FINALS
All are equal before the law and
When Technology and
Humanity Cross
LESSON 1
Introduction
• The good life entails living in a just and
progressive society whose citizens have the
freedom to flourish.
• The human person has the autonomy to
make choices which may enable the
flourishing of his/her self and society.
• The United Nations General Assembly
proclaimed the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR) on December
10, 1948 as the global standard of
fundamental human rights for universal
recognition and protection.
Articles of UDHR
• Article 1. All human beings are born free
and equal in dignity and rights. They are
endowed with reason and conscience and
should act towards one another in a spirit
of brotherhood.
• Article 2. Everyone is entitled to all the
rights and freedoms set forth in this
Declaration, without distinction of any kind,
such as race, colour, sex, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or other status.
•Article 2. Furthermore, no distinction shall
be made on the basis of the political,
jurisdictional or international status of the
country or territory to which a person
belongs, whether it be independent, trust,
non-self-governing or under any other
limitation of sovereignty.
• Article 3. Everyone has the right to life,
liberty and security of person.
• Article 4. No one shall be held in slavery
or servitude; slavery and the slave trade
shall be prohibited in all their forms
• Article 5. No one shall be subjected to
torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment.
• Article 6. Everyone has the right to
recognition everywhere as a person before
the law.
• Article 7.
are entitled without any discrimination to
equal protection of the law. All are entitled
to equal protection against any
discrimination in violation of this
Declaration and against any incitement to
such discrimination.
• The UDHR has a long, bloody history.
Crafted in 1948, after World War II, the
UDHR now serves as a common
understanding of what each person’s
fundamental rights are.
• This rights apply to everyone,
everywhere. It is imperative that we all
know and live these rights to prevent
injustice and oppression.
TECHNOLOGY
•"techne" and "logos"
• A discourse on art (Buchanan, 2010)
• Concepts like machines and tools were
also attached to the word, "technology"
• In one way or another, each person in the
society is directly or indirectly affected by
technology whether he wills it or not.
• Most people survive their everyday lives
with great reliance to the different
technological advancements already
available to the masses.
•Technology is already an inevitable part of
the society.
 - Convenience
 -Pleasure
 -Happiness
 -Communication
• Anything too much is bad
• Various ethical dilemmas involving the
use of technological devices
•Misuse or invention to produce bad
results.
Television
There are approximately 7.6 million
television homes in the country’s urban
areas, half of these in Metro Manila, where
TV penetration exceeds 95%. The other half
are scattered in the country’s three major
island groups, Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao. The latest Kantar Media
Establishment survey pegs multichannel
subscriptions in the ‘Total Philippines‘ at 2
million. Central Luzon posted the highest
growth, rising to 25% from 19%.
• Ultimate medium for advertisement
placements
• Almost all use this particular type of
device
•Television plays a great role in the lives
of the people
Paul Gottlieb Nipkow
•Late 1800s
•Successful in his attempt to send images
through wires with the aid of a rotating
metal disk (Nipkow disk)
•"electric telescope" - 18 lines of resolution
Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton
and Boris Rosing
• New system of television by suing
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) in addition
to the mechanical scanner system.
•Filipino love to use their mobile phone
anywhere, anytime
•More than half of the Filipino population
own at least one mobile phone regardless
of type.
•2010, Synovate declared 67 percent
product ownership in the country.
• Mobile phones are considered a must-
have among young Filipinos (ABS-CBN
News, 2010)
• 1 out of 3 Filipinos cannot live without a
mobile phone
Did you know that:
The first call ever made on a cellphone was
from an engineer named Martin Cooper
calling a rival engineer to brag about his
accomplishment.
Mobile phone used by Cooper
• Weighed 1.1 kg
• Measured 228.6 x 127 x 44.4 mm
• 30- minute talk time
•10 hours to charge
Motorola DynaTAC 8000x in 1983
Computers and Laptops
•Not possible for all Filipino families to own
at least one computer or laptop.
•Most profits gained by computer and
laptop manufacturers come from offices,
businesses, or schools
•Growing number of Internet users in Ph,
problems regarding the internet providers.
Released in June 1981 by the Osborne
Computer Corporation, the Osborne 1 is
considered to be the first true portable, full-
featured computer
Fact about Filipinos and their use
of Gadgets and the Internet
• Mobile phone subscription is at 199M
•3.2 hours on mobile and 5.2 on desktop
daily
•Ph has one of the highest digital
population in the world
• 47 M active FB accounts
• Fastest growing application market in SEA
Role played by these Technological
Advancements
•Television sets
•Mobile Phones
•Computer and Laptops
Ethical Dilemmas
-Most parent would argue that these
devices make their children lazy and
unhealthy.
-People are freely exposed to different
things on televisions, mobile phones, laptop
or computers
Ethics of Responsibility
Robotics and Humanity
HUMANS vs. ROBOTS
• The rise of the machines accompanying
the progress in science and technology may
render humans useless.
• Manual labor is gradually being replaced
by machinery.
•Computers become more and more
sophisticated .
•Robots, usually designed like human
beings, are created to perform complex,
repetitive, or dangerous tasks.
• With the development of Artificial
Intelligence (AI), which may also eventually
act and decide like humans, there is a
possibility that machines adopt the nature
of humans. There is a need to reflect on the
ethical problems posed by such
development.
ROBOT
• An actuated mechanism programmable in
two or more axes with a degree of
autonomy, moving within its environment,
to perform intended tasks
•Autonomy - ability to perform intended
tasks based on current stage and sensing
without human intervention.
Service Robot
• A robot that performs useful tasks for
humans or equipment excluding industrial
application
• A robot may be classified according to its
intended application as an industrial robot
or a service robot.
Personal Service Robot
• Service robot for personal use
• Used for a noncommercial task, usually by
laypersons.
Examples: domestic servant robot,
automated wheelchair, personal mobility
assist robot, pet exercising robot.

•Service robot for professional use
• Used for a commercial task, usually
operated by a properly trained operator.
Examples: cleaning robot for public places,
delivery robot, fire fighting robot,
rehabilitation robot, surgery robot
George Devol
An American inventor known for
developing Unimate, the first material
handling robot employed in Indusrtrial
production work.
Roles played by Robotics
• Ease the workload of mankind
•Make life more efficient and less stressful
• Perform complicated activities
• Pleasure, entertainment in parks or
exhibits
•Toys, child-friendly
• Used in movies
Isaac Asimov
was an American writer and professor
of biochemistry at Boston University

THE THREE LAWS OF ROBOTICS
• Human nature may be corrupted when
the powers of our mind, our rationality, and
our science and technology become
manifest. If we are not able to rein in the
vanity and arrogance that such powers
unleash, then we are on the way to
destroying the world.

FINALS
INFORMATION AGE and
MODERN SOCIETY
1. A robot may not injure a human being
LESSON 2
or, through inaction, allow a human being
OBJECTIVES:
to come to harm.
1.Describe the evolution of the workforce
2. A robot must obey orders given it by
due to the influence of importance of
human being except where such orders
science and technology in our society;
would conflict with
2. Illustrate how social media and the
3. A robot must protect its own existence as
information age have impacted our lives.
long as such protection does not conflict
with the First or Second Law.
What is Information?
"Information is an assemblage of data in a
Ethical Dilemmas Face by Humans
comprehensible form capable of
•Unemployment – What does this mean
communication and use; the essence of it is
for human beings who can replaced by
that a meaning has been attached to the
machines? Is the value of the person
raw facts." (Feather, J., & Sturges, P. 2003)
inversely proportional to that of a machine
p303
exhibiting artificial intelligence?
•Humans may also have the tendency to
I. INFORMATION
become machine-like. Since many of the
•Word – is a combination of sounds that
things people need, from conveniences to
represents something (it is this significance
information, are available with just the
which makes words distinct from just any
touch and swipe of the fingertips, humans
kind of vocal utterance)
begin to function more like automations.
- made up of sounds and yet they transmit
• Nicolas Carr (2008) asserted that “as we
something more significant (transmit a
come to rely on computers to mediate our
message)
understanding of the world, it is our own
- are informed with meaning given by the
intelligence that flattens into artificial
speaker and intended for the listener
intelligence.”
• Humans may also have the tendency to
II. THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE
become machine-like. Since many of the
- the system of words or signs that people
things people need, from conveniences to
use to express thoughts and feelings to
information, are available with just the
each other
touch and swipe of the fingertips, humans
- its usefulness is recognized in the scientific
begin to function more like automations.
search for truth and the ability it gave to
•As we examine, contemporary issues in
make sense of nature during the early ages
science and technology-information,
- was an object worthy of admiration for
genetically modified organisms,
the ancient Greeks
nanotechnology, and climate change-we
keep in mind that the building of a just and
progressive society entails the constant
practice of the good.
A. Power of the communicated word The Pre-Mechanical Age
through language in the pursuit of • Writing
knowledge  -Cuneiform, Symbols
- it is possible that one’s idea can • Paper and Pen
simultaneously exist in his/her mind and in  - Papermaking
another’s • Books and Libraries
- the power of communicated word come  - Religious Scrolls, Binding
from the speaker, who is the thinker and • Number Systems
the source, or from the listener, who is the  - Number 1-9, Zero
recipient of the communication • The First Calculator
- thinking in terms of common system being  - Abacus
generated by the speaker and received by
the listener is useful in the pursuit of The Mechanical Age
knowledge • Movable Type Printing
• General Purpose Computers
B. Principles of comprehending words • Slide Rule
• a meaningful message is created using  -Analog Computer
ordinary sounds • Key Punch Computer
• its meaning is also not diminished by  - Binary Logic
multiplication – a speaker can use the same  - Real Time Operated Computers
words over and over again to talk to ten, a The Electro-Mechanical Age
hundred, or even a thousand people • Telecommunications
separately at the same time  -Voltaic Battery
• words can function across space and time  -Telegraph
without reducing their meaning  - Morse Code
 - Telephone and Radios
C. Purpose of Communication  •Computing
to inform  -Census Machine
to actuate  - Mark 1
to entertain
to persuade The Information Age
-Electronic Vacuum Tubes
What is the information Age -Electronic Numerical Integrator ad
People, Information and Societies that -Computer
chronicle the birth and growth of electronic -Manchester Mark 1
information -- from ancient times to Samuel -First Computer for Commercial
Morse's invention of the telegraph in -Use
1830s, through the development of the
telephone, radio, television and computer What is Society?
• The community of people living in a
Four Periods of the Information Age particular country or region, associated to
Pre-Mechanical - 3000 BC - 1450 AD one another and having shared customs.
Mechanical - 1450-1840 Examples of Society
Electro-Mechanical - 1840-1940 • Agricultural Society
Electro/Information - 1940 - Present • Industrial Society
• Information Society
• Knowledge Society
INFORMATION SOCIETY Computer Generations
• A society in which information, rather First Generation
than material goods, has become the chief (1951-1958)
economic, social and cultural motor. o Main Logic Elements
(Whitworth) o Externally Stored Information
• An information society is a society where o Machine and Assembly
the creation, distribution, use, integration Language
and manipulation of information is a o Compilers
significant economic, political and cultural Second Generation
activity. (1959-1963)
•The aim of the information society is to o Transistors
gain competitive advantage internationally, o Semi-Conductors
through using information technology (IT) o High-Level Programming
in a creative and productive way o Fortan/Cobol
Third Generation
Information Cycle (1964-1978)
•Creators of information - writers, o Integrated Circuits
musicians, artists, researchers, database o Magnetic Tape and Disk
produces, web producers. o Operating Systems
•Information products - books, videos, o BASIC
magazines, web sites Fourth Generation
•Distributors of information - publisher, (1979-)
Internet providers, vendors, producers o Large Scale Circuites
•Disseminators of information - schools, o Central Processing Units
libraries, colleges and universities, o Apple II/ Apple Mac
businesses, government, museums o IBM/MS-DOS/GUI
•User of information - individuals, business o MS Windows
persons, researchers, employees and
employers "Information society is the building block
for knowledge societies”
The Computer is at the
Heart of Information Society Differences
 Increasing in speed Information Society
 Increasing in memory capacity -Information Society implies technological
 Decreasing in size innovation with an economic dimension.
 Becoming more portable Knowledge society
 Connected by wireless -Knowledge society includes an idea of
 Becoming more intuitive to use dynamic, political, economic, social,
 Becoming more ubiquitous cultural,, and institutional transformation
and a democratic and developmental
outlook.

HISTORY OF SOCIAL MEDIA

• Since 1970s, but especially 1990s, nations
concerned with the “ information highway”
•Treated the Internet like an 1840s
challenge of the telegraph
• Concern that to remain competitive in a
global trading economy, nations needed to
“wire up”
 •Provide businesses, workers and
consumers access to the Internet for
education, retail, entertainment
•Frontier metaphors often used
• Essential for economic transformation
away from industrial to service/
information economies: the so- called
“innovation agenda”
 • Canada, wired telco/cable providers
dominated agenda: wireless only now
emerging
III. THE WORLD WIDE WEB (through the
internet)
•invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, is a way
of addressing data processing and
information sharing needs among scientists
for the European Organization for Nuclear
Research
DEFINITION OF NEW MEDIA
 •Digital communication
 •Used in the production, distribution and
reception of communication
 • Involves use of new communication
networks: Internet as mass medium
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW
MEDIA
• Interpersonal: ie. The terrain of
telephony treats telephone calls
( discretionary contact between two
consenting persons) as PRIVATE not PUBLIC
communication ( where telco distributors
are not responsible for content of message)
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW
MEDIA
•Multiple: can be Mass/Broadcast which is
PUBLIC communication ( broadcasters are
responsible for message in exchange for
spectrum monopoly: hybrid character)
• Now a grey area of semi public/private
communication ( can monitor cell phones,
amass, monitor and store unprecedented
personal communication)
THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN THE
AGE OF DIGITAL REPRODUCTION
•Walter Benjamin, a noted cultural scholar,
suggests that the infinite reproducibility of
the communication product ( CD, video,
internet) due to its low marginal cost of
duplication changes the nature of the work
of art
• But western capitalism has conceived of
the realm of ideas and expression as
proprietary
• The high risk nature of entertainment ( so
called hitrule) calls for imitation or ‘clones’
in popular culture ( riding the next so called
fad or wave)
• Infinite reproducibility,
repackaging,repurposing
and presenting information as original
• There are many pressures on ‘news’ or
‘entertainment’ manufacture for cutting
corners on production: ethical standards to
prevent recycling content and presenting it
as original are weak– digital watermarking
is a weak barrier
HOW DOES TECHNOLOGY AFFECT THE
WORK ENVIRONMENT TODAY?
•Throughout history, technology has
consistently changed the way workers
across every industry do their jobs.
• From the industrial age to modern day,
technology has improved working
conditions..
Speed and Efficiency
•Workers today are more productive than
they’ve ever been. The impact of
technology on work, both in manufacturing
and in communication, has exponentially
increased the rate of production and speed
at which business occurs.
•Technology in the workplace has helped
workers become more efficient than ever
before. What used to take hours now can
take minutes. Messages can be sent
instantly to colleagues or clients across the
world. Payments or proposals can be
transferred almost immediately.
Working Together Made Easier
•Team coordination has never been easier.
Thanks to online communication tools,
technology enables us to work more closely
in some ways even as we work remotely.
•Collaboration is also simpler to achieve –
even when colleagues are not physically in
the same place: Teams can hold meetings
remotely with video-conferencing
technology and work on the same shared
documents at once with cloud- based file-
sharing tools like Google Drive.
•Companies can use workplace
management tools like Basecamp to track
their team’s progress on specific projects,
and use customer-relationship tools like
Salesforce to track conversations with leads
and funnel sales all in one place You can
even automate follow-ups or entire
customer-service conversations using
simple AI messaging tools.
IMPACT OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN
THE SOCIETY
Community Examples
Social Networking
•Facebook
•Twitter
•Instagram
Educational Applications
 Multimedia Resources
 Distance Education
 E-Learning
 Internet applications
 E-mail communication
 Video links
 Electronic Presentations
A. RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS OF THE EASE
OF SHARING INFORMATION AT PRESENT
Risks
• reliability is compromised
*anyone with a connection to other people
can produce contents which are showing
half-truths or even lies, giving rise to
disinformation
• creation of community by the social
media often reinforces biases and beliefs
based only on the content that they allow
within .
• the easy access to personal information
makes one susceptible to online predation,
identity theft, and scamming, among
others.
PRECAUTIONS
• considering the many benefits we get
from these technologies we must:
- be vigilant in utilizing these modern
devices at all times
- be responsible in utilizing them to avoid
harming others and ourselves
FINALS
BIODIVERSITY
LESSON 3
What is Biodiversity?
Bio= Life
Diversity= variety
I. Biodiversity is the term given to the
variety of life on
earth and the natural patterns it forms.
• The term biodiversity was first coined by
Walter G. Rosen in 1986.
• The biosphere comprises of a complex
collections of innumerable collections of
organisms, known as the Biodiversity,
which constitute the vital life support for
survival of human race
• Biological diversity abbreviated as
biodiversity, represent the sum total of
various life forms such as unicellular fungi,
protozoa, bacteria, and multi cellular
organisms such as plants, fishes, and
mammals at various biological levels
including gens , habitats, and ecosystem.
•This recognition started when naturalists
began to classify organisms in the natural
world using taxonomy ( a system devised by
Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus)
•taxonomy is the hierarchical system of
classifying and naming organisms
•Taxonomy builds on the ability of the mind
tofind the common in the diverse, the “One
in the Many”.
•It is a system commonly used today and
shows that though the living organisms in
the world are so diverse, they still share
many traits
Three Types of Biodiversity
The 2010 International Year of
Biodiversity by Steffen Thorsen
•The United Nations (UN) declared 2010 to
be the International Year of Biodiversity,
the InternationalYear for the
Rapprochement of Cultures, and the
International Year of Youth.
•This diversity is often understood in terms
of the variety of plants, animals, and micro-
organisms.
•About 1.75 million species are identified,
mostly small creatures such as insects.
•some scientists believe that there are
actually about 13 million species, though
estimates range from 3 to 100 million
•IYB focuses on boosting awareness of
biodiversity’s importance by promoting
actions to foster biodiversity worldwide.
Benefits of Biodiversity
Consumptive Value
Food/Drink
Fuel
Medicine
Batter crop varieties
Industrial Material
Non-Consumptive Value:
Recreation
Education and Research
Traditional value
Ecological services
• Balance of nature
• Biological productivity
• Regulation of climate
• Degradation of waste
• Cleaning of air and water
•Cycling of nutrients
• Control of potential pest and disease
causing species
• Detoxification of soil and sediments
•Stabilization of land agains erosion
• Carbon sequestion and global climate
change
• Maintenance of Soil fertility
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Definition:
Biotechnology is the use of living systems
and organisms to develop or make useful
products, or any technological application
that uses biological systems, living
organisms or derivatives thereof, to make
or modify products or processes for specific
use“ European Federation of Biotechnology
(EFB) has defined biotechnology as “The
integration of natural science and
organisms, cells, parts thereof, and
molecular analogues for products and
services".
Oldest form of Biotechnology
•Making breads and curds with the help of
microorganism
•Application of fermentation in production
of wine and other alcoholic beverages is
also a biotechnological technique
BIOTECHNOLOGY
• “Law and policy of relevance to the
management of plant genetic resources”
- a module released by BI which aims to
help professionals in managing, conserving,
and using plant genetic resources for food
and agriculture
•Biotechnology uses biological systems,
living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to
make or modify products or processes
for specific use.
•Genetic Engineering is a technique that
allows genes and DNA to be transferred
from one source to another. It leads to the
production of living modified organisms
(LMO) or genetically modified organisms
(GMO)
•Modern biotechnology gives scientists
molecular tools for obtaining a better
understanding of the structure and function
genes in living organisms
Modern biotechnology paves the way for
new developments on food and
agriculture,
particularly:
1. it aims to develop new precision tools
and diagnostics
2. speed up breeding gains and efficiency
3. develop pest- and disease-resistant crops
4. combat salinity, drought, and problems
of agriculture
5. Enhance the nutritional quality of food
6. increase crop varieties and choice
7. reduce inputs and production costs
8. increase profits
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
GMO From Dictionary.com
•Genetically modified organism: an
organism or microorganism whose genetic
material has been altered by mean of
genetic engineering.
• Genetic engineering, also called genetic
modification, is the direct manipulation of
an organism's genome using biotechnology.
• the characteristics of an organism and its
successors can be modified today by
modern technology, giving rise to GMO
• GMO is a plant, animal, microorganism, or
other organism whose genetic makeup has
been modified using recombinant DNA
methods (also called gene splicing), gene
modification, or transgenic technology.
• also called “transgenic “ organism
• a result of a laboratory process where
genes from the DNA of one specie are
extracted and artificially inserted into the
genes of an unrelated plant or animal.
GENETIC MODIFICATION (GM) OR GENETIC
ENGINEERING
• Aims to address issues with regard to
food security, agriculture, drug production
and nutrition
•Steps of the (GM) process:
1. identification of the desired trait from
another organism
2. a gene containing this trait is first
isolated and replicated
3. insertion of the trait
4. after the insertion of the trait, the
modified organism should be able to grow
and replicate
MOST COMMON TYPES OF GMO:
• Foods – canola, soya bean, golden, rice,
corn and aspartame
• Medicines – insulin, hormones and
vaccines
• Others – plants and crops, microbes,
mammals, insects, aquatic life
FOOD GMOs:
•Crops are modified so when farmer kill
weeds with herbicides, the crops can
withstand the exposure to the herbicide –
killing the weeds and not the crop.
• Although it is not as common, some types
of GMOs are modified to increase their
nutrient content. Corn and soybeans are
two examples of crops that have higher
nutrient GMO versions available
MEDICINE GMOs:
• Genetically modified medicines can be
produced cheaper and easier.
• Some GMOs are insulin (being the oldest),
thyroid hormones and the Hepatitis B
vaccine
HISTORY OF GMOs:
•First GMO created in 1973.
• After years of testing and research, GMOs
were introduced to farmers
•In 1990s, genetically modified foods
became modified in stores.
GENENTECH (1978):
• Becomes the first to synthesize insulin,
later they created a human growth
hormone which was used to enable
dwarf children to grow to a normal size.
• Genentech’s Humulin is the first
consumer product developed through
modern bioengineering.
MONSANTO (1982):
• Introduced a bovine growth hormone
used in cows to increase milk production.
• They were among the first to genetically
modify a plant cell in 1983.
CALGENE’S FAVR SAVR (1992):
•A tomato approved for commercial
production by the US Department of
Agriculture.
•This was genetically engineered to remain
firm for a longer period of time.
• The FDA declares that genetically
engineered foods are not dangerous and do
not require special regulation (History of
genetics engineering, 2012)
Soybeans
93% of soybeans planted in the US are
genetically modified. Soybeans are used in
products such as animal feed , prepacked
meals, and the oil is used in many industrial
applications.
Corn
86% of corn planted in the US falls under
the category of GMO. Maize is the most
widely grown grain crop in America. It is
used to make sugar substitutes such as high
fructose corn syrup, a large quantity of
processed foods contain oil and also used in
making ethanol, a biofuel that is mixed with
gasoline to decrease the amount of
pollutant emitted by motor vehicles.
Enticing factors of transgenic crops:
1. more resistant to spoilage
2. more resistant to pest invasiveness
3. more resistant to harsh weather
conditions
Possible threats that maybe posed by
GMOs:
1. farmer sovereignty
2. food security of the country
What are people's concerns?
Is this food safe?
Should food be labeled?
Are there adverse environmental effects?
Patenting of seeds
Discrimination against the poor
Who benefits?
Advantages
•Reduce use of pesticides and other toxic
chemicals
•Desired characteristics of food are
achieved and in a shorter time
•Improves nutritional value
•Many people rely on GM food for
medicines
•Gene technology is the best solution to
the problem of world hunger
Disdvantages
•Unacceptable to some groups to copy
genes
•Interfere in food chain
•Genetically engineered animals may suffer
more health problems
•Allergic reactions
•Genetic Pollution
CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON
BIOSAFETY
• is an international agreement which aims
to
• ensure the safe handling, transport, and
use of living modified organisms (LMOs)
resulting from modern technology that may
have adverse effects on biological
diversity, taking also into account risks to
human health
CONCLUSION
Biodiversity is life. If the Biodiversity got
lost at this rate then in the near future, the
survival of human being will be threatened.
So, it is our moral duty to conserve
Biodiversity as well as our environment.
Long-term maintenance of species and
their management requires co-operative
efforts across entire landscapes.
Biodiversity should be dealth with at a scale
of habitats or ecosystems rather than at
species level.
FINALS
THE NANO WORLD
LESSON 4
Learning Outcomes
1. Discuss the major impacts of
nanotechnology on society (both potential
and realized)
2. Analyse the issue through the conceptual
STS lenses
3. Critique the issue on its costs and
benefits to society technology.
WHY NANO?
• the term “ nano ” refers to a unit meaning
one billionth or ten raised to negative nine (
ex. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter)
• nanostructures can be found in nature
(catalysts, minerals , and other particles are
measured on a nano scale)
• Nanoscience , therefore, deals with
materials that are very small using
specialized microscopes and other
nanodevices
What is Nanotechnology?
NANO & TECHNOLOGY
•A Nanometer is a unit of length in the
metric system, equal to one billionth of a
meter(10^-9)
•Technology is the making, usage ad
knowledge of tools, machines and
techniques in order to solve a problem or
perform a specific function.
•Nanotechnology is the study of
manipulating matter on an atomic scale
•Nanotechnology refers to the
constructing andengineering of the
functional systems at very micro
level or we can say at atomic level
•A Nanometer is one billionth of a meter,
roughly the width of three or four atoms.
The average human hair is about 25,000
nanometers wide
•“Nanotechnology is the art and science of
manipulating matter at the nanoscale"
• Nanotechnology is the study of making
small microscopic things.
NANOTECHNOLGY
- refers to the manipulation of matter on an
atomic or subatomic scale
• Some innovations developed in this field
include microprocessors and strain-
resistant fabrics
• As nanoscience and nanotechnology
progress, more breakthroughs are expected
to arise in different fields of science,
hopefully resolving problems in health,
environment, and security among others
•Silver nano platform for using silver-
nanoparticles as an antibacterial ageng,
nanoparticle-based transparent
sunscreens, and carbon nanotubes for
strain-resistant textiles.
What is the goal of nanotechnology?
The vision of the National Nanotechnology
Initiative (NNI) is a future in which the
ability to understand and control matter at
the nanoscale leads to a revolution in
technology and industry that benefits
society.

History
• The first ever concept was presented in
1959 by the famous professor of physics,
Dr. Richard P. Feynman
• Invention of the scanning tunneling
microscope in 1981 and the discovery of
fullerence (C6O) in 1985 lead to emergence
of nanotechnology.
• The term "Nano-technology" had been
coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974.

Who invented Nanotechnology?

The American physicist Richard Feynman
lectured, “There’s Plenty of Room at the
Bottom”, at an American Physical Society
meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959,
which is often held to have provided
inspiration for the field of nanotechnology.

When was Nanotechnology invented?

The emergence of Nanotechnology in the
1980s was caused by the convergence of
experimental advances such as the
invention of the scanning tunneling
microscope in 1981 and the discovery of
fullerness in 1985, with the elucidation and
popularization of a conceptual framework
for its goals.

•The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of

Tools & Technology
commercial applications of natotechnology,
•There are several important modern
although these were limited to bulk
developments.
application of nanomaterials.
- The atomic force microscope (AFM).
- The Scanning Tunneling Microscope
(STM) are scanning probes that launched
nanotechnology.
•Various techniques of nanolithography
such as:
- optical lithography.
 -X-ray lithography,
- Dip pen nanolithography
- Electron beam lithography(inkjet printer)
were also developed.
Lithography in MEMS context is typically
the transfer of a pattern into a
photosensitive material by selective
exposure to a radiation source such as light.
Carbon Nanotube
•Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of
carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.
- They have length-to-diameter ratio of
upto 132,000,000:1.
-Nanotubes are members of the fullerene
structural family. Their name is derived
from their long, hollow structure with the
walls formed by one-atomthick sheets of
carbon, called graphene.
•Properties
- Highest strength to weight ratio, helps in
creating light weight spacecrafts.
- Easily penetrate membranes such as cell
walls. Helps in cancer treatment.
-Electrical resistance changes significantly
when other molecules attach themselves to
the carbon atoms. Helps in developing
sensors that can detect chemical vapours.
Carbon Nanotube
•Application
• Easton-Bell Sports, Inc. using CNT in
making bicycle component.
 •Zyvex Technologies using CNT for
manufacturing of light weight boats.
• Replacing transistors from the silicon
chips as they are small and emits less
heat.
 •In electric cables and wires
• In solar cells
 •In fabrics
Nanorods(quantum dots)
• Nanorods are one morphology of
nanoscale objects
• Dimensions range from 1-100 nm.
•They may be synthesized from metals or
semiconducting materials.
•A combination of ligands act as shape
control agents and bond to different facets
of the nanorod with different strengths.
This allows different faces of the nanorod
to grow at different rates, producing an
elongated object.
USES:
• In display technologies, because the
reflectivity of the rods can be
changed by changing their orientation with
an applied electric field.
• In microelectromechanical systems
(MEMS).
•In cancer therapeutics.
Nanobots
•Close to the scale of 10-9.
•Largely in R&d phase.
•Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across,
capable of counting
specific molecules in a chemical sample.
•Since nanorobots would be microscopic in
size, it would probably be necessary for
very large numbers of them to work
together to perform microscopic and
macroscopic tasks.
• Capable of replication using
environmental resources.
Application:
•Detection of toxic components in
environment, in drug delivery and
Biomedical instrumentation.
Approaches in nanotechnology
1. Bottom up:
In the bottom up approach different
materials and devices are constructed from
molecular components of their own. They
chemically assemble themselves by
recognizing the molecules of their own
breed.
Examples of molecular self assembly are
Watson crick base pairing , nano-
lithoghraphy.
Top down:
In top down approach nano objects and
materials are created by larger entities
without bouncing its atomic reactions
usually top down approach is practiced less
as compared to the
bottom up approach.
 • Solid-state techniques can also be used
to create devices known as
nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS,
which are related
microeletromechanical systems or MEMS.
 • MEMS became practical once they
could be fabricated using modified
semiconductor device fabrication
technologies, normally used to make
electronics.
Material used
•Zinc oxide
- Dirt repellent, hydrophobic, cosmetics &
stain resistant
•Silver ion
 - Healing property
•Aluminum Silicate
- Scratch resistance
•Gold ion
 -Chip fabrication
In what field Nanotechnology is used?
• Nanotechnology is being used in
developing countries to help treat diseases
and prevent health issues (Nanomedicine)
•In industry, applications may include
construction materials, military goods, and
nano-machining of nano-wires, nano-rods,
few layers of graphene, etc.
What are the benefits of using
nanotechnology?
• it offers the potential for new and faster
kinds of computers, more efficient power
sources
 • life saving medical treatments
 • can enable sensors to detect very small
amount of chemical vapors (ex. Carbon
nano-wires or nanotubes, zinc oxide
nanowires or palladium nanoparticles)
What are the potential risks of using
nanotechnology?
• environmental issues
• health issues
• safety issues
• transitional effects such as displacement
of traditional industries as the products of
nanotechnology become dominant, which
are of concern to privacy rights advocates
What is Nanomedicine?
•it is the application of nanotechnology to
the field of medicine by the use of a
material at the nanometer scale
•most common application involves
employing nanoparticles to enhance the
action of drugs in treatment
How does nanotechnology work in
medicine?
These are currently being developed.
•It involves employing nanoparticles to
deliver drugs, heat, light or other
substances to specific types of cells (such
as cancer cells)
•this technique reduces damage to
healthy cells in the body and allows for
earlier detection of disease
How can Nanotechnology be used to
work with DNA?
•DNA nanotechnology is the design and
manufacture of artificial nucleic acid
structures for technological uses. In this
field, nucleic acids are used as non
biological engineering materials for
nanotechnology rather than as the
carriers of genetic information in living
Cells
What are the different types of
nanoparticles?
•they can be classified into different types
according to the size, morphology, physical
and chemical properties
1. carbon-based nanoparticles
2. ceramic nanoparticles
3. metal nanoparticles
4. semiconductor nanoparticles
5. polymeric nanoparticles
6. lipid-based nanoparticles
Why are nanoparticles effective in
very small quantities?
• when it comes to nanoparticles, their size
is what gives them their special properties
ex. Titanium dioxide can be a more
effective ingredient of sunscreen if it is
present as nanoparticles rather than large
Particles
Why is nanotechnology dangerous?
• Nanoparticles may damage the lungs
• “ Ultra fine ” particles from diesel
machines, power plants and incinerators
can cause considerable damage to
human lungs
• Nanoparticles can get into the body
through the skin, lungs and digestive
System
Nanotechnology in Drugs (Cancer)
• Provide new options for drug delivery
and drug therapies.
• Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely
the right location in the body and release
drug doses on a predetermined schedule
for optimal treatment.
• Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
• They become localized at the disease
site, i.e cancer tumour.
• Then they release medicine that kills the
tumour.
 •Current treatment is through
radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
• Nanobots can clear the blockage in
arteries.
Nanotechnology in Fabrics
•The properties of familiar materials are
being changed by manufacturers who are
adding nano-sized components to
conventional materials to improve
performance.
 -For example, some clothing
manufacturers are making water and stain
repellent clothing using nanosized whiskers
in the fabric that cause water to
bead up on the surface.
- In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.
 -Making spill & & dirt resistant,
antimicrobial,
antibacterial fabrics.
Nanotechnology in Mobile
• Morph, a nanotechnology concept device
developed by Nokia Research Center (NRC)
and the University of Cambridge (UK).
• The Morph will be super hydrophobic
making it extremely dirt repellent.
• It will be able to charge itself from
available light sources using photovoltaic
nanowire grass covering it's surface.
• Nanoscale electronics also allow
stretching. Nokia envisage that a nanoscale
mesh of fibers will allow our mobile devices
to be bent, stretched and folded into any
number of conceivable shapes.
Nanotechnology in Electronics
• Electrodes made from nanowires enable
flat panel displays to be flexible as well as
thinner than current flat panel displays.
 •Nanolithography is used fabrication of
chips.
• The transistors are made of nanowires,
that are assembled on glass or thin
films of flexible plastic.
• E-paper, displays on sunglasses and
map on car windshields.
Nanotechnology in computers
• The silicon transistors in your computer
may be replaced by transistors based on
carbon nanotubes.
• A carbon nanotube is a molecule in
form of a hollow cylinder with a diameter of
around a nanometer which consists of pure
carbon.
• Nanorods is a upcoming technology in
the displays techniques due to less
consumption of electricity and less heat
emission.
• Size of the microprocessors are
reduced to greater extend.
 •Researchers at North Carolina State
University says that growing arrays of
magnetic nanoparticles, called nanodots.
•Hewett Packard is developing a memory
device that uses nanowires coated with
titanium dioxide.
• One group of these nanowires is
deposited parallel to another group.
• When a perpendicular nanowire is laid
over a group of parallel wires, at each
intersection a device called a memristor is
formed.
• A memristor can be used as a single-
component memory cell in an integrated
circuit.
•By reducing the diameter of the
nanowires,
researchers believe memristor memory
chips can achieve higher memory density
than flash memory chips.
•Magnetic nanowires made of an alloy of
iron and nickel are being used to create
dense memory devices.
• Chips produced by Intel before “i” series
processors were between 65nm -45nm.
• Later with the help of nanotechnolgy
22nm chips were made which itself is a
milestone.
• Advantages of using carbon nanotubes:
- Faster and smaller- carbon nanotubes
can be used to produce smaller and faster
components.
 -This will also result in computers that
consume less energy.
- High speed and high capacity memory.
- Allows circuits to be more accurate on
the atomic level.
Other uses
• Cutting tools made of nanocrystalline
materials, such as tungsten carbide,
tantalum carbide and titanium
carbide, are more wear and erosion-
resistant, and last longer than their
conventional counterparts.
• Silver nanocrystals have been embedded
in bandages to kill bacteria and prevent
infection.
•Nanoparticulate-based synthetic bone
- Formed by manipulating calcium and
phosphate at the molecular level.
• Aerogels lightest known solid due to good
insulating properties is used in space suits
and are proposed to use in space craft.
Implications of Nanotechnology
Health and safety issues
• Nanoparticles can cause serious illness or
damage
human body.
• Untraceable destructive weapons of
mass destruction.
Social & Political issues
• Creates social strife through increasing
wealth gap
• Advisability of increasing scope of the
technology creates political dilemma
Implications of Nanotechnology
Environmental issues
• Nanopollution is created by toxic wastes
from nanomaterial manufacturing
• Enhances Global warming in the long run
" Grey-goo "
• It is a hypothetical situation where self
replicating nanobots go out of control and
consume all matter on earth.
CHAPTER 11
GENE THERAPY
What is Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into
an individual's cells and tissues to treat a
disease, such as a hereditary disease in
which a deleterious mutant allele is
replaced with a functional one. Although
the technology is still in its infancy, it has
been used with some success
How It Works
A vector delivers the therapeutic gene into
a patient’s target cell
The target cells become infected with the
viral vector The vector’s genetic material is
inserted into the target cell Functional
proteins are created from the therapeutic
gene causing the cell to return to a normal
state
Gene Therapy is Experimental
Advances in understanding and
manipulating genes have set the stage for
scientists to alter a person's genetic
material to fight or prevent disease.
Gene therapy is an experimental
treatment that involves introducing genetic
material (DNA or RNA) into a person's cells
to fight disease.
Majority are Trials
Gene therapy is being studied in clinical
trials (research studies with
people) for many different types of
cancer and for other diseases. It is not
currently available outside a clinical trials
What Gene therapy can Achieve
-Replacing a mutated gene that causes
disease with a healthy copy of the gene.
-Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated
gene that is functioning improperly.
- Introducing a new gene into the body to
help fight a disease.
Uses of gene therapy
 1. Replace missing or defective genes;
 2. Deliver genes that speed the
destruction of cancer
cells;
 3. Supply genes that cause cancer cells to
revert back to
normal cells;
 4. Deliver bacterial or viral genes as a
form of
vaccination;
 5. Provide genes that promote or impede
the growth of
new tissue; and;
 6. Deliver genes that stimulate the healing
of damaged tissue.
On September 14, 1990 at the U.S.
National Institutes of Health, W. French
Anderson M.D. and his colleagues R.
Michael Blaese, M.D., C. Bouzaid, M.D., and
Kenneth Culver, M.D., performed the first
approved gene therapy procedure on four-
year old Ashanthi DeSilva.Born with a rare
genetic disease called severe combined
immunodeficiency (SCID),
What did they do
In Ashanthi's gene therapy procedure,
doctors removed white blood cells from the
child's body, let the cells grow in the
laboratory, inserted the missing gene
into the cells, and then infused the
genetically modified blood cells back
into the patient's bloodstream

Delivering desired Genes

Gene Therapy Corrects

Gene therapy is a technique for correcting
defective genes responsible for disease
development. Researchers may use one
of several approaches for correcting faulty
genes:

First Approved Gene Therapy