Chapter 8 Information Age ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

on febEBRUARY 15,1946
Information age
- build by John Mauchly and J.Presper
- time and period which people can Eckert
access information and knowledge - start of modern era of information age
easily - weather prediction, atomic energy
- Also known as the computer age, digital other scientific uses.
age, or new media age. - bulky

James R. Messenger (1982) UNIVAC 1 (UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER)

- Father of information age - used in us census bureau in 1951

- -American telephone and telegraph - 1,000 calculation per sec
employee
Internet
- -The Death of the American Telephone
& Telegraph Company - develop by us department of defence
- -leads to global digital communication - To ensure that information could still be
disseminated in case of attack during
8.1 History of Information Age
war.
Johannes Gutenberg
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)
- printing press
- evolve to what we know now as
- 500 years ago he was responsible for
internet
initiating an information and
- internet was used by scientists
communication revolution
- internet remained under government
- when must distribution of information
control until 1984
became possible but was expensive
WWW (World Wide Web)
2nd Revolution
- web august 23,1991
- dominated by pre-digital developments
- combination of all resources and users
when computers started to be
on the internet that are using the
introduced.
(HTTP) Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
Last information revolution - TIM BERNERS LEE

- began in introduction of internet and INTERNET VS WEB

WWW
INTERNET - global network of network
Renaissance
WEB - collection of information which is access by
- influence the information age by internet
creating idea of inventions used to
8.2 Computers and Mobile Phones
develop modern inventions.
- -accelerated the advent of information
Scientific Revolution
age
- Introducing important scientists such as
8.2.1 Computers
Galileo, Copernicus, and Sir Isaac
newton. Techopedia
Industrial Revolution - defines a computer as a machine or
device that performs processes,
- Major changes in agriculture, mining,
calculations and operations.
transportation and communication.
General Purpose of Computers
- design to perform range of task
 - ability to store numerous program and
lack in speed and efficiency
Specific purpose of computers
- Define Barnsley specific problem other
performer specific palisades of
instruction is bill into the machine.
TYPES OF COMPUTER ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
- ANALOG COMPUTER -uses continuous
physical phenomena
- DIGITAL COMPUTER - performs
calculation and logical operations
- HYBRID COMPUTER - capable of
inputting and outputting in both digital
and analogue signals.
TYPES OF COMPUTER BASED ON SIZE
SUPER COMPUTER
- fastest and most powerful type of
computer and it is very expensive.
Employed for specialized application
that requires immerse amount of
mathematical calculations.
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
- very large and expensive computer
capable of supporting hundreds or even
thousands of users.
MINI COMPUTER OR SERVER
- possesses a multi processing system
capable of supporting from 4 to 200
users midsize computer.
MICRO COMPUTER OR PERSONAL COMPUTER
• DESKTOP COMPUTER - can fit on desk
• LAPTOP COMPUTER - w integrated
screen and keyboard. Smaller than
desktop and larger than notebook
• PALMTOP COMPUTER (PDA) - hand
sized computer. No keyboard.
• WORKSTATION - generic term for user
machine (client's machine) in contrast
to a server or mainframe
SUMMIT
- -fastest supercomputer
- owned by Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
IBM Blue Gene
- may 2013, Ph first Asean country to
posses supercomputer
- DOST
- enhance the climate change scenarios
8.2.2 MOBILE PHONES
FIRST MOBILE PHONE
- April 3, 1973
- Martin Cooper of Motorola
- 1983 Motorola released its first
commercial phone the "MOTOROLA
DYNATAC 8000X)
ANGLER (Frank Canova in 1992) at IBM
- first smartphone
1994 by BellSouth
- Simon Personal Communicator
- revised version was marketed
- smartphones was coined until a year
after introduction of Simon (1995)
8.3 SOCIAL MEDIA AND SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES
- social media as a computer-based
technology that facilitates the sharing of
ideas thoughts and information through
the building of virtual network and
communities.
Social Media
- broadcasting info and communication
channel
Social Networking
- communication with one another
- communication is two way nature
2019 Global Digital - 5b people is using internet
- 142 minutes a day in 2018
8.6 TIMELINE OF SOCIAL MEDIA
 FRIENDSTER - founded by Jonathan Abrams in
2002 as a social networking service but resigned
as a social gaming platform in June 2011
  LINKEDLN - founded late 2002 relaunched after
6months. Most popular social media site for
professionals networking.
 MYSPACE - 2004 by Tom Anderson, Chris
DeWolfe and John Hart. Most visited social
networking site 2005-2008
 SKYPE - August 2003, designed by Swede Niklas
Zennstrom and Dane Janus Friis with Ahti
Heinla, Priit Kasesalu and Jaan Tallinn.
Videoconferencing in 2006
 FACEBOOK - Mark Zuckerberg with Eduardo
Saverin 2004. First for Harvard but became
worldwide
 YOUTUBE - began with PayPal employees.
Monday, Feb 14,2005
 TWITTER - Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass l, Biz Stone
and Evan Williams in July 2006. Tweets
 TUMBLER - microblogging and social networking
website founded by David Karp 2007. Oath Inc.
Bloggers.
 BIZSUGAR - resources for small business
owners. 2007 by DBH Communications
 FACEBOOK MESSENGER - messaging app and
platform
 INSTAGRAM - created by Kevin Systrom and and
Mike Krieger, free mobile app. IOS system
 PINTEREST- Ben Silbermann, Paul Sciarra and
Evan Sharp . 2009. Design to discover
information on the WWW.
 VIBER - 2010 operated by Japanese
multinational company rakuten.
8.4 ISSUES AND CONCERN OF INFORMATION AGE
8.4.1 HEALTH RISK
Eyestrain and hearing problems
- Computer Vision Syndrome - condition
resulting from focusing the eyes on a
computer and other display devices for
an interrupted period of time this make
the eye muscle and able to recover from
the strain due to lack of adequate sleep.
Brain cancer
- cellular phones emit a form of radiation
called radio frequency energy or radio
waves
Depression
- reported that social media user may
experience decreased depression due to
perceived social support and life
satisfaction.
Accidents
- it can cause as distraction during
activities
- texting while driving is 6 times more
likely to cause an accident than driving
drunk
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10913 (ANTI- DISTRACTED DRIVING
ACT OF 2016)
- use of mobile communication while
driving
8.4.2 INFORMATION OVERLOADING
Information overload
- first coined by Bertram Gross, Managing
the organizations 1964
- but popularize by Alvin Toffler (1970)
Future shock
Information overload
- too much information is given at one
time which can cause the inability to
think clearly.
- Cognitive overload is an inability to
organize and process of the information
to physical obesity as "infobesity"
8.4.3 DATA PRIVACY
- Information privacy is the necessity to
preserve and protect any personal
information collected by any
organization.
8.4.3.1 DATA PRIVACY ACT OF PH
 - Filipino spends around 9.48 hours in - check the source of study. It this credible
2018 to 10.03 hours following years
- For the four straight tears the Philippine 2. LOOK BEYOND THE HEADLINE
lips the worldwide social media users - check the entire article
2016 to 2019.
3. CHECK OTHER SOURCES
PRES. BENIGNO AQUINO
4. CHECK THE FACTS
- R.A NO. 10173 DATA PRIVACY ACT (DPA)
OF 2012. - fake news stories often contain in correct dates and
- all personal information must be altar timelines
collected for reasons that are specified 5. CHECK YOUR BIASES
- personal information must be kept
accurate and relevant. 6. IS IT A JOKE
- personal information must be
- satirical sites are popular
discarded.

CRAP
8.4.4 CYBERCRIME
CURRENCY - when was the article written
- Techopedia- define cybercrime as a
crime in which a computer is the object RELEVANCY/RELIABILITY - are they using appropriate
of the crime. sources
Two Categories AUTHORITY - who wrote it?
1. crimes that target computer networks or PURPOSE/POV - why it is written? it is a fact or opinion ?
devices this types of crime include viruses and
denial of services
2. Crimes that uses computer networks to advance
other criminal activities this types of crime
include cyberstalking fishing and fraud or
identity theft.
8.4.4.1 CYBERCRIME PREVENTION ACT OF THE
PHILIPPINES
REPUBLIC ACT 10175 CYBERCRIME PREVENTION ACT OF
2012
From 2003 to 2012 the anti transnational crime division
of the criminal investigation and detection group of the
Philippine national police look into 2778 referred cases
of computer crimes from the government agencies and
private individuals nationwide.

8.4.5 FAKE NEWS

- also known as junk news or pseudo
news as a type of yellow journalism or
propaganda that deliberate this
information of hoaxes.

1. TAKE A CLOSER LOOK

Chapter 9 BIODIVERSITY AND
THE HEALTH SOCIETY
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OR BIODIVERITY
- variety of all life in earth
- influence by humans
- forms the web of life in which we
depend in
- plays major role in the dynamics of
relationship between biotic and abiotic.
 BACTERIA – 5000 (6)
 FUNGI – 63665 (4)
 PROTISTS – 55000 (5)
 ANIMALS – 280000 (3)
 PLANTS – 240000 (2)
 INSECTS – 900000 (1)
1992 CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
- The variability among living organisms
from all sources including, inter alia,
terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic
ecosystems and the ecological
complexes of which they are part: this
includes diversity within species,
between species, and of ecosystems."
- Encompasses all kinds of life forms,
from single- celled to the largest multi-
celled organisms.
SPECIES RICHNESS
- This variety is commonly measured by
counting all species in an area
- Another way of weighing species
biodiversity is to recognize the unique
biodiversity in environments that
contain few species but unusual ones
HABITAT
- Contains the food and other
requirements they need to live.
- Study of organisms
- Study of living things
- Attempts to understands the complex
web of linkages and relationship in
ecosystem or environment
ECOSYSTEM
- Life forms of plants, animals and non-
living things
- Encompasses biotic and abiotic
component
- Provides habitat
FAUNA
- All animal life within a specific region,
time period or both
FLORA
- Group of indigenous plants in an
- ecosystem of geographical region
- Derived from word flora=flowers
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
- Relative proportion of different species
in an ecosystem
TROPHIC STRUCTURE
- Answers who eats who
- Flow of energy
- Determines biological organization of a
community
9.2 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
- Variety in biodiversity identifies how
much resources and species an
ecosystem has
- Indicator of genetic and resource
diversity
- A more diverse ecosystem will,
therefore, have more resources to meet
and overcome events such as drought,
famine, and extinction of some species.

BIOTIC ECOSYSTEM

- All living organisms 1. Forests

2. Wetlands
ABIOTIC 3. Savannahs
- Non-living things 4. Rivers

ECOLOGY SPECIES

- Greek word ‘oikos’ = house 1. Fish

2. Crab
 3. Snail 9.2.4 FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY
4. Frog
- the range of things an organism does in
GENETIC communities and ecosystems.
- It relates to the manner by which
1. Disease Resistance species behave, obtain food, and use
2. Varied Diet the natural resources in an ecosystem.
3. Body size - In general, it is presumed that an
4. Climate Conditions ecosystem with high species diversity is
9.2.1 GENETIC DIVERSITY more functionally diverse because there
are more species with differing traits
- Variation of genes of a species of
individual as well as how they are 9.3 IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
closely related the members of species - Source of food, shelter, medicine and
in an environment clothes
GENES - Derived raw materials through
industrial and commercial acts
- Parat of DNA which dictate the the traits - Traditional health program
or characteristics of organism 1. Sambong
- The trait has great influence on the 2. Akapulko
adaptive potential of the species 3. Ampalaya
- Enables them to adapt to changing 4. Lagundi
environment may lead to - Indiscriminate extraction should be
(microevolution) discourage can cause destruction and
Species with low genetic diversity may pose a threat to pollution
organisms in the same species if they have the same 9.4 THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
undesirable traits (make them vulnerable to diseases)
- FACTORS THAT NEGATIVELY AFFECT BIODIVERSITY

9.2.2 SPECIES DIVERSITY

- Variability of diff species represented in
a community
SPECIES EVENNESS
- Involves species richness or the no of
species in a specific region and there
abundance relative in the area .
9.2.3 COMMUNITY DIVERSITY
COMMUNITY OR ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
- Variety of ecosystem in a given region
- Region can have several ecosystem
Region w several ecosystem = more
resources
BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY
- Species interact w each other
9.4.1 HABITAT DESTRUCTION
- Anthropogenic activities such as
urbanization, construction, logging,
reclamation, industrialization
- Destroy habitat causing loss of
biodiversity
9.4.2 OVER EXPLOITATION
- Harvesting species from the wild of
rates faster than natural populations
can recover.
- Overfishing and overhunting are both
types of overexploitation.
- It is estimated that about a third of the
world's endangered vertebrates are
threatened by overexploitation
9.4.3 OVERPOPULATION
- The 2019 United Nations report on
global biodiversity decline reports that
humans are speeding extinction and
 altering the natural world at an
unprecedented' pace.
9.4.4 INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
- Any species that is introduced to a new
habitat by human intervention
- Local will be affected
FIRE ANT – painful sting
SPARILING WHITEFLY- accidentaly introduced affected
vegetables
RICEBLACK BUG – INFESTED POTATO IN BENGUET
AMERICAN COCKROACH – house pest

9.4.5 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE BIG HEADED ANT – displaced most invertebrate faunas

- Detrimental to some species JUMPING PLANT LIES – introduced by typhoon 1980

WATER HYACIN TH – ecosystem engineer or invasive
habitat modifier
9.5 INTERRELATEDNESS OF SOCIETY, ENVIRONMENT
AND HEALTH GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL- pest in farm rice

- Key factor to human survival= GOLD FISH -

sufficiency of nutritious food
- Nutrition, biodiversity and health are all
interrelated and intersectional Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act

9.6 BIODIVERSITY IN PH RA NO. 9147 (2001)

- PROHIBITS INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES.

- MEGA DIVERSITRY 17 COUNTRIES HAVE

IT
- HOST MORE THAN 52 177 DESCRIBE
SPECIES
- DENR = BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT
BUREUA
- PH IS BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT – 25 biologically rich area
around the world that have loss 70% of their original
habitat
- 1437 terrestrial
mammals,bird,amphibians and reptiles
listed as threaten under denr
administrative order 2004-15 and the
convetion on international trade in
endangered species of wild fauna and
flora as of 2015
- 711 are endemic (can be found only on
ph)
- 984 wild flora = possible extinction
- 179 critically endangered
- 254 endangered
- 406 vulnerable
- 145 other
2016 provice of benguet = cherry blossoms from japan

Forest mangroves – host of termite