Introduction to Computing

Week 2 industry. Made communication much easier and

faster through telephones, computer and mobile
devices.
ICT
 short for INFORMATION AND
IT VS. ICT
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY.
 is the infrastructure and components that enable  ICT  is technology that supports activities
modern computing. involving information, such as gathering,
 the term is generally accepted to mean all processing, storing and presenting data,
devices, networking components, applications involving collaboration and communication.
and systems that combined allow people and  IT or INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 
organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit pertains to the industry that involves computers,
agencies, governments and criminal software, networking and other IT infrastructure
enterprises) to interact in the digital world. for managing and communicating information.
 WANG (2016): IT is a subset of ICT as the
technology used in the field of IT aids in the use
ZUPPO (2012) of ICT.

 “related to technologies that facilitate the

transfer of information and various types of
ICT IN EVERYDAY LIFE
electronically meditated communication.”

The INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION UNION

(ITU) conducts annual study on the use of ICT
BAUMEISTER AND LEARY (1995) around the world. The report is called the ICT
DEVELOPMENT INDEX (IDI).
 The “BELONGINGNESS HYPOTHESIS” states
that people have a basic psychological need to
feel closely connected to others, and that caring,
affectionate bonds from close relationships are a
major part of human behavior.

BREAKDOWN OF ICT

 INFORMATION  refers to the knowledge

obtained from reading, investigation, study or
research.
 COMMUNICATION  is an act of transmitting
messages. It is a process in which information is
exchanged between individuals through verbal
and non-verbal means.
 TECHNOLOGY  the application of scientific
knowledge for practical purposes, especially in
Introduction to Computing
COMPONENTS OF ICT
 Cloud Computing  data centers
 Software
 Communications Technology
hardware
 Digital Transactions
 Digital Data  Binary system
 Internet Access
EVOLUTION OF ICT
 The evolution of technology has always
depended on one thing: THE HUMAN
RATIONALE.
 Humans tend to think of ways on how to
discharge tasks or workloads, or do daily
activities.
4 MAIN PERIODS OF ICT HISTORY
1. PRE-MECHANICAL PERIOD (3000 BCE –
1450)
 Humans started communicating with one
another using words and pictograms curved
in rocks. CLAY TABLET.
 Storing of information was revolutionized
when paper was finally produced from the
PAPYRUS PLANT.
 They compiled records written on pieces of
paper and bound them together, eventually
giving birth to books.
 As books grew in number, libraries were
created. Libraries were considered the first
data centers in history.
 In the late stages of this period, humans
started using the numerical system. They
started to optimize and invent devices and
techniques in counting. The “ABACUS” was
throw most popular device created come
from China.
2. MECHANICAL PERIOD (1450 – 1840)
 The machines driven by mechanical means
such as a steam and gears dominated
information processing and calculation.
 The advent of the mechanical calculator
called PASCALINE.
 Charles Babbage invented the
ANALYTICAL ENGINE, which is
considered the first programmable
mechanical computer. This earned him as
the “Father of Computers.”
3. ELECTRO-MECHANICAL PERIOD (1840 –
1940)
 The use of electricity for information
handling and transfer bloomed.
  The information is coded in sounds of dots,
spaces, and dashes over wired (and
eventually wireless) media. The telephone
was later invented.
 Human started to control electricity using
vacuum tubes in devices that eventually led
to the development of today’s electronic
gadgets.
 The telegraph is considered the first
electrical communications device.
 Computing devices also started to
revolutionize information handling and
processing. The machines used in gears,
levers, vacuum tubes, relays, and wires for
processing and calculations.
4. ELECTRONIC PERIOD (1940 – present)
 This highlight on the advent of solid state
devices or electronic devices.
 Late vacuum tubes period, the transistors
period, the integrated circuits, and the
computer processors period.
 The dawn of the Electronic Numerical
Period Integrator and Computer (ENIAC),
the first electronic and general purpose
computer, marked a revolutionary period in
computing.
Introduction to Computing
Week 3
COMPUTER
 Is an electronic device that manipulates
data and/or information according to a set
of instructions.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
 Computers have taken a major role in the
last three decades with the evolution of
technology. This is due to the fact that
people are more dependent to computers
to do their daily activities.
 Computers have evolved based on the
type of components used in the design,
suitability and reliability.
EARLY COMPUTING DEVICES
 Tally Sticks
 Abacus
 Napier’s Bones
 Slide Rule
 Pascaline
 Programmable Loom
CHARLES BABBAGE
 Considered as the “Father of Computers”
with his work on “Analytical Engine” that
kick start the idea of computer.
ADA LOVELACE
 Considered as the world’s
programmer
GENERATION OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS
1. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS 
vacuum tubes (e.g. Mark 1, ENIAC,
UNIVAC)
2. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
 transistors
3. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS 
integrated circuits (PDP8, IBM 360 series)
4. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS 
microprocessors, VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integrated) Circuits (current laptop and
desktop computers with 4th gen
microprocessors)
5. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS 
microprocessors, ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integrated) Circuits (robotics, AI,
smartphones)
ANATOMY OF COMPUTER
 The internal design of computers differs
from one model to another. But the basic
components of computer remain the same
for all models. To function properly, a
computer needs both hardware and
software. Hardware consists of the
mechanical and electronic devices which
we can see and touch. Key Board,
Monitor, DVD are some examples for
Computer Hardware. The software
consists of programs, the operating
systems and the data that reside in the
memory and storage devices. JAVA,
Microsoft Office, Open Office are some
examples for Computer Software.
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
 This is what makes a computer work.
Computer contains both hardware
components and software applications.
first  INPUT/OUTPUT UNIT 
Input/Output Device
 SYSTEM UNIT  Central
Processing Unit (CPU)
 MEMORY UNIT  RAM, ROM
 STORAGE DEVICES
COMPUTER CLASSIFICATION
Introduction to Computing
 Computers can be classified based on size
and computing power. Latest computers
now have become smaller yet more
powerful. Question: WHY COMPUTERS ARE
1. ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY- POWERFUL?
USED
 Remarkable processing speed
 ANALOG
 Reliable and consistent
 DIGITAL
 Accurate
 HYBRID
 Aids communication
2. ACCORDING TO SIZE AND
COMPUTING POWER (number of SPEED  data, information travel and
users can simultaneously instructions were done at incredibly fast
accommodate) speed. The world’s fastest computer can
 MICROCOMPUTER  single perform trillions of operations in one second.
user
RELIABILITY AND CONSISTENCY 
 MINICOMPUTER  10 to
dependable because they have a low failure
hundred users
rate. Computer produce consistent results.
 MAINFRAME COMPUTER 
“big iron,” hundreds to thousand ACCURACY  computers process large
users amounts of data and generate error-free
 SUPERCOMPUTER  thousand results, provided that the data entered is valid
users and instructions work properly.
3. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE “Garbage in, garbage out.” The
 GENERAL PURPOSE accuracy of computers output depends on the
COMPUTERS accuracy of the input.
 SPECIAL PURPOSE
COMPUTERS COMMUNICATION  computers allow users
to communicate with other users or
computers.
COMPUTER TYPES A user is anyone who communicates
 Categorized to several types due to and interacts with a computer or make use of
introduction of mobile devices and internet the information it generates.
capable devices. Categorized based on
specific uses.
 Desktop Computer
 Workstation
 Laptop
 Tablet
 Hand-held Computer
 Smartphone
 Wearable Devices
 Information Appliances  Smart TV,
Smart Washing Machines, etc.
Introduction to Computing
Week 4
 Introducing Windows 10
 Hardware Installation
 Software Installation
 Computer Maintenance and Upgrading
 Basic Computer Troubleshooting
OPERATING SYSTEM
 The software that supports a computer’s basic
functions, such as scheduling tasks, executing
applications, and controlling peripherals.
(Oxford Language)
 The program that, after being initially loaded
into the computer by a boot program,
manages all of the other application programs
in a computer. The application programs make
use of the operating system by making
requests for services through a defined
Application Program Interface (API). In
addition, users can interact directly with the
operating system through a user interface,
such as a COMMAND-LINE INTERFACE
(CLI) or a GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
(GUI).
WINDOWS 10
 Window’s is Microsoft’s flagship operating
system.
 Unified operating system that can run across
multiple platforms.
 Windows-as-a-service strategy.
 Windows is a Microsoft’s flagship operating
system, the de facto standard for home and
business computers. Introduced in 1985, the
GUI-based OS has been released in many
versions since then. The user-friendly
Windows 95 was largely responsible for the
rapid development of personal computing.
 Windows 10 is built to provide a unified
operating system that can run across multiple
platforms, such as PCs, tablets and
smartphones. It’s also designed to provide PC
users with a more traditional Windows
experience compared to Windows 8’s touch-
centric UI. Windows 10 marks the beginning of
Microsoft’s Windows-as-a-service strategy.
 Software as a service (or SaaS) is a way of
delivering applications over the Internet—as a
service. Instead of installing and maintaining
software, you simply access it via the Internet,
freeing yourself from complex software and
hardware management.
 Officially unveiled on September 30, 2014,
Windows 10 is the current major release of
Microsoft’s Windows operating system and is
the successor to Windows 7 and Windows
8.1. Windows 10 includes support for tablets
and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It
remains backwards compatible with software
written for most earlier versions of Windows
and DOS, and has added support for Linux
applications and for Arm processors as well as
Intel and AMD x86 hardware.
COMPUTER MAINTENANCE
 Keep your computer clean
 Maintain your hard drive
 Protect your computer from malware
 Manage your files efficiently
 Avoid overheating your device
 Keep your cords organized
 Don’t overcharge your device
 Keep food and drinks away
HOW TO CLEAN YOUR COMPUTER?
1. Dust your keyboard using compressed air
2. Wipe down your monitor
3. Get rid of your mouse’s dust and particles
4. Clean your system thoroughly
5. Power down or reboot your device regularly
HOW TO CONSERVE YOUR HARD DRIVE?
1. Defragment the hard drive
2. Backup data
3. Configure your startup
4. Run disk cleanup
5. Install major computer updates
Introduction to Computing
HOW TO REMOVE MALWARE?
1. Update antivirus software
2. Change your passwords regularly
3. Check for firmware updates
4. Complete signature updates
5. Consider parental controls
HOW TO MAINTAIN YOUR FILES?
1. Move similar files into folders
2. Delete unused programs
3. Clear out the Recycling Bin
4. Remove temporary internet files
5. Transfer files to the cloud
COMPUTER UPGRADE
An UPGRADE is a new version of or addition to a
hardware or, more often, software product that is
already installed or in use. (TechTarget)
HARDWARE UPGRADE:
 Upgrade your memory
 Upgrade your storage device
 Upgrade your graphics card
 Upgrade your processor
 Upgrade your peripherals
SOFTWARE UPGRADE:
 Check for driver updates, software updates
1. UPGRADE YOUR MEMORY
 If you’re having difficulty loading pages or
switching among applications, consider
increasing or replacing your computer
memory (RAM). RAM is where your data is
stored while you’re using it. More memory
means you can store more data. Many
computer manufacturers put in the
minimum amount of memory, but there is
usually room to add more memory
modules.
 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY, or RAM, is
your computer’s “thinking” space. It uses
this type of memory to hold data for open
applications. When your RAM has too
much to do—think dozens of browser tabs,
way too many applications, or a huge
video file—your computer’s speed can
slow to a crawl. To prevent this issue,
install extra RAM.
 As a preliminary step, you should research
the amount of RAM built into your specific
type of computer and how much extra it
can take. This upgrade works better on
desktops, which have bigger cases with
more physical space for memory.
However, certain laptops do let you add
RAM.
2. UPGRADE YOUR STORAGE DRIVE
 If your current storage drive is nearly full
or if it is just too slow, upgrade it. If you
have a traditional hard drive (HDD), this is
a good time to look into a solid state drive
(SSD). SSDs start up faster and are more
reliable and durable than HDDs. They also
produce less heat when they run, a big
plus if your computer fans are having
trouble keeping up with your hard drive.
 Connect an external hard drive When
your computer runs out of disk space, it
has no room to temporarily save and swap
data as you work. This means your
machine may begin to slow down or start
crashing on a regular basis as room starts
to run out. Plus, you won’t have any space
left to save anything new. Plugging in an
external hard drive can alleviate this
problem in minutes.
 To find the right one, you may have to
choose between portability and capacity. If
you really want to reduce those read and
write times, pass over the conventional
hard disk drive (HDD), in favor of a solid
state drive (SSD).
3. UPGRADE YOUR GRAPHICS CARD
 If you’re an avid gamer and you’re having
trouble with lag or freezing graphics,
consider upgrading your graphics card.
Unless a computer is built specifically for
gaming, manufacturers will frequently put
in a low-end graphics card. If the rest of
your computer is functioning well, a
graphics card upgrade can really improve
your gaming experience.
4. UPGRADE YOUR PROCESSOR
 Although upgrading your processor (CPU)
can improve the efficiency of your
computer, it can be quite involved. You
need to make sure that your motherboard
and memory are compatible with the new
Introduction to Computing
processor. Also, check that your current
cooling system will accommodate the
upgraded CPU.
 To determine if a processor upgrade will
help your computer, there are a variety of
third-party benchmark tests you can run.
These tests will indicate if your CPU is
underpowered.
 If you’re considering upgrading your
processor, you might want to get a new
system instead.
5. UPGRADE YOUR PERIPHERALS
 Another way to give your system a boost
is to upgrade some of your peripherals. If
you’re using an older monitor, a new one
can improve graphics and readability in all
applications.
 For gamers, a gaming mouse and
keyboard can make a big difference in
your play. If you’re using a standard
mouse and keyboard, even for occasional
gaming, upgrading to gaming-specific
tools can enhance your play.
 Invest in a bigger monitor
 Upgrade your keyboard and mouse
 Add extra ports (extension hub)
COMPUTER TROUBLESHOOTING PROCESS
STEPS
1. Identify the problem.
2. Establish a theory of probable cause.
3. Test the theory to determine the cause.
4. Establish a plan of action to resolve the
problem and implement the solution.
5. Verify full system functionality and, if
applicable, implement preventive measures.
6. Document findings, actions, and outcomes.
TROUBLESHOOTING  is a systematic process
used to locate the cause of a fault in a computer
system and correct the relevant hardware and
software issues. Approaching problem solving
using a logical and methodical approach is
essential to successful resolution. Although
experience is very useful to problem solving,
following a troubleshooting model will enhance
effectiveness and speed. Troubleshooting is a
skill that you refine over time. Each time you
solve a problem, you increase your
troubleshooting skills by gaining more experience.
You learn how and when to combine steps, or
skip steps, to reach a solution quickly. The
troubleshooting process is a guideline that is
modified to fit your needs.
DATA BACKUP  is a copy of the data on a
computer hard drive that is saved to another
storage device or to cloud storage.
IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM
 The first step in the troubleshooting process is
to identify the problem. During this step,
gather as much information as possible from
the customer and from the computer.
ESTABLISH A THEORY OF PROBLEM CAUSE
 The second step in the troubleshooting
process is to establish a theory of probable
cause. First, create a list of the most common
reasons for the error. Even if the customer
thinks there is a major problem, start with the
obvious issues before moving to more
complex diagnoses, as outlined here:
1. Check whether the device is powered off.
2. Determine whether the power switch for an
outlet is turned off.
3. Check whether the surge protector is
turned off.
4. Ensure that there are no loose external
cable connections.
5. Check whether there is a non-bootable
disk in the designated boot drive.
6. Look for the incorrect boot order in the
BIOS setup.
TEST THE THEORY TO DETERMINE THE
CAUSE
 You can determine an exact cause by testing
your theories of probable causes one at a
time, starting with the quickest and easiest.
Some common steps to determine the cause
of the problem are as follows:
1. Ensure that the device is powered on.
2. Ensure that the power switch for an outlet
is turned on.
3. Ensure that the surge protector is turned
on.
4. Ensure that external cable connections are
secure.
Introduction to Computing
5. Ensure that the designated boot drive is
bootable.
6. Verify the boot order in the BIOS setup.
ESTABLISH A PLAN OF ACTION TO
RESOLVE THE PROBLEM AND IMPLEMENT
THE SOLUTION
 After you have determined the exact cause of
the problem, establish a plan of action to
resolve the problem and implement the
solution. Sometimes quick procedures can
correct the problem. If a quick procedure does
correct the problem, verify full system
functionality and, if applicable, implement
preventive measures. If a quick procedure
does not correct the problem, research the
problem further and then return to Step 2 to
establish a new theory of the probable cause.
VERIFY FULL FUNCTIONALITY AND, IF
APPLICABLE, IMPLEMENT PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
 After the repairs to the computer have been
completed, continue the troubleshooting
process by verifying full system functionality
and implementing the preventive measures
needed, as outlined here:
1. Reboot the computer.
2. Ensure that multiple applications work
properly.
3. Verify network and Internet connections.
4. Print a document from one application.
5. Ensure that all attached devices work
properly.
6. Ensure that no error messages are
received.
 Verifying full system functionality confirms that
you have solved the original problem and
ensures that you have not created another
problem while repairing the computer.
Whenever possible, have the customer verify
the solution and system functionality.
DOCUMENT FINDINGS, ACTIONS, AND
OUTCOMES
 After the repairs to the computer have been
completed, finish the troubleshooting process
with the customer. Explain the problem and
the solution to the customer verbally and in
writing.
TROUBLESHOOTING COMMON HARDWARE
PROBLEM
PC COMMON PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
 Computer problems can be attributed to
hardware, software, networks, or some
combination of the three. You will resolve
some types of problems more often than
others.
 Some common hardware problems are as
follows:
 STORAGE DEVICE  Storage device
problems are often related to lose or
incorrect cable connections, incorrect drive
and media formats, and incorrect jumper
and BIOS settings.
 MOTHERBOARD AND INTERNAL
COMPONENTS  Motherboard and
internal component problems are often
caused by incorrect or loose cables, failed
components, incorrect drivers, and
corrupted updates.
 POWER SUPPLY  Power problems are
often caused by a faulty power supply,
loose connections, and inadequate
wattage.
 CPU AND MEMORY  Processor and
memory problems are often caused by
faulty installations, incorrect BIOS settings,
inadequate cooling and ventilation, and
compatibility issues.
 DISPLAYS  Display problems are often
caused by incorrect settings, loose
connections, and incorrect or corrupted
drivers.
Introduction to Computing
Week 5 identified with the different levels of programming
(low-level language, high-level language).
2 BROAD CATEGORIES OF SOFTWARE:
 Computer Software
 Types of Computer Software 1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
 Different OS Implementations 2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 Microsoft Word

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
 is a collection of computer programs and related
data that provides the instructions for telling a
computer what to do and how to do it.
 Any set of instructions that guides the hardware
and tells it how to accomplish each task.
Humans are able to “communicate” with the
computer through computer software/programs. MOST POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AS
OF 2021:

COMPUTER SOFTWARE  is the non-physical part 1. Java Script

of a computer. It is a term used to describe the 2. Python
programs and documentation that play a part in a 3. Java
computer system’s operation. 4. PHP
5. C++
COMPUTER PROGRAMS  are a set of codes or 6. C# (C Sharp)
instructions which are usually designed and written by 7. Ruby
computer programmers using a specific programming 8. CSS
language. 9. TypeScript
10. C
11. Swift
OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE 12. Objective – C
13. R
14. Scala
15. Go
16. Bash (Bourn-Again Shell)
17. PowerShell
18. Perl
19. Kotlin
20. Rust
21. HTML
LOW-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 
Hardware/Processor-specific assembly languages and
machine code (binary).
HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE  using
the common English language to help make the code
 This graphic of the overview of computer software more understandable and to speed up the process of
explains three basic aspects of computer software writing and debugging programs. E.g. Python, Visual
which are system software, application software Basic, Java, C, C++.
and the language of computer. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)  is a
 The computer only understands machine language computer programming model that organizes software
or binary language (series of 0s and 1s). To make design around data, or objects, rather than functions
it easier for humans to create programs, machine and logic. The most common type of programming
codes are made “more human” by making codes language used by programmers.
readable and similar to human language, that is
Introduction to Computing
SYSTEM SOFTWARE 2. COMPILER
 is a computer program (or a set of programs)
EXAMPLE OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
that transforms source code written in a
1. Operating System programming language (the source language)
2. Compilers into another computer language (the target
3. Interpreter language), with the latter often having a binary
4. Assemblers form known as object code.
3. INTERPRETER
 is a computer program that directly executes,
SYSTEM SOFTWARE i.e. performs, instructions written in a
programming or scripting language, without
 is computer software designed to operate the previously compiling them into a machine
computer hardware to provide basic functionality language program.
and to provide a platform for running application 4. ASSEMBLER
software. Refers to the operating system and all  is a program that takes basic computer
utility programs that manage computer resources instructions and converts them into a pattern
at a low level. of bits that the computer's processor can use
 The OS allows a person to interact with the to perform its basic operations. Some people
computer – from the hardware components and call these instructions assembler language
peripherals to all the installed software and files and others use the term assembly language.
stores on the computer. The interaction can be 5. UTILITIES
done by using the OS COMMAND LINE or with a  are programs that manage, repair, and
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI). optimize data on a computer. A basic set of
utilities is provided with every OS.

1. OPERATING SYSTEM
 is system software that manages computer APPLICATION SOFTWARE
hardware and software resources and
provides common services for computer  Consist of programs that are designed to perform
programs. The operating system is a specific tasks for end-users.
component of the system software in a  Allows end-users to accomplish one or more
computer system. Application programs specific (non-computer related) tasks.
usually require an operating system for them
to function. Examples include: Microsoft
Windows (XP, Vista, or 7), any flavor of Linux,
and Mac OS X (An apple version of UNIX).
The following is a list of some of the functions of
the operating system:

 Boot-up the computer

 Control the Hard Drives: this includes such
features as formatting as well as saving files
to and retrieving files from disk.
 Control the Input/Output Ports
 Control Input Devices such as keyboard,
mouse and scanner
 Control Output Devices such as the video
display and printer
 Provide the functionality for computers to be
linked in a network
 Provide the foundation for application software
to be launched
 Enable application software to access and use
the hardware
Introduction to Computing
Unit 4: Software

1. Computer Application Software

2. Types of Computer Software
3. Software Licensing
4. Types of Software License
5. Software Piracy

SOFTWARE
 Computer Software, or just Software, is a
collection of computer programs and related
data that provides the instructions for telling
a computer what to do and how to do it.
 Any set of instructions that guides the
hardware and tells it how to accomplish
each task.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
 System software is computer software
designed to operate the computer hardware
to provide basic functionality and to provide PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE
a platform for running application software.
 Refers to the operating system and all utility  Programming software include tools in the
programs that manage computer resources form of programs or applications that
at a low level. software developers use to create, debug,
 The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) gets maintain, or otherwise support other
the computer system started after you turn it programs and applications.
on and manages the data flow between the  The term usually refers to relatively simple
operating system and attached devices such programs such as compilers, debuggers,
as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, interpreters, linkers, and text editors.
mouse, and printer.
 The boot program loads the operating
system into the computer's main memory or
random access memory (RAM).
 System software also includes system
utilities, such as the disk defragmenter and
System Restore.
Introduction to Computing
EXAMPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE: a document and making any changes
anywhere in the document.
 C
 This document can also be saved for
 C++ modification at a later time or to be opened
 C# on any other computer using the same word
 BASIC processor.
 JAVA
 Visual Basic FEATURES:
 Phyton  Insert text
 HTML  Delete text
 PHP  Cut and paste
 Copy
 Page size and margins
 Search and replace
 Print
EXAMPLES:
 Microsoft Word
 WordPro
 AppleWorks

SPREADSHEET
 Spreadsheet is a data file made up of rows
and columns that are used to sort data and
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
allow a user to manipulate and arrange data
 A program or group of programs designed easily, commonly numerical data.
for end users  What makes a spreadsheet software
 Allows end users to accomplish one or more program most unique is its ability to
specific (non-computer related) tasks. calculate values using mathematical
formulas and the data in the cells.
EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER APPLICATION
SOFTWARE: FEATURES:
 Word processor  Formulas
 Spreadsheet  Functions
 Presentation Software  Charts
 Database Management System  Cut/Copy/Paste with single cells or
 Desktop Publisher ranges of cells
 Graphic Editor  Cells formatting
 Web Browser  Cells merging
EXAMPLES:
WORD PROCESSOR  Microsoft Excel
 Word processor is a software program  Lotus 1-2-3
capable of creating, storing, and printing  Apple Numbers
documents.  OpenOffice Calc
 Unlike the standard typewriter, users using
word processors have the ability of creating
Introduction to Computing
PRESENTATION SOFTWARE DESKTOP PUBLISHING SOFTWARE
 A presentation program is a software  Used to produce high-quality printed
program that helps create a slideshow that documents suchas magazine, greeting card,
addresses a topic. posters, etc.
 Presentation programs are often used in  Allows you to use different typefaces,
businesses and schools for discussing a specify various margins and justifications,
topic or for teaching. and embed illustrations and graphs directly
into the text.
MAJOR FUNCTIONS:
EXAMPLES:
 an editor that allows text to be inserted
and formatted;  Adobe Indesign
 a method for inserting and manipulating  QuarkXpress
graphic images; and  MS Publisher
 a slide-show system to display the
content.
WEB BROWSER
FEATURES:
 Web browser, a software application used to
 Insert Slide
locate and display Web pages.
 Deletion of Inserted slides
 Allows cut and paste slides in any EXAMPLES:
order.
 Internet Explore (IE)
 Allows duplication content or slide
 Mozilla Firefox
 Allows you to display the presentation
 Opera
designed in a slide show system.
 Allows animations and/or sounds
manipulations on objects in the slide.
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
EXAMPLE:
 Graphics software or image editing software
 Microsoft PowerPoint is a program or collection of programs that
 Adobe Persuasion enable a person to manipulate visual images
 Hypercard on a computer.
 OpenOffice Impress CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS:
 Scala Multimedia
 RASTER GRAPHICS EDITOR / BITMAP
GRAPHICS EDITOR
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM  Is a computer program that allows
(DBMS) SOFTWARE users to paint and edit pictures
interactively on the computer screen
 A program that controls the organization, and save them in one of many
storage, management, and retrieval of data popular “bitmap” or “raster” formats.
in a database.
 Users can create tables, queries, forms and FEATURES:
reports. o Select a region for editing
EXAMPLE: o Draw lines with brushes of
 Microsoft Access different color, size, shape and
 Oracle Database pressure
 MySQL o Add typed letters in different font
 FoxPro styles
Introduction to Computing
o Apply various filters for effects  Bookkeeping
o Convert between various image EXAMPLES:
formats
 Microsoft Money
EXAMPLES:  MYOB
 USB
o Adobe Photoshop
 SAGE
o PaintShop Pro
o iPhoto
o GIMP
OTHER EXAMPLES OF SOFTWARE
1. Computer Aided Design (CAD)
 VECTOR GRAPHICS 2. Video Editor
 Also known as drawing software. 3. Sound Editor
 A computer program that allows users 4. Video Games
to compose and edit vector graphics 5. Educational Software
images interactively on a computer. 6. Email Client
Vector editors are often better for 7. Electronic Media
page layout, typography, logos,
sharp-edged artistic illustrations (e.g.
cartoons, clip art, complex geometric SOFTWARE LICENSING
patterns), technical illustrations,  Is a legal instrument (by way of contract law)
diagramming and flowcharting. governing the usage or redistribution of
EXAMPLES: software.
 Allowing an individual or group to use a
o Adobe Illustrator piece of software.
o Macromedia Freehand  Nearly all applications are licensed.
o Xara Xtreme  Some are based on the number machines
o Inkscape on which the licensed program can run
whereas others are based on the number of
users that can use the program.
ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE
 Accounting software is an application
TYPES OF SOFTWARE LICENSE
software that records & processes
accounting transactions within functional 1. REGISTERWARE
modules such as accounts payable,  Refers to computer software which
accounts receivable, payroll, and trial requires the user to give personal
balance. information through registration in order
 It functions as an accounting information to download or use the program.
system. 2. SHAREWARE/DEMOWARE
 Refers to copyrighted commercial
FEATURES:
software that is distributed without
 Accounts receivable payment on a trial basis and is limited by
 Accounts payable any combination of functionality,
 General ledger availability, or convenience.
 Billing 3. FREEWARE
 Stock/inventory  Computer software that is available for
use with no cost or for an optional fee.
 Purchase order
 Sales order
Introduction to Computing
 Freeware is different from shareware,
where the user is obliged to pay.
4. OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE (OSS)
 OSS is also a free software.
 OSS can be defined as computer
software for which the human-readable
source code is made available under a
copyright license (or arrangement such
as the public domain) that meets the
Open Source Definition.
 This permits users to use, change, and
improve the software, and to redistribute
it in modified or unmodified form.
5. ABANDONWARE
 It refers to software that is no longer
available for purchase or that is at least
a certain amount of years old.
LICENSE KEY
 A software license key is a pattern of
numbers and/or letters provided to licensed
users of a software program.
 License keys are typically created and
delivered via a license generator once a
software user has paid for the software and
has agreed to the conditions of use and
distribution as legally specified in the
software license.
SOFTWARE PIRACY
 The unauthorized copying of software.
 Refers to ways of obtaining software without
the permission of the software holder.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE PIRACY
 COUNTERFEIT SOFTWARE
 A type of software piracy that occurs
when fake copies of software are
produced using a CD burner to copy the
software
 Counterfeit software is usually sold at
prices well below that of the retail price
of the legitimate software
 OEM UNBUNDLING
 Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)
Unbundling is a type of software piracy
that occurs when OEM-packaged
software is separated from the hardware
it originally came bundled with, at the
OEM or retail level of sale.
 SOFTLIFTING
 A type of software piracy that occurs
when users share their software with
other users who are not authorized to
have access by the End-User License
Agreement (EULA).
 The most common type of softlifting
occurs when a person does legitimately
purchase software but installs it onto
multiple computers which is a violation of
the licensing agreement.
 HARD DISK LOADING
 A type of software piracy that occurs
when hardware dealers install an
unauthorized copy of commercial
software onto a computer system.
 In many cases consumers will not
receive any manuals or original CD of
the software but the hardware dealer
may charge for the illegal software in the
total system purchase price.
 INTERNET SOFTWARE PIRACY
 A type of software piracy that occurs
when software, which is illegally
obtained through Internet channels,
usually through peer-to-peer file sharing
systems or downloaded from pirate Web
sites that make software available for
download for free or in exchange for
users who uploaded software.
Introduction to Computing
Introduction to Computing
History of Computer (Group 1)
Definition of Computer
 A computer is an electronic machine that accepts
information(Data), process it according to specific
instructions, and provides the results as new
information.
Earliest Computer
 Originally calculations were computed by humans,
whose job title was computers.
 The first use of the word "computer" was recorded
in 1613.
1. Tally Sticks
 A tally stick was an ancient memory aid
device to record and document numbers,
quantities, or even messages.
2. Abacus
 An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid
an individual in performing mathematical
calculations.
 Invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
 To perform basic arithmetic operations.
3. Napier’s Bones
 Invented by John Napier's in 1614.
 Allowed the operator to multiply, divide, and
calculate square and cube roots.
4. Slide Rule
 Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
 Used primarily for multiplication, division,
roots, logarithm, and trigonometry.
5. Pascaline
 Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
 It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
6. Stepped Reckoner
 Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
 The machine that can add, subtract, multiply,
and divide automatically.
7. Jacquard Loom
 Mechanical Loom that invented by Joseph-
Marie Jacquard in 1881.
 It’s an automatic loom controlled by punched
cards.
8. Arithmometer
 Mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de
Colmar in 1820.
 Could perform 4 basic mathematical functions.
9. Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
 An automatic, mechanical calculator designed
to tabulate polynomial function.
 Invented by Charles Babbage (Father of
Computer) in 1882 and 1834.
 It is the first mechanical computer.
10. First computer Programmer
 In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggested to
Babbage the he use the binary system.
 She writes programs for the analytical engine.
11. Scheutzian Calculation Engine
 Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
 The first printing calculator.
12. Tabulating Machine
 Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
 To assist in summarizing information and
accounting.
13. Harvard Mark 1
 Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
 Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943.
 The first electro-mechanical computer.
14. Z1
 The first programmable computer.
 Created by Conrad Zuse in Germany from
1936 to 1938.
15. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
 It was the first electronic digital computing
device.
 Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and
graduated student Clifford Berry at Iowa State
University between 1939 and 1942.
16. Electronic Numerical Integration and Computer
(ENIAC)
 The first electronic general purpose computer.
 Developed by John Presper Eckert and John
W. Mauchly in 1946.
17. Universal Automatic Computer 1 (UNIVAC 1)
 Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.
 The first commercial computer.
18. Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
(EDVAC)
 The first rage program computer.
 Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
19. Osborne 1
 The first portable computer.
 Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer
Corporation.
20. The First Computer Company
 Electronic Controls Company founded in 1949
by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
Introduction to Computing
Anatomy of Computer (Group 2) 7. Sound Card
 A sound card is an internal expansion card
that provides input and output of audio signals
Computer to and from a computer under the control of
computer programs. The term sound card is
 A computer is a machine or device that performs also applied to external audio interfaces used
processes, calculations and operations based on for professional audio applications.
instructions provided by a software or hardware 8. Floppy Disk
program. It has the ability to accept data (input),  The floppy disk drive, also known as diskette,
process it, and then produce outputs. is a removable magnetic storage medium that
allows recording of data.
9. Hard Disk Drive
Anatomy of Computer  Hard disk drive is a data storage device that
stores and retrieves digital data using
1. Power Supply
magnetic storage with one or more rigid
 A power supply is a hardware component that
rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic
supplies power to an electrical device. It
material.
receives power from an electrical outlet and
10. Computer Fan
converts the current from AC (alternating
 A fan is a hardware device that keeps the
current) to DC (direct current), which is what
overall computer or a computer device cool by
the computer requires.
circulating air to or from the computer or
2. Motherboard
component.
 The motherboard is the backbone that ties the
computer's components together at one spot
and allows them to talk to each other. Without
it, none of the computer pieces, such as the Computer Devices (Input Devices) (Group 3)
CPU, GPU, or hard drive, could interact. Total
motherboard functionality is necessary for a
computer to work well. Input Devices
3. CPU
1. Keyboard
 The computer's central processing unit (CPU)
 A keyboard is a peripheral device that enables
is the portion of a computer that retrieves and
a user to input text into a computer or any
executes instructions. The CPU is essentially
other electronic machinery.
the brain of a CAD system. It consists of an
 Keyboards are also used to do commands,
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), a control unit,
shortcuts and control specific movements
and various registers. The CPU is often simply
 This device is patterned after its predecessor,
referred to as the processor.
the typewriter, from which the keyboard
4. Video Card
inherited its layout, although the keys or
 The video card is an expansion card that
letters are arranged to function as electronic
allows the computer to send graphical
switches.
information to a video display device such as
2. Pointing Devices
a monitor, TV, or projector.
 A pointing device is a human interface device
5. RAM
that allows a user to input spatial data to a
 Random Access Memory (RAM) is used to
computer.
store information that needs to be used
 The major pointing device is the mouse for the
quickly. This means that opening many
desktop computer and the touchpad for the
programs, running various processes or
laptop, although many road warriors bring
accessing multiple files simultaneously is
along a mouse. Pointing sticks are available
likely to use a lot of RAM. Particularly
on some laptops, and a small number of users
complexed programs like games or design
prefer trackballs over the mouse. See mouse,
software will use most RAM.
touchpad, trackball and pointing stick.
6. CD-ROM
3. Pick Devices
 CD-ROM (Compact Disc, read-only-memory)
 Pick devices are used for providing input to
is an adaptation of the CD that is designed to
the computer by pointing to a location on the
store computer data in the form of text and
computer monitor. Light pen and touch screen
graphics, as well as hi-fi stereo sound.
are some common pick devices
Introduction to Computing
 Light Pens can be used as input coordinate
positions by providing necessary
arrangements. If background color or
intensity, a light pen can be used as a locator.
It is used as a standard pick device with many
graphics system. It can be used as stroke
input devices.
 A touch screen is an electronic display screen
that is also an input device. A user interacts
with the computer, tablet, smartphone or
touch-controlled appliance by using hand
gestures and fingertip movements to tap
pictures, moving elements or type words on
the screen. The screens are pressure-
sensitive and can be used or manipulated
using fingers or a stylus.
4. Audio Input
 Two types of Audio Input Devices:
o MICROPHONE  is used to input a
person's voice or external analog
sound into the Computer. It can also be
categorized as Audio signal capturing
or generating device. And it can allow a
user to send audio info to a computer
for processing, recording, or carrying
out commands.
o SOUND CARD  translates analog
audio signals from microphone into
signal codes that the computer can
store and process. Sound card also
translate back the digital sound into
analog signals that can be sent to the
speakers.
5. Video Input
o VIDEO CAMERA- a camera that records
moving pictures and often sound on a
videotape.
o DIGITAL CAMERA- is a hardware device that
takes photographs and stores the image as
data on a memory card.
6. Optical Input
 Optical scanning devices read text or graphics
and convert them into digital input for your
computer. Thus, optical scanning enables the
direct entry of data from source documents
into a computer system
 A scanner is a digital device that converts
films, documents and photographic prints to
digital images. It scans documents, which can
be sent to a computer, printer, flash drive or
email address.
 A barcode reader, also called a price scanner
or point-of-sale (POS) scanner, is a hand-held
or stationary input device used to capture and
read information contained in a bar code.
7. Gamepad Optical Input
 A gamepad, also sometimes called joypad,
refers to an input device used for gaming
purposes. It is a video game controller that
can be held with both hands and has multiple
buttons on it to be pressed by the thumbs
 A game controller is an input device that
tracks the buttons you press on the control
and relays the data to the console. They
typically use a mixture of small joysticks and
buttons to capture your input, although
depending on the device game controllers can
vary a lot.
 A gamepad is the primary peripheral device
used on console gaming systems, like the
Xbox, PlayStation, and Nintendo platforms.
Computer Devices (Output Devices) (Group 4)
Output Devices
1. Monitor
 A monitor is like a face to the computer by
which we can interact with the computer.
 A monitor is an output device. A computer
monitor is an electronic device that shows the
picture for computer and took often similarly to
television but they are actually different.
2. Printer
 A printer is a hardware output device that is
used to generate hard copy and print any
document. A document can be of any type
such as a text file, image, or the combination
of both. It accepts input command by users on
a computer or on other devices to print the
documents. For example, if you have to
submit a project report at your college, you
need to create a soft copy of your report and
print it with the help of the printer.
3. Project
 A projector or image projector is an optical
device that projects an image (or moving
images) onto a surface, commonly a
projection screen. Most projectors create an
image by shining a light through a small
transparent lens, but some newer types of
projectors can project the image directly, by
using lasers.
 A projector is an output device that takes
images generated by a computer or Blu-ray
player and reproduce them by projection onto
a screen, wall, or another surface. In most
cases, the surface projected onto is large, flat,
and lightly colored. For example, you could
use a projector to show a presentation on a
large screen so that everyone in the room can
Introduction to Computing
see it. Projectors can produce either still
(slides) or moving images (videos). A
projector is often about the size of a toaster
and weighs only a few pounds.
4. Plotter
 A plotter is a printer that uses one or more
automated pens to start making line drawings
on paper using computer commands. A
plotter, apart from a printer, can draw constant
point-to-point lines directly from vector graphic
files or commands.
Types of Plotters:
 Drum Plotters  The drum plotter is a
specialized output device, as its name
suggests. This device operates by moving a
pen along a single axis path while moving
paper along a cylindrical drum. The drum
usually moves the paper to the right and left,
while the pen or pens draw up and down. You
can have different colors if you use more than
one pen.
 Flat Bed Plotters  Flatbed plotters are
output devices whose name also suggests
what they do. They work by placing paper on
a level surface and moving pens to draw the
image. The pen itself could be connected to
an arm, allowing it to move freely across the
paper. They do not make use of conventional
printing heads, nozzles, or ink cartridges. The
bed is a flat vacuum bed or table designed to
hold the paper still. Flatbed plotters are
available in larger sizes than drum plotters.
 Ink Jet Plotters  These inkjet plotters usually
print in three or four colors. Three-color inkjet
printers use cyan, magenta, and yellow inks to
create darker shades like black.
5. GPS
 GPS, in full Global Positioning System, space-
based radio-navigation system that
broadcasts highly accurate navigation pulses
to users on or near Earth. In the United
States' Navstar GPS, 24 main satellites in 6
orbits circle Earth every 12 hours.
6. Speaker
 Speaker (commonly referred to as a speaker
or speaker driver) is an electroacoustic
transducer, that is, a device that converts an
electrical audio signal into a corresponding
sound.
7. Web Cam
 This is intended to record or stream to a
computer or network.
 They are most commonly used in video
telephony, livestreaming and social media,
and security.
 Good webcams may help increase workplace
communication and teamwork while also
saving money on travel expenditures. They
can also help with things like online classes
and business or online job interviews.
 allow for face-to-face conversation online,
such as in an online class or during a job
interview
Components of Computer System Unit (Group 5)
Parts of System Unit
1. Power Supply
2. Microchip
3. Heatsink and Fan (HSF)
4. Video Card
5. Modem Card
6. Sound Card
7. CD / DVD Drive
8. Hard Disk Drive
9. Motherboard
10. Power Cord
11. Ribbon Cable
Storage Devices (Group 6)
Storage Device
 Storage device is a sort of hardware, which is also
identified as storage, digital storage, storage
medium, or storage media that can collect
information like images, video, audio, etc either
tentatively or permanently.
 It is also available in different form factors; for
example, a computer device comprises different
storage media such as RAM, hard disk, cache.
They also possess optical disk drives and
externally connected USB drives.
Computer Storage Types:
1. Primary Storage
 Is directly or indirectly related to the central
processing unit (CPU) and the CPU
continuously reads instructions saved there
and performs them as and when needed.
 Primary storage involves only internal
memory. The RAM (random access memory)
and cache memory are examples of primary
storage devices.
2. Secondary Storage
Introduction to Computing
 Is devices that are not directly accessible by
the CPU. The input and output channels are
employed to connect such storage devices to
the computer and transfer the desired data as
they are mainly external.
 The examples of secondary storage are hard
disk, USB drives, optical disk drives, floppy
disks, etc.
3. Tertiary Memory
 This type of storage typically includes a
robotic mechanism that will mount/insert and
dismount removable mass storage media into
a storage device. this kind of storage is
usually not considered to be necessary and is
commonly not a part of personal computers.
 Magnetic Storage Devices
 Any storage medium that utilizes magnetic
patterns to represent information is
considered magnetic media. Good examples
of a magnetic media and magnetic storage is
a tape drive, floppy diskette, and hard drive.
 Floppy Disk
 Alternatively referred to as a floppy or floppy
disk, a floppy diskette is a storage medium
capable of holding electronic data, like a
computer file. The floppy diskette was created
in 1967 by IBM as an alternative to buying
hard drives, which were extremely expensive
at the time. The original floppy disk was floppy
and flimsy in texture. During the evolution of
the floppy disk, they went from 80 kilobytes of
storage up to 2880 kilobytes of storage (2.88
megabytes). The most known floppy drives
are the 5 1/4-inch 720 kilobyte disk and the 3
1/2-inch 1.44 megabyte disk.
 Hard Disk
 Hard Disk, also called Hard Disk Drive (HDD),
is a non-volatile memory hardware device.
Hard disk work is to permanently store and
retrieve computer data. They are called non-
volatile device, which can store any type of
data in the computer for a long time. That is,
the computer keeps the data safe even after
power off. Hard Disk is also called Secondary
Storage Device. It exists inside a computer
case (CPU) and is connected to the computer
motherboard using data cables (PATA, SCSI,
SATA).
 Optical Storage Device
 Optical storage is any storage type in which
data is written and read with a laser. Typically,
data is written to optical media such as
compact discs (CDs) and digital versatile
discs (DVDs). At one time, optical discs were
considered a potential replacement for hard
disk drives (HDDs) in computing systems, but
their lack of growth in capacity compared to
both HDDs and later flash-based solid-state
drives (SSDs) has relegated optical storage
use mostly to long-term archiving and data
backup. Although optical media is more
durable and less vulnerable to environmental
conditions than tape, HDDs and SSDs, optical
discs are slower than the typical HDD and
significantly slower than the SSD and offer
lower storage capacities than either. Blu-ray
disks are currently the fastest optical media on
the market and provide much more capacity
than CDs and DVDs, but they still lag behind
HDDs and SSDs.
 Compact Disk (CD)
 Compact disk (CD). The CD represents the
first generation of commercial optical storage.
After its introduction, it quickly replaced both
vinyl records and cassette tapes as the audio
medium of choice. Originally, CDs were
available only as prerecorded read-only disks,
but it wasn't long before they became
available as recordable discs and rewritable
discs that could be used for data storage. The
CD can hold up to up 700 megabytes (MBs) of
data.
 Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
 Digital versatile disc (DVD). Also referred to
as the digital video disc, the DVD started out
as a read-only medium similar to CDs but with
the ability to hold enough data to store a full-
length movie. A single-layer DVD can hold 4.7
gigabytes (GB) of data, and a double-layer
disc can hold 8.5 GB. Not long after DVDs
were introduced, recordable and rewritable
discs became available for data storage.
 Blu-Ray
 The Blu-ray disk has emerged as clear leader
in today's optical storage market. Unlike CDs
and DVDs, which use a red laser to read and
write data, a Blu-ray disk uses a blue laser,
which dramatically increases capacities and
data transfer rates over CDs and DVDs.
Today's Blu-ray discs can store up to 128 GB
of data and are available as read-only disks
that can hold prerecorded high-definition
feature films as well as recordable and
rewritable disks for data storage.
 Flash Storage Devices
 Is a solid-state technology that uses flash
memory chips for storing data.
 Memory Card
 Is a digital information storage device that
uses electronic data.
Introduction to Computing
 USB Flash Drive
 Sometimes referred to as a USB stick, a USB
thumb drive is a plug-and-play portable
storage device that employs flash memory
and is small enough to hang from a keychain.
 SD Card
 A Secure Digital (SD) card is a small flash
memory card made for high-capacity storage
and a variety of portable devices, including GPS
navigation systems, cell phones, e-books,
PDAs, smartphones, digital cameras, music
players, digital video camcorders, and personal
computers.
Types of Computer (Group 8)
Computer
 A computer is a device that transforms data into
meaningful information.
 It processes the input according to the set of
instructions provided to it by the user and gives the
desired output.
 Computers are of various types and they can be
categorized in two ways the basis of size and the
basis of data handling capabilities.
Based on Size:
1. Supercomputer
 biggest and fastest computers (in terms of
speed of processing data)
 these are designed such that they can
process a huge amount of data because of
thousands of interconnected processors in
supercomputers. (e.g.: processing a huge
amount of data in a second)
2. Mainframe Computer
 it is designed in such a way that it can support
hundreds or thousands of users at the same
time.
 Known as enterprise servers
 supports multiple programs simultaneously.
 They can execute different processes
simultaneously
 Ideal for big organizations like banking,
telecom sectors, etc. which process a high
volume of data in general
3. Minicomputer
 a medium size multiprocessing computer
 also called the minis
 in this type of computer, there are two or more
processors
 this supports 4 to 200 users at one time
 used in places like institutes or departments
for different work (e.g.: billing, accounting,
inventory management)
 it is smaller than a mainframe computer but
larger in comparison to the microcomputer
4. Workstation
 designed for technical or scientific applications
 consists of a fast microprocessor, with a large
amount of RAM and a high-speed graphic
adapter
 a single-user computer
 used to perform a specific task with great
accuracy
5. Microcomputer
 a general-purpose computer and designed for
individual use.
 consists of a microprocessor as a central
processing unit (CPU), memory, input unit,
and output unit.
 suitable for personal work (e.g.: assignments,
watching movies, office work)
 e.g.: laptops and desktop computers
Classified into two:
 Desktop PCs  sits on desks, rarely
moved, large and bulky.
 Portable PCs  can be moved from place
to place; weight varies; widely used by
students, scientists, and reporters
Based on Capabilities:
1. Analog Computer
 practically designed for analogue data
 Analogue data – continuous data that
changes continuously and cannot have
discrete values
 used where we don’t need an approximate or
exact value (e.g.: speed, temperature,
pressure, etc.)
 can directly accept the data from the
measuring device without first converting it
into numbers and codes
 measures the continuous changes in physical
quantity
 gives output as a reading on a dial or scale
 e.g.: speedometer, mercury thermometer, etc.
2. Digital Computer
 designed so it can easily perform calculations
and logical operations at a high speed
 takes raw data as an input and processes it
with programs stored in its memory to produce
the final output
 it only understands binary input (0 and 1)
Introduction to Computing
 e.g.: modern computers, laptops, desktops,
smartphones
3. Hybrid Computer
 combination of two analogue and digital
computers
 fast like analogue computer and have memory
and accuracy like a digital computer
 has the ability to process both continuous and
discrete data
 it accepts analogue signals as input and then
it converts them into digital form before
processing the input data
 widely used in specialized applications where
both analogue and digital data is required to
be processed.