Science, Technology, and Society #1
automated or virtualized?
HUMANITY VS. TECHNOLOGY
Humanity will change more in the next 20 years
than in the previous 300 years
Exponential technological gains in every
segment of our lives
How long until computers have the same power
as the human brain?
- 2024
- 1.44 x 10 to the power of 17
- calcs/second
- “Gradually then suddenly”
We may be the last generation of humans that
knows what ‘offline’ means
We may soon speak to computers like we speak
with friends
Will we be the last generations that exist un-
augmented?
“By the 2030s we will have nanobots that can go
into a brain non-invasively through the
capillaries, connect to our neocortex and
basically connect it to a synthetic neocortex that
works the same way in the cloud. So we’ll have
an additional neocortex, just like we developed
an additional neocortex 2 million years ago” Ray
Kurzweil (April 2016 Playboy Interview)
#hellven:our choice
Technology has no ethics
Humanity on-top of technology: a wicked
dilemma?
Exponential connectivity, data, intelligence,
man-machine convergence: We need to invest
as much in humanity as we invest in technology
Algorithms (Technology) and Androrithms
(Humanity)
What should (not) be digitized, medialized,
The real danger is not that machines will
overthrow us…but that we give them too much
authority or that we become too much like
them!
Living? Our machines will do that for us
Software is (ch)eating the world?
Is technology…becoming a (the) purpose?
Tool-makes or Tool-made?
Efficiency should not become more important
than humanity
67% of consumers taking part ina PwC survey
would be willing to have a sensor attached to
their home or car if doing so would lower their
premiums
Magic, Manic, Toxic
We cannot automate happiness
Embrace Technology but don’t become it!
Stay on Team Human!
Science, Technology, and Society #2
WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS
Technology
- In one way or another, each person in
the society is directly or
indirectlyaffected by technology
whether he wills it or not.
- Most people survive their everyday lives
- Technology is already an inevitable part
of the society.
Necessity or Want?
- Convenience
- Pleasure
- Happiness
- Communication
 - Anything too much is bad - Mobile phones are considered a must-
- Various ethical dilemmas involving the have among young Filipino (ABS-CBN
use of technological devices News, 2010)
- Misuse or invention to produce bad - 1 out of 3 Filipinos cannot live without a
results. mobile phone-Ipsos Media Atlas
Philippines Nationwide Urban 2011-
Television sets, Mobile Phones, Computers and
2012 survey.
Humanity
- The first call ever made on a cellphone,
Television was from an engineer named Martin
Cooper calling a rival engineer to brag
- According to Kantar Media, in the about his accomplishment
Philippines 92 percent of urban homes
and 70 percent of rural homes own at Mobile phones used by Cooper
least one television set.
- Weighed 1.1 kg
- Households with tv set reached
- Measured 228.6 x 127 c 44.4 mm
15.135M (Noda, 2012)
- 30 minute talk time
- What would these imply?
- 10 hours to charge
- Ultimate medium for advertisement
- Motorola DynaTAC 8000x in 1983
placements
- Almost all use this particular type of Computers and Laptops
device
- Not possible for all Filipino families to
- Television plays a great role in the lives
own at least one computer or laptop
of the people
- Most profits gained by computer and
Paul Gottlieb Nipkow laptop manufactures come from offices,
business, or schools
- Late 1800s
- Successful in his attempt to send images Computer
through wires the aid of a rotating
- Released in June 1981 by the Osborne
metal disk (Nipkow disk)
Computer Corporation, the Osborne 1 is
- “electric telescope” – 18 lines of
considered to be the first true portable,
resolution
full-featured computer.
Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton and Boris
Facts about Filipinos and their use of gadgets
Rosing
and the Internet:
- New system of television by using the
- Mobile phone subscription is at 119M
cathode ray tube in addition to the
- 3.2 hours on mobile and 5.2 hours on
mechanical scanner system
desktop daily
Mobile Phones - Philippine is one of the highest digital
population in the world
- Filipinos love to use their mobile
- 47M active FB accounts
phones anywhere, anytime.
- Fastest-growing application market in
- More than half of the population own at
SEA
least one mobile phone regardless of
type.
Roles played by these Technological
Advancements
- Television sets
- Mobile Phones
- Computers and laptops
Ethical Dilemmas
- Most parents would argue that these
devices make their children lazy and
unhealthy.
- People are freely exposed to different
things on television, mobile phones,
laptops or computers
ROBOTICS AND HUMANITY
ROBOTS
- An actuated mechanism programmable
in two or more axes with a degree of
autonomy moving within its
environment, to perform tasks.
- Autonomy-ability to perform intended
tasks based on current state and
sensing without human intervention.
Service Robot
- A robot that performs useful tasks for
human or equipment excluding
industrial application.
- A robot may be classified according to
its intended application as an industrial
robot or a service robot.
Personal Service Robot
- Service robot for personal use
- Used for a noncommercial task, usually
by laypersons
- Examples: domestic servant robot,
automated wheelchair, personal assist
robot, pet exercising robot.
Professional Service Robot
- Service robot for professional use
- Used for a commercial task, usually
operated by a properly trained operator
- Examples: cleaning robot, firefighting
robot, rehabilitation robot, surgery
robot
George Devol
- An American inventor for developing
Unimate, the first material handling
robot employed in industrial production
work.
Roles played by Robotics
- Ease the workload of mankind
- Make life more efficient and less
stressful
- Perform complicated activities
- Pleasure, entertainment in parks or
exhibits
- Toys, child-friendly
- Used in movies
Isaac Asimov
- An American writer and professor of
biochemistry at Boston University.
Isaac Asimov “THREE LAWS OF ROBOTICS”
1. A robot not injure a human being or, through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
2. A robot must obey orders given it by human
beings except where such orders would conflict
with the first law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as
long as such protection does not conflict with
the first or second law.
Ethical Dilemma(s) faced by Robotics
1. Safety
- Who should be held accountable if someone’s
safety is compromised by a robot?
- Who should be blamed, the robot, the agent
using the robot, or the maker/inventor of the
robot?
2. Emotional Component
- It is not completely impossible for robots to
develop emotions
- What if robots become sentient?
- Should they be granted robot rights?
Science, Technology, and Society #3
GENE THERAPY
Gene
- A gene is the basic physical and
functional unit of heredity.
DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the cell's
hereditary material and contains
instructions for development, growth
and reproduction.
Therapy
- the use of a chemical, physical, or
biological agent to preserve or give
properties to something.
Virus
- A virus is a small collection of genetic
code, either DNA or RNA, surrounded
by a protein coat
Vector
- A vector is any vehicle, often a virus or a
liposome that is used to ferry a desired
DNA sequence into a host cell as part of
a molecular cloning procedure.
Germ line cells
- A germ line is the sex cells (eggs and
sperm) that are used by sexually
reproducing organisms to pass on genes
from generation to generation.
Somatic cells
- any cell of a living organism other than
the reproductive cells
Basic concepts of Gene Therapy
What is Gene therapy?
- Gene therapy is a form of treatment
that changes defective genes to stop a
disease.
- Gene therapy can be used instead of
medicines or surgery.
- It uses virus to genetically modify cells
DNA.
How does it work?
- Vector binds to cell membrane
- Vector packaged in vesicle
- Vesicle breaks down, releasing vector
- Vector injects new gene into nucleus
1. CRISPR/CAS9 identifies the target DNA
2. CRISPR/CAS9 cuts the target DNA
3. Scientists can now edit the gene through DNA
deletion, modification, or addition
History
- In 1972, Theodore Friedman and
Richard Roblin published a paper
explaining Stanfield Rogers gene
therapy idea for curing human disease.
- In 1985 Dr. s W. French Anderson and
Michael Blaese from the National Heart,
Lung, and blood institute and national
cancer institute worked together to find
that they could cure people
- With Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency
(ADA), using gene therapy. They
conducted the first gene therapy in ADA
cells in tissue culture
 - In 1989 Anderson and Blaese teamed
up with Dr. Steven Rosenberg to see if
gene therapy would be successful in
patients with cancer, particularly
melanoma.
- In the 1990’s, Two little girls, a four and
a nine-year-old, with an immune
deficiency called ADA were cured
through gene therapy
Steps
- Diagnosed disease or disorder and then
find the gene that causes the disorder.
- Engineer virus and insert desired genes.
- Inject viruses into body (vivo) or
removed target cells for the disease (ex
vivo)
- Allow virus to inject genes into cells
DNA to fix disorder
- If target cells were removed and placed
in culture with the viruses, then the
correct cells will be placed back in the
body.
Steps
1. Injection of viral or non-viral vectors
containing therapeutic elements
2. Removal of cells
3. Correction of cells
4. Autologous transplantation of corrected cells
Two types
1. Germline therapy
- Germline gene therapy is when DNA is
transferred into the cells that produce
reproductive cells, eggs or sperm, in the body.
- This type of therapy allows for the correction
of disease-causing gene variants that are certain
to be passed down from generation to
generation.
2. Somatic gene therapy
- The technique of somatic gene therapy
involves inserting a normal gene into the
appropriate cells of an individual affected with a
genetic disease
Pros and Cons of GeneTherapy
Pros
- Can eliminate disorders before they
began or get bad.
- Can guarantee a cure for future
sufferings of some diseases.
- Can cure hereditary disease and
changing DNA for future generations
- Possibilities are endless
- Can possibly cure cancer, heart and lung
disease, muscular dystrophy, blindness,
AIDS, or even Alzheimer’s
Cons
- Immune system must be weakened.
- It can be very expensive
- Consequences we don’t know about
yet.
- Fixing or inserting genes into the wrong
part of the genome.
- Can lead to more serious problems such
as cancer.
Ethical and Religious Considerations
- Would put human faith in pour hands
by giving us the ability to affect genes of
future generations.
- It could give people the ability to make
a superior race (eugenics)
- It would be hard to reinforce laws on
gene therapy
- It can be offered on the black market
- Gene therapy would be like “playing
God”.
Current Application
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Sickle Cell Anemia
 - Hemophilia
- Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA)
Science, Technology, and Society #4
ISSUES AND APPLICATIONS OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE MODERN AGE
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
GMO
- Genetically Modified Organisms
- is a plant, animal, microorganism or
other organism whose genetic makeup
has been modified in a laboratory using
genetic engineering.
- This creates combinations of plant,
animal, bacterial and virus genes that
do not occur in nature or through
traditional crossbreeding methods.
Top 10 genetically modified foods
1. Corn
2. Soy
3. Cottonseed
4. Papaya
5. Rice
6. Rapeseed(Canola)
7. Potatoes
8. Tomatoes
9. Dairy Products
10. Peas
1. BT Corn – insertion of gene from the
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis.
2. BT Cotton – is an insect-resistant transgenic
crop designed to combat the bollworm.
- microbial protein from the bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis.
3. GOLDEN RICE - Golden rice was developed to
alleviate malnutrition and Vitamin A deficiency
by enriching the rice with beta-carotene, which
when consumed, is converted to Vitamin A.
- Here in the Philippines, carrots and kalabasa
are all sources of beta-carotene, hence their
distinctive orange color.
Science, Technology, and Society #5
BIODIVERSITY AND HUMAN HEALTH
BIODIVERSITY
- It is the variety of all life forms: the
different plants, animals and micro-
organism, their genes and the
ecosystems of which they are a part.
- Biological diversity- Raymond F.
Dasmann in 1968
- Biodiversity- W.G. Rosen in 1985
- It is the variability among living
organisms from all sources, including
terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
ecosystem
Types of Biodiversity
1. Genetic Diversity
- Each member of any animal or plant species
differs widely from other individuals in its
genetic makeup.
2. Species Diversity
- The number of species of plants and animals
that are present in a region constitutes its
species diversity.
3. Ecosystem Diversity
- Large variety of different ecosystem on earth,
which have their own complement of distinctive
inter linked species based on differences in
habitat.
BIODIVERSITY
 - Human health ultimately depends upon
ecosystem products and services which
re requisite for good human health and
productive livelihoods.
- There is growing concern about the
health consequences of biodiversity loss
and change.
WORLD SCENARIO
- Approximately 1.9 million species have
been identified
- Many scientists have estimated the total
number of species on earth to be
around 15 million.
- The rate of extinction has been
estimated at one species per million
species each year, so that for 15 million
species, 15 extinctions would occur
each year.
- Scientist say we have now entered`` the
sixth great extinction event,” the fifth
having occurred sixty-five million years
ago, when dinosaurs and many other
organisms went extinct.
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND BIODIVERSITY
- Developing countries are more reliant
on biodiversity and ecosystem services
that developed ones, and their health
system are usually less prepared to
protect the health of their populations,
which leads to greater negative impacts
of biodiversity change.
- Example: Over 1 billion people, mainly
in developing countries, rely on fisheries
as their primary source of animal
protein.
FRESHWATER, BIODIVERSITY AND HUMAN
HEALTH
Eutrophication
- Phosphorus and Nitrogen into lakes,
reservoirs, rivers and coastal marine
ecosystem, including coral reefs have
been widely recognized as a major
threat to both water ecosystem and
human health.
Bioaccumulation: The Impact of Mining
- Mercury and Methyl is a neurotoxic and
prenatal exposure can affect brain
development, even at low doses of
exposure.
Biodiversity, Air quality and Human Health
- Bio indicators can be useful for
monitoring air quality and indicating
environmental health.
- Bio indicators, especially lichens and
bryophytes, are widely used for
monitoring air quality.
Food Security
- The world's population has increased
from 2.5 billion people in 1950 to kore
than 7 billion today and is anticipated to
exceed 9 billion by 2050
- Adequate supply of safe and nutritious
food is one of the corners stone of
human health.
Nutritional Impact
- The nutritional transition is the process
by which development, globalization,
poverty and subsequent changes in
lifestyle have led to excessive dietary
intakes, poor-quality diets and low
physical activities.
Infectious Diseases
- Human-caused global changes, such as
deforestation, extractive industries
including logging and mining and urban
development, are deriving infectious
disease emergence and spread.
Health Research and Traditional Medicine
 - The global need and demand for natural
products persist for use as medicinal
products.
- Biomedical research relies on plants,
animals and microbes to understand
human physiology and to understand
and treat human diseases.
Mental Health
- Contact with nature may not only be
associated with positive mental health
benefits, but can also promote physical
activity and contribute to overall well-
being.
Climate change
- Climate change and biodiversity loss are
interconnected
- Direct impact- Increase in the number
of heat waves, droughts, food, cyclones
and wildfires
- Indirect impact- broad and variable in
their etiology, such as change in
infectious disease vector distribution.
TYPES OF CONSERVATION
1. In situ conservation- the best preservation
method where setting aside an adequate
representation of wilderness.
2. Ex situ conservation- outside its natural
habitat in a carefully controlled situation such as
botanical garden for plants or zoological park for
animals
Art Appreciation #1
The Artist and His Medium
The Process of Art Production
Production
• Production is at the heart of making art.
• It can refer to the making of something, or to
a final product, like a theatrical performance.
Medium
- When an artist is ready to express
himself in art and to give shape to his
vision, his first thought would be on
what medium to use.
Technique
- The technique of the artwork shows the
level of familiarity with the medium
being manipulated.
Curation
- Derived from the word “curare” which
means to take care. It is a process that
involves managing, overseeing and
assembling or putting together a
presentation or exhibit for some type of
artistic collection.
The Different Media of the Visual Arts
Graphic or Two- Dimensional Arts
I. DRAWING - The fundamental skill needed in
the visual arts.
1. Pencil- Made of graphite which comes in
different hardness from soft to hard or thickness
from thick to needle- like.
A. Different Media for Drawing
✓ Hatching
✓ Cross-hatching
✓ Stippling
✓ Blending
✓ Hatching- A series of thin parallel lines that
run in the same direction.
✓ Cross-hatching- A series of thin parallel lines ✓ Feathering- Using the point of the pastel to
and criss- crossing it with another set of tin make parallel strokes creating a feather-like
parallel lines. effect.

✓ Stippling-Uses the sharp point of the pencil to
make dot patterns in some parts of the drawing.
✓ Blending- May be accomplished by using the
finger or a paper stump to gradually change the
tone from dark to light.
2. Ink- It is one of the oldest materials for
drawing that is still in use. It allows for a great
variety of qualities, depending on the tools and
technique used in the application.
3.Pastel- This is composed of dry pigment held
together by a gum binder and compressed into
sticks.
✓ Soft Pastel
✓ Hard Pastel
✓ Oil Pastel
I. Kind of Pastel
✓ Scumbling- It is like layering but using pastel.
The side of the pastel is lightly drawn on top of
an existing color but still making the color of the
first layer visible.
✓ Impasto- The technique of thickly applying
the pastel by pressing it hard on the paper
creating an opaque effect.
✓ Sgraffito- Technique that applies a thick
deposit of pastel on the support then using a
blunt pen, scrapes it off to reveal the underlying
color
4.Charcoal- An organic medium that comes from
burnt wood.
Kinds of Charcoal
✓ Compressed Charcoal- The vine charcoal
which comes in thin sticks that is easy to blend
and erase.

✓ Soft Pastel ✓ Manufactured Charcoal- Made from loose

charcoal mixed with a binder and pressed into
✓ Hard Pastel sticks
✓ Oil Pastel 5. Paper- The most common surface used in
two-dimensional art.
II. Pastel Techniques
Three Types of Paper
✓ Stippling
✓ Hot-Pressed Paper-smooth
✓ Feathering
✓ Cold-pressed Paper-has moderate texture
✓ Scumbling
✓ Rough Paper-has the most texture (tooth)
✓ Impasto
II. PAINTING - It is the process of applying paint
✓ Sgraffito onto a smooth surface (ground/support) like
II. Pastel Techniques: paper, cloth, canvas, wood or plaster.

✓ Stippling-Using pastel of different colors to a. Pigment- Part of the paint that gives color.
produce small marks, thus, creating a pattern b. Different Media for Painting
1. Watercolor- pigments are mixed with water
and applied to paper.
2. Gouache- The pigment has been mixed with
water and added with a chalk-like material to
give it an opaque effect.
3. Oil Paint- Pigments are mixed with oil as its
binder. It is a dense painting medium and gives
rich, beautiful colors. Discovered by a Flemish
painter, Jan Van Eyck in the 15th century.
4. Tempera- Pigment is mixed with egg yolk
(sometimes with the white) as binder.
5. Fresco- Pigment is mixed with water and
applied on a portion of the wall with wet
plaster. It is used for mural paintings.
6. Acrylic- Modern medium with synthetic paint
using acrylic emulsion as binder
c. Mosaic Wall - or floor decorations made of
small tiles or irregularly cut pieces of colored
stones or glass called tesserae.
d. Print making - Process used for making
reproductions of graphic works. Allows for the
repeated transfer of a master image from a
printing plate (matrix) onto a surface.
Print Making Techniques
1. Relief Painting (Raised)- The oldest method of
printmaking. The technique involves cutting
away certain parts of the surface and leaving
the ‘raised’ part to produce the image.
2. Intaglio Printing (Depressed)- Instead of the
surface of the plate for the image, the lines of
the image are cut or incised to a metal plate.
3. Surface Printing (Flat)- Includes all processes
in which printing is done from a flat surface
Plastic or Three- Dimensional Arts
A. Sculpture - Originated from the Latin word
“sculpere” which means to carve . It is defined
as the art or practice of creating three-
dimensional forms or figures.
Three (3) Kinds of Sculpture
1. Freestanding- Sculptures which can be
viewed from all sides.
2. Relief- Sculptures in which the figures project
from a background
✓ Low Relief (bas relief)
✓ High Relief
✓ Low Relief (bas relief)- Figures are slightly
raised/projected from its background.
✓ High Relief- Almost half of the figures project
from its background, more shadows are created.
3. Kinetic (mobile)- A sculpture that is capable
of movement by wind, water or other forms of
energy.
The Process of Creating Sculptures
1. Subtractive Process - Involves removing or
cutting away pieces of the material to form the
figure.
2. Additive Process - The process involves the
construction of a figure by putting together bits
of the material or by welding together metal
parts to create figures.
3. The Process of Substitution - This process is
also known as casting. This method involves
using a mold to produce a 3D figure in another
material.
4. Different Media of Sculpture
a. Stone
b. Wood
c. Metal
d. Plaster
e. Terra cotta (cooked earth)
f. Glass
g. Plastic
a. Stone- A natural medium. Hard and relatively
permanent.
b. Wood- Also a natural medium. It varies in
hardness and durability depending on the kind
of tree it came from.
c. Metal- It has three unique qualities: tensile
strength, ductility and malleability.
d. Plaster- It is finely ground gypsum mixed with
water and poured into mold
e. Terra cotta (cooked earth)- Baked clay or clay
fired in a kiln at a relatively high temperature
f. Glass- Made by heating and cooling a
combination of sand and soda lime.
g. Plastic- Synthetic medium made from organic
polymers.
Art Appreciation #2
IV. Architecture
- Art of designing buildings and other
structures which will serve a definite
function.
Construction Principles
a. Post and Lintel- Makes use of two vertical
supports (post) and spanned by a horizontal
beam (lintel). It was invented by the Greeks.
b. Arch- A Roman invention that consists of
separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks called
voussoirs arranged in a semi-circle
Structures that can be Built from the Principle of
Arch:
- Barrel Vault- A succession of arches.
- Dome- Structure with the shape of an
inverted cup.
c. Truss- System of triangular forms assembled
to form a rigid framework
d. Cantilever- A structure that makes use of a
beam or slab that extends horizontally into
space beyond its supporting post.
e. Buttress- A structure that is built as a support
for the wall
Media for Architecture
V. Medium for Architecture
Media for Architecture
a. Stones and Bricks- Stones are favored over
other materials for its durability, adaptability to
sculptural treatment and its use for building
simple structures in its natural state.
b. Lumber (wood)- All parts of a building can be
constructed using wood except the foundations
c. Iron and Steel- Provide stronger and taller
structures with less use of material when
compared to stone or wood
d. Concrete- Mixture of cement and water, with
aggregates of sand and gravel
VI. Literature - Art of combining spoken or
written words and their meanings into forms
which have artistic and emotional appeal.
Types of Literature
a. Poetry- It used to follow strict rules s to the
number and length of lines and stanzas but in
recent years they have become more free-
flowing
b. Fiction- Written work that is not real and
which uses elaborate figurative language.
c. Non-fiction- Subject matter comes from real
life.
d. Drama- Includes all plays or any written works
that are meant to be performed.
Music, Media in Music, some Genres of Music
VII. Music- Defined as the art of combining and
regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce
compositions that express various ideas and
feelings
Vocal Medium- The oldest and most popular
medium for music is the human voice.
Classification of Human Voice (Komien,2008):
1. Soprano- Highest female singing voice.
2. Contralto- Female singing voice that is low
and rich in quality.
3. Tenor- Highest adult male singing voice.
4. Bass- Male singing voice that is low and rich
in quality.
5. Baritone- Male singing voice that is between
tenor and bass
Instrumental Medium- Materials that
produce/create sound
Traditional Instruments of Music:
1. String Instruments- Provide basic orchestral
sounds. Two kinds are: Bowed strings that
produce tones by means of a bow of horse hair
and Plucked strings that produce tones by
plucking the strings with a finger or with a
plectrum held in one’s hand.
2. Woodwind Instruments- Create sounds by
blowing into them.
3. Brass Instruments- Have cup-shaped
mouthpieces and expands into a bell-shaped
end.
4. Percussion Instruments- Makes sound by
hitting them.
5. Keyboard Instruments- Make sound by means
of a keyboard which consist of a series of black
and white keys
Some Genres of Music:
a. Classical Music- European tradition that
covered the years of 1750 to 1830. Forms such
as the symphony, concerto, and sonata were
standardized.
b. Folk Music- Originated in the traditional
popular culture or is written in such a style.
c. Pop Music- Began in the 1950s and is inspired
in the tradition of rock and roll.
d. Jazz- Originated in the African-American
communities in the late 19th and early
20thcenturies.
e. Blues- Originated from the African Americans
in the deep South of the United States in the
late 19th Century.
f. Rock Music- Form of popular music that
evolved from rock and roll and pop music.
g. Alternative Music- A style of rock music that
emerged from the independent music of the
1980s and gained popularity in the 1990s.
VIII. Dance - Is said to be the oldest of the arts.
It is the man’s gestures that express emotions
through rhythmic movements.
Types of Dance
1. Ethnologic (ethnic)- Includes folk dances
associated with national and/or cultural groups.
2. Social or Ballroom- Type of dancing that are
generally performed in pairs.
3. Ballet- Originated in the royal courts of the
Medieval era.
4. Social or Ballroom- Sometimes called
contemporary or interpretative dances. They
represent rebellion against the classical
formalism of ballet.
5. Musical Comedy (musicale)- Refers to those
dances performed by one dancer or a group of
dancers
Drama and Theatre and Genres of Drama 1. Actors-Play the roles of the characters.

IX. Drama and Theatre 2. Producer- handles finances.

A. Drama- Genre of literature that is intended to 3. Screenwriter- develops stories and ideas for
be acted-out or performed on stage in front of the screen or adapts interesting written pieces
an audience. of work as motion pictures.

B. Theatre- Combined art that includes music,
dance, painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Genres of Drama (DiYanni, 2000):
1. Tragedy- literature’s greatest dramatic genre.
4. Director- Studies the script, plans and
visualizes how the film should be portrayed and
guides the actors and the production crew as
they carry out the project.

2. Melodrama- Emphasizes the never ending

battle between good and evil wherein good
always wins.

3. Comedy- Exact opposite of tragedy.

4. Satire- Portrays human weakness and

criticized human behavior to pave the path to
some form of salvation for human actions.

5. Farce- Light humorous play in which the

emphasis is on the jokes, humorous physical
action, exaggerated situations and improbable
characters

X. Cinema - Series of images that are projected

onto a screen to create the illusion of motion.

Genres of Motion Pictures:

1. Feature Films- Commonly shown in movie

theaters.

2. Animated movies- Use images created by

artists/ animators.

3. Documentary movies- deal primarily with

facts, not fiction.

4. Experimental films- Sequence of images,

literal or abstract, which do not necessarily form
a narrative.

5. Educational Films- Specifically intended to

facilitate learning at home or classrooms.

People Behind a Motion Picture


Dalumat ng/sa Filipino #1
ANG PAKSA AT PAMAGAT PAMPANANALIKSIK
A. Ang Paksang Pampananaliksik
Sa akademya, ang pananaliksik ay isang
mahalagang gawain na hindi maiiwasan ng sino
mang mag-aaral. Karaniwan na ang
pagpapagawa ng mga pamanahong papel sa
iba’t-ibang subject bilang isa sa mga
pangangailangang akademiko. Ilan pa sa mga
halimbawa ng papel-pampananaliksik at ang
tisis ng mga kumukuha ng kursong masteral at
ang disertasyon ng mga kumukuha naman ng
kursong doctoral
Mga Hanguan ng Paksa
Ilan sa mga maaaring paghanguan ng paksang-
pampananaliksik ay ang mga ss:
1. Sarili- Maaaring humango ng paksa sa
sariling karanasan, mga nabasa,
napakinggan, napag-aralan at
natutunan. Nangangahulugan ito na
maaaring simulan sa sarili ang pag-iisip
ng mga paksang pagpipilian.
2. Dyaryo at Magasin – Maaaring
paghanguan ng paksa ang mga
napapanahong isyu sa mga pamukhang
pahina ng mga dyaryo at magasin o sa
mga kolum, liham sa editor at ibang
seksyon ng mga dyaryo at magasin tulad
ng lokal na balita, bisnes,
entertainment, at isports.
3. 3. Radyo, TV at Cable TV - Maraming uri
ng programa sa radyo at tv ang
mapagkukunan ng paksa. Marami na
ring bahay, hindi lamang sa Metro
Manila, kundi maging sa mga probinsya,
ang may cable TV.
4. 4. Mga Awtoridad, Kaibigan, Guro – Sa
pamamagitan ng pagtatanong-tanong sa
ibang tao, maaaring makakuha ng mga
ideya upang mapaghanguan ng
paksang-pananaliksik.
5. 5. Internet- Isa ito sa pinakamadali,
mabilis, malawak at sopistikadong
paraan ng paghahanap ng paksa.
6. 6. Aklatan- Bagama’t tradisyonal na
hanguan ito ng paksa, hindi pa rin
mapasusubalian ang yaman ng mga
paksang maaaring mahango sa aklatan.
Mga Konsiderasyon sa pagpili ng paksa
Ilang konsiderasyon din ang dapat isaalang-
alang sa pagpili ng paksang pampananaliksik
gaya ng mga ss:
1. Kasapatan ng Datos – Kailangang may
sapat ng literatura hinggil sa paksang
pipiliin. Magiging labis na limitado ang
saklaw ng pananaliksik kung ilan lamang
ang abeylabol na datos hinggil dito.
2. Limitasyon ng Panahon – Tandaan, ang
kursong ito ay para sa isa o dalawang
markahan lamang. Magiging
konsiderasyon sa pagpili ng paksa ang
limitasyong ito.
3. Kakayahang Pinansyal- Isa pang problema ito
sa pagpili ng paksa . May mga paksang
nangangailangan ng malaking gastusin, na kung
titipirin ay maaaring maisakripisyo ang kalidad
ng pananaliksik.
4. Kabuluhan ng Paksa – ang isang
pananaliksik na nauukol sa isang
paksang walang kabuluhan ay
humahantong s aisang pananaliksik na
wala ring kabuhuhan.
5. Interes ng mananaliksik – magiging
madali para sa isang mananaliksik ang
 pangangalap ng datos kung ang paksa
niya ay naaayon sa kanyang kawilihan.
Paglilimita ng Paksa
Sa pamamagitan ng paglilimita ng paksa,
mabibigyang direksyon at pokus ang
pananaliksik. Ito ang mga ss:
1. Panahon
2. Edad
3. Kasarian
4. Perspektibo
5. Lugar
6. Propesyon o Grupong Kinabibilangan
7. Anyo o uri
8. Partikular na Halimbawa o Kaso
9. Kumbinasyon ng dalawa o higit pang
batayan
• Ang Pamagat- Pampananaliksik
Ang pamagat-pampananaliksik ay kaiba sa
pamagat ng mga akdang pampanitikan. Kaiba ito
sa pamagat ng mga kwento, nobela, sanaysay, at
dula.
1. Sa Kabataang Filipino (Tula)
2. Sa kadawagan ng Pilik-mata (Kuwento)
3. Bata.. Bata…. Paano ka ginawa?
(Nobela)
4. Sino si Bill Gates? (Sanaysanay)
5. Ang Paglilitis ni Mang Serapio (Dula)
Dapat tandaan sa paggawa ng pamagat-
pampananaliksik:
1. Iminumungkahing bilang ng mga salita
sa pamagat, hindi kasama ang mga
salitang pangkayarian tulad ng
pantukoy, pananda at pang-ugnay.
Hanggat maaari ang mga salita ay hindi
kukulangin sa sampu at hindi hihigit sa
Dalawampu.
2. Ang Pamagat ay kailangang malinaw
hindi matalinhaga.
3. Tuwiran hindi maligoy.
4. Tiyak hindi masaklaw.
Dalumat ng/sa Filipino #2
Pangangalap ng mga Datos, Impormasyon at
Sanggunian
• A. Mga Hanguan ng Impormasyon o
Datos
Ayon kina Mosura, et al. (1999), ang mga
hanguang primarya ay:
1. Mga indibidwal o awtoridad,
2. Mga grupo o organisasyon tulad ng
pamilya, asosasyon, unyon, fraternity,
katutubo o mga minorya, bisnes,
samahan, simbahan at gobyerno,
3. Mga kinagawiang kaugalian tulad ng
relihiyon at pag-aasawa, sistemang legal
at ekonomik at iba pa, at
4. Mga pampublikong kasulatan o
dokumento tulad ng konstitusyon,
batas-kautusan, treaty o kontrata at ang
lahat ng orihinal na tala, katitikan sa
korte, sulat, journal at talaarawan o
dayari.
• Ang mga hanguang sekondarya naman
ay:
1. Mga aklat tulad ng diksyunaryo,
ensaklopidya, taunang-aklat o
yearbook, almanac at atlas.
2. Mga nalathalang artikulo sa journal,
magasin, pahayagan at newsletter,
 3. Mga tisis, disertasyon at pag-aaral ng
pisibiliti, nailathala man ang mga ito o
hindi, at
4. Mga monograp, manwal polyeto,
manuskrito at iba pa.
Kung ang internet ay maaaring pagkunan ng
impormasyon o datos, nangangahulugan lamang
na malaking tulong ito sa panananaliksik. May
mga ilan lamang na katanungan sa kawastuhan
ng paggamit nito, gaya na lamang ng mga
sumusunod : Gaano kahalaga ang
impormasyong manggagaling sa Internet? Ano-
ano ang sukatan ng kahalagahan nito?
Narito ang mga ilang payo hinggil sa bagay na
ito:
1. Anong uri ng web site ang iyong
tinitingnan?
a. Ang web page Uniform Resource
Locators (URLs) na nagtatapos sa .edu
ay mula sa Institusyon ng edukasyon o
akademiko.
hal: www.university_of_makati.edu
2. Sino ang may-akda?
Mahalagang malaman kung sino ang may-
akda ng isang impormasyon sa Internet nang sa
gayo’y masuri kung ang impormasyon ay wasto
at kumpleto.
3. Ano ang layunin?
Alamin ang layunin ng may-akda kung bakit
naglunsad o naglabas ng website. Nais bang
magbahagi ng impormasyon o magbenta
lamang ng produkto?
4. Paano inilahad ang impormasyon?
Ang teksto ay pang-advertizing o opinyon
lamang? Alamin din kung may bias at prejudice
ang teksto.
5. Makakatotohanan ba ang teksto?
Alamin kung opisyal o dokumentado ang
teksto. Pag-aralan kung ang pagkakasulat ay
maayos o kung wasto ang baybay at gramatika.
6. Ang impormasyon ba ay napapanahon?
Mainam kung ang impormasyon ay
napapanahon. Marapat na nakalagay ang petsa
ng pinakahuling rebisyon ng akda sa gayon ay
malaman kung ang akda ay bago o hindi.
B. Pangangalap ng mga Impormasyon o Datos
Tukuyin kung anong uri ng impormasyon o
datos ang kailangan gayon din ang klasipikasyon
kung saan maaaring matagpuan ito sa silid-
aklatan. Ang lahat ng posibleng sanggunian ay
kailangang itala upang mapadali ang
paghahanap nito.
hal: Tanong: Ano ang intelektuwalisasyon ng
wika?
1. Impormasyong hahanapin
a. Pagkakaiba o pagkakatulad ng
intelektuwalisasyon at estandardisasyon
b. Kailan masasabi na ang wika ay
intelektuwalisado?
2. Mga posibleng sanggunian
a. ensayklopidya, aklat sa wika
b. mga artikulo at kolum sa pahayagan at
magasin
c. mga artikulo sa mga propesyonal na
journal
d. panayam sa mga eksperto
May tatlong yugto ng panananaliksik sa silid
aklatan. Ito ang mga ss:
Yugto 1 : Panimulang paghahanap ng kard
katalog, sangguniang aklat, bibliograpi, indeks at
hanguang elektroniko o internet.
Yugto 2: Pagsusuri na kinasasangkutan ng
browsing, skimming at scanning ng mga aklat at
artikulo at ng pagpili ng citations mula sa mga
babasahin.
Yugto 3: Pagbabasa at pagtatala mula sa aklat,
sanaysay, artikulo, computer print outs, abstrak
at iba pang sanggunian.
Sa kabanata VII ay tatalakayin ang interbyu at
sarbey bilang karagdagang paraan ng
pangangalap ng datos kaugnay na ang
paghahanap ng kard katalog. Tinukoy nina
Bernales, et al. (2001) ang mga sumusunod na
uri at gamit ng kard katalog sa aklat nilang
Pagbasa at Pagsulat sa Iba’t- ibang Disiplina.
Pansinin ang mga ss na uri:
1. Kard ng Paksa (Subject Card) ang dapat
hanapin kung ang malinaw pa lamang sa
mananaliksik ay ang kanyang paksang
tatalakayin. Nangunguna sa entri kard na ito
ang mismong paksa bago pa ang ibang
impormasyon tulad ng awtor at pamagat ng
libro.
2. Kard ng Awtor (Author Card) ang kailangang
tingnan kung ang mananaliksik ay may naiisip na
agad na awtor na awtoridad sa kanyang paksa.
Nangunguna sa entri ng kard na ito ang
pangalan ng awtor bago pa ang ibang entris.
3. Kard ng Pamagat (Title Card) ang
pinakalapitin ng mga mananaliksik na hindi pa
tukoy ang paksa o awtor na gusto nilang
saliksikin, kung kaya parang naghahanap pa sila
ng paksa sa mga librong pamilyar sa kanila.
• Sa bahaging ito, ang mga napiling
impormasyon ay kailangang salain
upang malaman kung magagamit ito,
gayon din ang dapat gawin sa mga
sangguniang hindi makakatulong sa
pananaliksik. Gamitin ang mga ss. na
gabay na tanong ng mga nakalap na
sanggunian:
1. Ano ang kaugnayan nito sa paksa?
Isinasagawa ang pananaliksik upang tugunan
ang isang paghahanap o pangangailangan.
Tiyaking ang mga impormasyon sa sanggunian
ay tumatalakay sa paksa ng pananaliksik.
2. Mapagkakatiwalaan ba ang may-akda
at tagapaglathala?
Hindi mo nanaising pagdudahan ang iyong
gawa hindi ba? Kung gayon makabubuti kung
ang sumulat ng mga sanggunian ay
mapagkakatiwalaan o mga awtoridad sa paksa.
3. Makakatotohanan ba ito?
Ang pagiging makatotohanan ay hindi
lamang nasusukat sa may akda. Ang totoo noon
ay maaaring kasinungalingan na ngayon.
Hangga’t maaari ay iwasan ang mga
sangguniang limang taong mahigit na sa tagal,
maliban kung ang sanggunian ay isang
hanguang primarya.
C. Pagtatala ng mga Impormasyon o Datos
Narito ang ilang bagay na dapat tandaan sa
paggawa ng tala ng mga impormasyon o datos.
Sa pangangalap ng tala o notecards, maaaring
gumamit ng kard na may sukat na 3x5, 4x6, at
5x8. Ang 3x5 ay may kaliitan ang sukat. Ang 4x6
ay katamtaman lamang ang laki at ang 5x8 ay
husto sa lahat ng nais itala dahil maaaring isulat
ang mga mahahalagang komento o kuro-kuro
hinggil sa impormasyon. Gumamit lamang ng
isang sukat. Alin man sa tatlo ay maaaring
gamitin depende kung saan komportable ang
mananaliksik.
Ano ang iyong itatala?
1. Pamagat ng Impormasyon o Datos,
2. Ang impormasyon o datos na nais
ibilang sa pananaliksik at bibigyang
paliwanag,
3. Ang may-akda o mga may-akda, at
 4. Ang pamagat ng aklat, magasin o kung
saan kinuha ang impormasyon kasama
ang pahina kung saan nakuha ito.
Dalawang paraan ng pagtatala ng mga
impormasyon o datos:
1. Tuwirang sipi – ito ang eksakto o
kumpletong pagsipi ng bahagi ng
orihinal na teksto
2. Pagbuod – ang orihinal na teksto ay
kailangang ibuod sapagkat may mga
tekstong mahahaba. Kailangang
maisagawa ito sa pamamagitan ng
paggamit ng sariling pananalita
(paraphrasing).
Dalumat ng/sa Filipino #3
Dokumentasyon: Estilong A.P.A
A. Kahalagahan at Tungkulin ng
Dokumentasyon
-Ang dokumentasyon ay gumaganap ng
mahalagang tungkulin sa isang papel-
pampananaliksik.
-Manipestasyon ito ng katapatan ng isang
mananaliksik, nagbibigay ito ng kredibilidad sa
mga datos o impormasyon na kanyang ginamit.
-Nagiging lubos na kapani-paniwala ang mga
datos kung binabanggit ng mananaliksik ang
awtor o mga awtor (kadalasa’y awtoridad
hinggil sa paksa ng pananaliksik ng akdang
kanyang pinaghanguan).
B. Estilong A.P.A
Noon, footnoting o paggamit ng talababa
ang pinakagamiting paraan ng dokumentasyon
ng mga mananaliksik.
Sa ngayon, mas pinipili na ng marami ang
paraang iminungkahi ng American
Psychological Association (A.P.A) o ng Modem
Languange Association (M.L.A). Ito ang
tinatawag na talang parentetikal (parenthetical
citation).
-Sa M.L.A, pangalan (apelyido) ng awtor at
bilang ng pahina (ng akda kung saan
matatagpuan ang ideya, datos na hiniram) ang
inilalagay sa loob ng parentisis.
-Samantala, iba naman ang sa A.P.A. Narito ang
pangkalahatang tuntunin sa paggamit ng
dokumentasyon sa estilong A.P.A.:
1. Kung nabanggit na ang pangalan ng
awtor sa mismong teksto, taon na
lamang ng publikasyon ang isulat sa
loob ng parentesis.
2. Kung hindi nabanggit ang awtor sa
mismong teksto, banggitin ito sa hulihan
ng pangungusap kasama ang taon ng
publikasyon.
3. Kung dalawa ang awtor, banggitin ang
apelyido ng dalawa at ang taon ng
publikasyon
4. Kung tatlo o higit pa ang awtor at hindi
nabanggit ang pangunahing awtor sa
mismong teksto, banggitin na lamang
ang unang awtor sa loob ng parentesis
at sundan ng et al. bago ang taon ng
publikasyon
5. Kung may babanggiting dalawa o higit
pang awtor na pareho ang apelyido,
banggitin ang inisyal ng mga awtor
bago ang kani-kaniyang apelyido at
sundan ng taon ng publikasyon.
6. Kung pamagat lamang ang abeylabol na
impormasyon , banggitin ang pinaikling
bersyon ng pamagat at sundan ng taon
ng publikasyon. Ipaloob ang pinaikling
pamagat sa panipi o di kaya’y italisado
ang tipo ng font.
7. Kung ang babanggitin ay bahagi ng
akdang may higit sa isang bolyum,
banggitin ang bilang ng bolyum
kasunod ng pangalan ng awtor o mga
awtor, ngunit tutuldok (:) ang gamiting
 bantas upang paghiwalayin ang unang
entri sa taon ng publikasyon
8. Kung may babanggiting dalawa o higit
pang akda ng iisang awtor, banggitin na
lamang ang akda at paikliin hangga’t
maaari. Ipaloob sa panipi o iitalisado
ang mga pamagat.
9. Kung ang datos mula sa isang awtor ay
nakuha mula sa akda ng ibang awtor
dapat banggitin ang dalawa.
10. Kung ang datos o impormasyon ay
hango sa internet, banggitin na lamang
ang link kung walang awtor. Kung batid
ang awtor, banggitin din ang awtor.
Tandaang agad na inilalagay ang talang
parentetikal pagkatapos ng salita o ideyang
hiniram at ito’y ipinosisyon bago ang bantas sa
loob o katapusan ng pahayag maging iyon man
ay tuldok, tandang pananong, padamdam,
kuwit, tutuldok, tuldok-kuwit, tuldok-tuldok, o
panipi. Maliban sa tuntunin bilang 7, laging
kuwit ang ginagamit na bantas sa paghihiwalay
ng mga entri sa loob ng parentesis.
Dalumat ng/sa Filipino #4
Presentasyon ng mga Datos
A. Tekstuwal na Presentasyon
Gumagamit ng mga patalatang pahayag upang
ilarawan ang mga datos.
Ang layunin nito ay upang maipokus ang
atensyon sa ilang mahahalagang datos at upang
magsilbing suplement ng presentasyong tabular
o grapikal.
• Dahil ito ay patalata kailangang taglayin
ang mga ss. Na katangian:
• 1. Kaisahan- pagkakaroon ng isang
ideya sa loob ng talata
• 2. Kohirens- pagkakaugnay-ugnay ng
mga bahagi sa loob ng isang talataan.
• 3. Empasis- pagbibigay ng angkop at
sapat na diin sa datos na
nangangailangan niyon.
• Bukod sa tatlong nabanggit, narito pa
ang ilang dapat taglayin ng isang
tekstuwal na presentasyon.
• Malinaw- tiyaking ang mga
pangungusap ay hindi malabo o
maaaring magbunga ng iba’t-ibang
interpretasyon.
• Tuwiran- iwasan ang mga paliguy-ligoy
na pahayag.
• Maikli- ang brevity o kaiklian ay isang
pangangailangan sa teknikal na
pagsulat.
• Wasto ang gramar- kailangang maging
maingat sa konstruksyon ng mga
pangungusap, sa pagbabaybay at sa
paggamit ng mga bantas.
• Lohikal – mapanuring pag-iisip o
tamang pangangatwiran
B . Tabular na Presentasyon
Sa tabular na presentasyon, ang ginagamit
ay isang estadistikal na talahanayan. Sa
presentasyong ito, ang mga magkakaugnay
na datos ay inaaayos nang sistematiko. Ang
bawat numerikal na datos ay itinatala sa
ilalim ng isang kolum at katapat ng isang
hanay (row) upang ipakita ang ugnayan ng
mga iyon sa isang tiyak, kompak, at
nauunawaang anyo.
C. Grapikal na Presentasyon
Ang grap ay isang tsart na kumakatawan sa
kwantiteytib na baryasyon o pagbabago ng
mga baryabol, o kwantiteytib na
komparison ng pagbabago ng isang baryabol
sa isang pang baryabol o mga baryabol sa
anyong paglalarawan o diagramatik
(Calderon & Gonzales, 1993).
 Ang layn Grap ay ginagamit upang ipakita
ang mga pagbabago ng baryabol. Epektibo
ito kung nais na ilantad ang trend (kung
mayroon) o pagtaas, pagdami o pagsulong
(o kabaligtaran ng mga ito) ng isang tiyak na
baryabol.

Ang bilog na grap ay tinatawag ding circle o

pie graph. Ginagamit ito upang ipakita ang
distribusyon, pagkakahati-hati o dibisyon,
proporsyon, alokasyon, bahagi, o praksyon
ng isang kabuuan. Ang kabuuang hinati-hati
ay maaaring katawanin ng isang simpleng
bilog o di kaya’y ng multidimensyonal na
bilog na kahawig ng isang pie.

Ang bar grap naman ay epektibong gamitin

upang ipakita ang sukat, halaga o dami ng
isa o higit pang baryabol sa pamamagitan ng
haba o ikli ng bar. Maaari itong gawing
patayo o pahiga.

Ang piktograp, ang representasyon ay sa

pamamagitan ng larawang kumakatawan sa
isang baryabol.

D. Huling Tagubilin

Sa pananaliksik, kailangang sikaping

maging malinaw at akyureyt ang
presentasyon ng mga datos na nakalap.
Samakatuwid, kailangang gamitin ang
kumbinasyon ng tekstuwal na presentasyon
at ng tabular o grapikal na presentasyon.
Tandaan lamang na kailangang maging
konsistent ang mga datos na inilalahad sa
teksto at sa talahanayan o grap.