more data than low bandwidth connections in the same
amount of time. Data sizes are measured in terms of megabytes (MB), approximately one
million characters, and gigabytes (GB), approximately one billion characters.
Mobile Service Provider
A mobile service provider offers wireless Internet access to devices that are equipped
with wireless capabilities. The provider uses an ISP to provide the connection to the Internet
and sends signals through the airwaves to communicate with the device. This allows users to
access the Internet on their mobile devices while on the go, without the need for a wired
connection.
How data travels to the Internet
To transfer data between clients and servers, the Internet uses a protocol called the
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). This protocol breaks data into
packets, which are then sent across the Internet to their destination. Each packet may travel a
different path to reach its destination, and routers are used to direct the packets along the
way.
Services offered through the Internet
Some of the services provided by the internet are as follows.
 Electronic Mail. (E-mail)
Electronic mail, commonly known as email, is a digital message sent and received
through the internet or other computer networks. It allows users to send and receive
messages, files, images, and other types of data to and from anyone with an email address,
anywhere in the world, in real-time. Email has become an essential tool for communication
and is widely used by individuals, businesses, and organizations.
Advantages of Email:
● It is the cheapest and fastest mail service.
● you can send any form of data like text, image, video, etc.
● physical presence or recipient is not required.
● It can be read anywhere in the world
Telenet or Telnet
It is a protocol used on the Internet to provide remote access to a computer or
device. Telnet allows a user to connect to a remote computer or device and perform tasks
as if they were physically present at that location. This can be useful for system
administrators or technical support personnel who need to manage or troubleshoot remote
devices. However, Telnet has largely been replaced by more secure protocols such as SSH
(Secure Shell).
File Transferring
The Internet provides the facility of downloading and uploading large volumes of files.
We need an FTP Client program to upload or download files from a remote computer.
Video Conference
The advanced service of the Internet through which the people of different locations
communicate by watching each other is known as video conference.
World Wide Web (WWW)
This provides millions of information on various topics. There are millions of web sites
on the web which provide information. Each web site is identified by the Internet Address or
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
E-commerce
It is the service on the Internet through which we can sell or buy goods. We can
use it through some special websites. The web sites which provide buying and selling
facilities to the users are known as electronic commerce sites.
Electronic Fax (E-Fax)
It is the service through which users send and receive faxes directly from one computer to
another. To use Electronic Fax service, a computer should have a modem, e-fax program, and
internet.
Newsgroup
Newsgroup is one of the facilities provided by the Internet through which to post notes
or messages on various subjects.
Internet Relay Chat
It is also one of the most popular services of the Internet which allows people at
different locations to send and receive instant messages. We can send voice or text
messages through Internet Relay Chat.
Evolution of the World Wide Web
While the Internet was developed in the late 1960s, the World Wide Web emerged in the
early 1990s as an easier way to access online information using a browser.
Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau proposed the concept of the World Wide Web in 1989,
with the goal of creating a way to link and share information using hypertext documents.
They envisioned a system where users could access and interact with these documents, or
web pages, through a web browser. This led to the development of the first web server, web
browser, and HTML language. Today, the World Wide Web is a fundamental part of the
internet and is used by billions of people worldwide to access and share information,
 communicate, and conduct business.
Web 1.0
Web 1.0 mostly focused on delivering static content to users, with limited or no
interaction. It was characterized by simple HTML pages, limited graphics, and a lack of
multimedia content. Websites were primarily used to share information and were designed to
be read-only. Users could not interact with the content or modify it in any way. Examples of
Web 1.0 websites include online directories, news sites, and company websites.
Web 2.0
Web 2.0 refers to a new generation of web applications that enable user-generated
content, collaboration, and interactivity. Some of the characteristics of Web 2.0 include social
networking, blogs, wikis, podcasts, video sharing, and other user-generated content
platforms. The shift from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 represented a significant change in the way
people interact with the web, from passive consumption to active participation.
Web 3.0
Web 3.0 is often described as the next generation of the web, which will be more
intelligent and connected than Web 2.0. One of the main characteristics of Web 3.0 is the
use of semantic web technologies, which enable machines to understand and interpret
data more effectively. The semantic web is based on the idea of linking data together in a
structured way, which allows machines to understand the relationships between different
pieces of information.
Another important aspect of Web 3.0 is the decentralization of the web, which allows for
greater user control and privacy. This is achieved through the use of blockchain technology
and other decentralized systems, which provide a more secure and transparent way of
sharing information and conducting transactions online.
Web 3.0 is also expected to enable greater automation and integration of different systems,
allowing for more efficient and streamlined workflows. This will be particularly useful in areas
such as e-commerce, supply chain management, and healthcare.
Overall, Web 3.0 is expected to bring about significant changes in the way we interact with
the web and use technology in our daily lives.
Web 4.0
Web 4 is “based on wireless communication (mobile devices or computer) connecting
people and objects whenever and wherever in the physical or virtual world in real time”. The
GPS which helps people to find their way is a good example for this type.
Web 5.0
Web 5.0 is still progressing and does not complete its formation; however, it is
defined as a linked, emotive, and symbolic web that communicates with humans. In addition,
it is based on emotional association with humans. It functions like a personal assistant.
Lesson 3 - DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE
While the foundations for digital technology can be traced back to the 19th century, the term
"Digital Age" typically refers to the period starting in the late 20th century when digital
technology became widespread and began to significantly transform various aspects of
society. This includes the widespread adoption of personal computers, the internet, and
mobile devices, which have fundamentally changed the way people communicate, work,
learn, and access information. The Digital Age is characterized by the increasing reliance on
digital technology to store, process, and transmit information, and the unprecedented access
to information that it provides to people all over the world.
Origins of the Digital Age (1947-1969)
Transistors and integrated chips were invented in the 1940s to the late 1960s.
Moore's Law predicts that the number of transistors in integrated circuits doubles every two
years, leading to an increase in the performance and size of ICs. This prediction has been
used as a guide for digital advancements in the semiconductor and electronics industries.
These electronic devices led the way to more advanced digital computers.
Invention of the Internet and the Introduction of Personal Computers (1969-1989)

The development of packet-switched networks in the late 1960s to early 1970s led to the
creation of the Internet, which is a network of networks.
The 1970s is also the time when personal computers were introduced. Personal computers
are more affordable than the computers used in business and academia, which are typically
scientific and engineering-oriented. This means that consumers have access to affordable
computers despite not having technical knowledge in computing.
To summarize, in the Digital era, technology has become more widespread and accessible,
with various devices and systems being used in different industries and for personal
entertainment and communication. This includes ATMs and industrial robots in finance and
fabrication, video games and electronic music in youth culture, and mobile phones and digital
cameras for communication and event recording.
Invention of the World Wide Web (1989-2005)
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989, and it became publicly
accessible in 1991. The internet quickly expanded, and by 1999, almost every country had
internet connection. In the 2000s, cell phones became more widespread, and text messaging
became a cultural phenomenon.
Social Media and Web 2.0 (2005-present)
In 2005, the internet population reached 1 billion, and as of 2020, 67% of the world's
population is connected to the internet. Cloud computing has also become mainstream with
many companies investing in cloud platforms. The rise of smartphones has also led to the
emergence of social media.
ICT and its Role in Social Change
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has greatly influenced our society and has
been a major driver of social change in recent decades. The widespread use of technology
has revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, conduct business, and even
interact with one another. The rise of social media, for example, has transformed how we
connect with friends and family, share information, and express our opinions. The availability
of information on the internet has also made it easier for people to educate themselves and
stay informed about global events.
Social informatics is a field that focuses on the social impacts of computing, and it
encompasses various theories about the relationship between technology and society. Two
of these theories are the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) and the Social Shaping
of Technology (SST).
SCOT theory emphasizes that technology is not inherently deterministic, but rather, it is
shaped by social factors such as cultural values, political power, and economic interests.
According to this view, humans have agency in shaping technology, and they can influence
how technology is developed and used.
On the other hand, SST theory asserts that technology is not neutral and that it is shaped by
society's dominant values and beliefs. In other words, society shapes technology, and the
resulting technological outputs reflect the social and cultural contexts in which they are
developed. This theory suggests that social scientists can play an important role in shaping
technologies that are more responsive to human needs and values.
Overall, both SCOT and SST theories highlight the complex and dynamic relationship
between technology and society, and they offer valuable insights into how technology can be
developed and used in more socially responsible ways.
Global Digital Development
To further elaborate, research and development of digital technologies can lead to the
creation of new solutions and innovations that can contribute to sustainable development.
For instance, the development of renewable energy technologies and smart grid systems
can help reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable energy consumption.
In addition, the deployment of ICTs can also have a positive impact on various aspects of
society. For example, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, ICTs have been crucial in
allowing people to work and study remotely, facilitating online healthcare services,
and enabling digital payments and e-commerce. What is Ethics?
Ethics refers to the principles or values that govern the behavior of individuals or
Overall, the advancement and utilization of digital technologies can play a significant role in groups. It involves making moral judgments about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and
promoting sustainable development and improving the quality of life for people around the just or unjust. Ethics can guide decision-making, actions, and interactions with others. It is
world. often influenced by cultural and social factors, as well as personal beliefs and values. In
professional settings, ethics can be reflected in codes of conduct, standards of practice, and
other guidelines to ensure ethical behavior.
Technological Change and Social Evolution
Values
Technological change encompasses the entire process of creating, developing, and
Values are the things that individuals consider important or worthy. They are shaped
spreading new technologies or processes. It includes the research and development (R&D)
by a person's beliefs, and they influence judgments about what is right or desirable. People's
of new technologies, their implementation and adoption, and the impact they have on society
thinking and behavior are determined by the things they consider good or right, and this can
and the economy. Technical advancements, on the other hand, are the improvements and
have an impact on their character development. Examples of values include respect,
upgrades made to existing technologies to enhance their performance or capabilities.
honesty, personal responsibility, and kindness.
Information technology (IT) has indeed revolutionized the way we communicate, access, and
Attitude
process information. Asynchronous and synchronous communication enabled by IT has
Attitude refers to a person's strong belief or feeling towards people, things, and
made communication more efficient and accessible, allowing people to communicate and
situations. It can be positive or negative and has the potential to influence the behavior of
collaborate across borders and time zones. This has resulted in new forms of social and
those around them.
economic relationships, opening up new opportunities for social empowerment and
transformation
The similarities between ethics, values, and attitudes lie in their influence on
human behavior and decision-making. They are all interconnected and have a significant
Moreover, IT has also enabled the automation of various processes and the development of
impact on how individuals perceive and interact with the world around them. Additionally,
new tools and technologies that have transformed work and industries. This has led to new
all three concepts are shaped by culture, religion, education, and personal experiences.
forms of employment, education, and healthcare, which were previously impossible or
difficult to achieve.
The main difference between ethics, values, and attitudes is their function. Ethics
provides a framework for determining right from wrong, while values are the foundation
Overall, the transformative power of IT is evident in its ability to enable new forms of social
upon which ethical principles and attitudes are built. Attitudes are more specific and refer to
and economic development, and it is important to continue to leverage its potential to create
a person's positive or negative feelings toward particular people, things, or situations.
a more inclusive and sustainable society.
In summary, ethics, values, and attitudes are all important concepts that influence
Lesson 4 - Ethics, Values, and Attitude human behavior and decision-making. While they are interconnected and shaped by similar
factors, they differ in their functions and meanings.
 Ethical Principles
Ethical principles serve as the foundation for ethical analysis and decision-making. They
provide recommendations and evaluations of human actions and help to justify judgments.
These principles consider various factors in decision-making and include beneficence, least
harm, respect for autonomy, and justice.
Beneficence
Beneficence refers to the ethical principle of doing good and taking actions that
promote the well-being of others. It is the obligation to act in the best interest of others and to
provide benefits and prevent harm to them. This principle is commonly applied in medical
and healthcare settings, where healthcare professionals are expected to act in the best
interest of their patients and promote their overall health and well-being. Beneficence can
also be applied in other contexts, such as social work, where professionals are expected to
promote the welfare of their clients.
Least Harm
Least harm is an ethical principle that requires individuals to choose actions or
interventions that minimize harm or risks to others, even if there is potential benefit. In
general, the principle of least harm encourages individuals to act in ways that prioritize the
safety and well-being of others, even if it may require sacrificing some potential benefits.
Respect for Autonomy
It refers to the principle of respecting an individual's right to make decisions about
their own health and well-being, based on their own values, beliefs, and preferences.
Justice (Distributive Justice)
Distributive justice is a concept in ethics and political philosophy that pertains to the
fair distribution of goods, benefits, and burdens in a society. It involves the fair allocation of
resources and opportunities to individuals based on their needs, abilities, and contributions.
Form of Ethical Theories
Ethical Theories
Ethical theories are frameworks that provide guidance on how to approach and
resolve ethical conflicts. They are based on ethical principles that highlight different aspects of
an ethical dilemma and serve as a guide to ethically correct resolutions. The choice of an
ethical theory to apply in a given situation often depends on a person's experiences, beliefs,
and values. The four main categories of ethical theory are deontology, utilitarianism, rights,
and virtue ethics. Each of these approaches has its own set of principles and rules for ethical
decision-making.
Deontology
Deontology is an ethical theory that focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness
of actions themselves, regardless of their consequences. It is based on the idea that certain
actions are inherently good or bad, and that individuals have a duty to act in accordance with
these moral rules. Positive traits of deontology include its emphasis on individual autonomy,
dignity, and the intrinsic value of certain actions. It also provides clear moral rules that can
guide decision-making and ethical behavior. Negative traits of deontology include its rigid
adherence to rules, which can lead to inflexibility in complex moral situations. It also does
not account for the consequences of actions, which can be problematic in situations where
harm could be prevented by breaking a moral rule.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a philosophical approach to ethics that emphasizes the prediction of
consequences of an action to determine its ethical value. The goal is to maximize the overall
good for the greatest number of people. Act utilitarianism focuses on the action that benefits
the most people regardless of personal feelings or societal constraints such as laws. Rule
utilitarianism, on the other hand, seeks to benefit the most people through the fairest and
most just means available, taking into account the value of justice and beneficence
simultaneously.
Rights
The ethical theory based on rights emphasizes the importance of rights established
by a society and given the highest priority and protection. If a large population endorses these
rights, they are considered valid and ethically correct. Additionally, rights can be granted to
others who have the ability and resources.
Virtue
The virtue ethical theory assesses a person's character rather than a single action
that may deviate from their usual behavior. When evaluating an unethical behavior, the
person's reputation, morals, and motivation must be taken into account.
Lesson 5 - Ethical Issues in Digital Age
Privacy
Privacy is a legal right that allows individuals to make personal decisions and live
their lives in a secluded manner, away from public scrutiny. It refers to the ability of an
individual or group of people to selectively express themselves and keep information about
themselves private.
Privacy Invasion
Privacy invasion refers to any unauthorized or unwarranted intrusion into someone's
private life, activities, or personal affairs, such as the disclosure of confidential information,
unauthorized surveillance, or public disclosure of private facts. It is a violation of an
individual's right to privacy and can cause harm, embarrassment, or damage to their
reputation. The invasion of privacy can result in legal action against the perpetrator for
damages or other forms of relief.
Types of Privacy Invasion:
 Intrusion into seclusion – it refers to the intrusion on another person’s private affairs
intentionally. It also includes the act of searching private information of a confidential
nature despite that the information is not publicly disseminated. The legal standard in
this type of tort should be intentional and highly offensive to a reasonable person.
 Appropriation of name or likeness – it refers to the act of using the name and likeness
of other person publicly without authorization for his/her own benefit such as
trading and advertising purposes.
 Public disclosure of private facts – it refers to the publication of another person’s
private affairs with the state that it is highly offensive to a reasonable person and in
legitimate public concern.
 Placing a person in a false light – the act of stating information based on opinion and
may be technically truthful however indicating to that reasonable person something
negative and/or false is true about the target. It is like defamation except that this type
of tort does not require false assertions.
Hacking
Hacking refers to the unauthorized access, modification, or manipulation of a computer
system or network. There are various types of hacking, including:
1. Black Hat Hacking: This type of hacking involves illegal activities, such as stealing
sensitive information, disrupting systems, or causing harm to a person or
organization.
2. White Hat Hacking: Also known as ethical hacking, this type of hacking involves
authorized individuals who use their knowledge and skills to find vulnerabilities in a
system or network to prevent cyber attacks and improve security.
3. Gray Hat Hacking: This type of hacking involves a mixture of legal and illegal
activities. A gray hat hacker may exploit a vulnerability to gain access to a system
but does not intend to cause harm.
4. Blue Hat Hacking: This type of hacking involves individuals who are hired to test the
security of a system or network. They work in collaboration with the organization's
security team to identify vulnerabilities and recommend solutions.
5. Red Team Hacking: This type of hacking involves a team of experts who attempt to
hack into a system or network to identify security weaknesses and provide
recommendations for improvement.
Theft
The ethical issue of theft in the use of computers pertains to the act of stealing
personal information, also known as identity theft. It involves the fraudulent use of someone
else's information for financial gain, including unauthorized purchases and transactions.
Personal information can be accessed through computer-based public records, discarded or
stolen computers, and hacking computer networks with information-gathering
software/malware.
Copyright Infringement
Copyright infringement is the act of violating the exclusive rights granted to the owner
of a copyrighted work. This can occur when someone reproduces, distributes, performs,
displays, or creates a derivative work of a copyrighted work without permission from the
copyright owner. It can also occur when someone uses a copyrighted work in a way that goes
beyond the scope of any license or permission granted by the copyright owner. Copyright
infringement is a violation of the law and can result in legal action and damages against the
infringer.
Copyright infringement can take various forms, including:
1. Reproducing copyrighted work without permission - this involves making copies of
copyrighted work without obtaining the owner's permission. It could be
photocopying, scanning, or downloading the work from the internet without proper
authorization.
2. Public display or performance of copyrighted work without permission - This involves
showing or playing copyrighted material in a public place, like a movie theater or a
concert, without obtaining the necessary license from the copyright owner.
3. Distribution of copyrighted material without permission - This includes sharing or
distributing copyrighted works to others, whether for free or for a fee, without the
owner's permission.
4. Derivative works without permission - This involves creating new works based on an
original copyrighted work without the owner's permission. Examples include
adaptations, translations, or remixes of copyrighted music, books, or movies.
5. Using copyrighted material beyond the scope of license - When someone uses
copyrighted material outside the terms of the license agreement, it constitutes
copyright infringement.
Freedom of Expression and Online Defamation
Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right that allows individuals to express their
opinions, beliefs, and ideas without censorship or restraint. In the digital age, the internet
has become a major platform for exercising freedom of expression. However, freedom of
expression can also lead to online defamation, which is the publication of false and harmful
statements about an individual or organization through the internet. Online defamation can
include false reviews, comments, or posts on social media, blogs, and forums. It can
damage the reputation of the targeted individual or organization and lead to legal action.
Piracy
Piracy refers to the act of illegally copying, distributing, or using someone else's work
without permission or proper authorization. In the context of computers and the internet,
piracy often refers to the unauthorized distribution of copyrighted digital content, such as
movies, music, software, and games.
Examples of Piracy includes the following:
● Illegal use or interception of internet connection of other people;
● Publication, reproduction, and/or use of patented or copyrighted work without
permission;
● Unauthorized copying of protected software; and
● Using protected software without license
Fraud
Fraud refers to the intentional deception or misrepresentation of facts, actions, or
intentions for the purpose of gaining an unfair advantage or financial gain. It involves the use
of deceitful or dishonest practices in order to manipulate, trick or deceive individuals,
organizations, or systems.
To prevent fraud, individuals and organizations need to be vigilant and take steps to protect
themselves from fraudulent activities. This may include implementing strong security
measures, verifying the identities of individuals and entities involved in transactions, and
 being aware of common fraud schemes and warning signs.

Internet Pornography
Internet pornography refers to the use of the internet to access sexually explicit
materials, including images, videos, and audio recordings. While pornography has been
around for centuries, the widespread availability of internet pornography has led to increased
concerns about its potential harms.

One of the primary concerns about internet pornography is its impact on individuals' mental
and emotional health. Research suggests that frequent exposure to pornography can lead to
desensitization and habituation, making individuals less responsive to sexual stimuli and
more likely to seek out increasingly extreme forms of pornography. It can also lead to
addictive behaviors, affecting individuals' relationships and overall well-being.
Internet pornography can also have negative consequences for society as a whole. It can
contribute to the objectification and sexualization of individuals, particularly women and
children, leading to harmful attitudes and behaviors towards them. It can also contribute to
the normalization of non-consensual sexual behaviors, such as rape and sexual harassment.
In addition to these societal harms, there are also risks associated with the consumption of
internet pornography, including exposure to sexually transmitted infections, sexual addiction,
and relationship problems.

Overall, while the availability of internet pornography may provide some benefits, such as
increased sexual education and exploration, it is important to recognize and address the
potential harms associated with its use. This may include educating individuals on safe and
responsible consumption of pornography, promoting healthy attitudes towards sexuality and
relationships, and providing resources for individuals who may be struggling with addiction or
other related issues.