Lesson 9 Topic 1 The Historical Context
of Jose Rizal Education
Rizal’s Early Education
• Education is part of the historical context that
molded Rizal’s nationalism as well as that of
other Filipinos.
• Like any Filipino family education started at
home and the mother was usually the first
teacher.
• When Jose Rizal reach Nine (9) he was sent to
the school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz in
Biñan, Laguna. At that time anybody with a
Bachiller en Artes with the approval of the town
curate may teach the equivalent of elementary
as long as he passed the examinations given
by the Spanish Authorities. It would be better if
the teacher had completed the course of
professor and the course of Segunda
Enseñanza.
The role of the Dominicans in Philippine
Education
• In 1865, Queen Isabella II appointed the
rector of the University of Santo Tomas as the
supervisor of all secondary and higher
education in the Philippines.
✓ The university holds the entrance and final
examinations of all those who wish to enter
secondary and higher education and those who
have completed their courses.
✓The university issued the diplomas of the
graduates regardless where they have taken the
courses.
• On May 14, 1872, Don Antonio Estrada, the
Secretary General of the University of Santo
Tomas issued an announcement for the holding
of entrance examination for those who would
like to take the Bachiller in Artes course.
• Rizal was given a choice of enrolling at either
the Jesuit-run Ateneo Municipal de Manila or
the Dominican San Juan de Letran College.
Education under the Jesuits
• Rizal studied at the Ateneo for the next five
years (1872-1877).
• Rizal classmates in Ateneo were a mixture of
Spaniards, mestizos and natives.
• Rizal wrote down his experiences in the
Ateneo in an autobiography entitled “Memorias
de Un Estudiante de Manila” under the
pseudonym P. Jacinto.
• As Educators, the Jesuits professors practice
emphasis on strict discipline, character building
and religious instruction.
• At that time, Rizal was a budding poet and
playwright.
• The Ateneo also encouraged competition for
academic excellence and they drew from
ancient Roman history by dividing the class into
Romans and Carthaginians.
• Rizal ended his studies in Ateneo as an
excellent student but he was not alone because
most of his classmates were given the same
excellent grade or sobresaliente.
Under the Dominicans
• Educational Institutions under the Church in
Spain were secularized but not the ones in the
Philippines.
• The new Spanish government shrewdly
recognized the role of the Spanish religious
especially the friars in keeping the status qou
(i.e. Spanish Domination) in the Philippines and
allowed the religious institutions to continue
administering the educational institutions.
• When Cavite Mutiny broke out on January 17,
1872 it was portrayed by Governor General
Izquierdo and the Spanish community as part of
larger conspiracy to overthrow colonial rule in
the Islands.
• Despite the failure of secularization, some
attempts at getting the Philippines into the
modern world were successful. In 1871, the
new college of the Faculty of Pharmacy and
Medicine was established in
the University of Santo Tomas. Jose Rizal would
later enroll under this faculty.
• Rizal was still unsure on what to take up in
college so the safest course to take was
Philosophy and Letters course which were
preparatory courses to the priesthood and the
study of law. When he made up his mind, he
shifted to medicine upon the advice of his
former professors at the Ateneo.
• Why did Rizal choose medicine over law?
✓ At that time, the Philippines was receiving
officials from Madrid and some positions were
still reserved for Spaniards.
✓A Filipino with a law degree can aspire and set
up a law office.
✓A Filipino can practice Law, but he may come
into conflict whenever a high Spaniards official
or a friar gets involved.
Rizal’s Rare Privilege
• Rizal was an above average student in the
University.
• His classmates were a mixture of Spaniards
who were either peninsular Spaniards or Insular
Spaniards (Filipinos), and the rest were natives
including the mestizos.
• The culture of the University was different
from Ateneo. Classes were held in the morning,
and it was free time in the afternoon.
• Rizal’s years in UST was a tie when he was
seeing three women at the same time. These
were Leonor Valenzuela, Leonor Rivera and
Vicenta Ybardaloza whose courtships with Rizal
overlapped each other between 1879 and 1882.
• The student culture at the University was very
different from that of Ateneo. Unlike Ateneo
where the day starts with a holy mass in the
morning, a student in UST is not required to
attend mass.
• In UST, Jose Rizal was able to write his prize-
winning and nationalist
poem “A La Juventud Filipina” in which he said
that the youth is the
beautiful hope of the motherland. Rizal also
wrote an allegorical drama entitled “Consejo de
los Dioses” in honor of Cervantes, he wrote that
the Spanish poet was as good as the giants of
the classics like Homer and Horace.
Rizal at UST
• Even as it was the only university in the
Philippines at that time and under control of the
Dominicans who were portrayed as
conservative, the university was actually a
haven of diversity. It had Spaniards, Insulars and
Peninsulars and some mestizos as professors.
• There were both laymen and clergymen as
educators.
• In 19th century was a period of change, major
changes took place in the educational system.
Schools offering Bachiller En Artes were
established in the provinces such as the School
of Fr. Valeriano Malabanan in Batangas. These
schools however were still subject to the
supervision of the University of Santo Tomas.
• Life as a UST student had its great privileges.
To be a student of the University means he was
the cream of society.
• A student was exempt from polos y servicios
and from taxes like the samboangan or the tax
used to pay for the maintenance of the forts
and military installations.
• Students walked around wearing coats and
walking sticks.
• Yet Rizal, like many of his contemporaries
decided to continue and complete their
education abroad. Even at that time foreign
education is very much esteemed. Juan Luna
managed to study abroad through scholarship.
• Rizal was supported by the income from his
family’s farms.
• Going therefore to Europe to finish their
studies was more of the choice of these Filipino
elites as they were able to afford the expenses.
Lesson 10 (Part 1)
Rizal in Europe: The Beginning of the
Propaganda Movement
Learning Objectives
• Discuss the rationale behind forming the
Propaganda Movement;
• Evaluate the role of Rizal in the Movement.
The Decision to go to Europe
• Around 1881, when Rizal decided to continue
his studies in Europe. This decision was only
known between him and his brother Paciano.
Rizal parents was unaware of his decision. At
that time the family was at its most prosperous.
It was in good terms with the Spanish
administrators of the Calamba estate.
• Under the agreement with the Dominican
administrators, no rent was to be paid for the
next five years. From the time the lands were
placed under the supervision of the Rizals in
1881 up to 1887, the farms yielded very good
harvests. It provided the income to send the
young Jose Rizal abroad to pursue his students.
• Jose Rizal left for Europe because his family
had the means and since Europe was the center
of the world in scientific research and
education, the educational institutions in that
continent attracted the scions of elite all over
the world.
• Europe was also the perfect place for
intellectual development of science and
scientific research. The universities, museums
and libraries contain knowledge compiled
through the ages.
• There is a great democratic space in Europe
where one’s political views can be respected
without fear of retaliation.
• There would be no friars to challenge those
advocating change in society as well as the
deputies of the reactionary Spaniards- the
native Guardia Civil and the local officials who
would do the bidding of their Spanish masters.
• Since Europe has a great democratic space, it
would give Rizal and his
companions an opportunity to compare the
Philippine situation with that of Spain. They can
make public what was happening in the
Philippines and work for reforms. Certainly, in
Spain there would be Spaniards who would
sympathize with their cause.
Rizal the Propagandist
• As soon as Rizal set his foot in a foreign land,
he began to note the difference in the
conditions of the Philippines and of other
countries. He even noted the condition of the
vessels he was sailing: on the Djemnah, the
vessel was larger and cleaner. Its interiors were
carpeted and its toilets were excellent.
• When he arrived in Spain he compared it with
France where he landed at the port of
Marseilles.
• At Barcelona, he lodged in the poor part of
the city, probably to conserve his meager funds.
Comparing it to the other European cities, his
first impression Barcelona was dark, dingy and
ugly.
• Rizal’s exposure to the heady European
atmosphere widened with this trip to Madrid
where he enrolled at the Universidad Central de
Madrid. The University was very much like the
University of Santo Tomas. The students and
faculty members were a people of various
beliefs. There were liberals, conservatives,
monarchists and republicans as well as
revolutionists.
Reformist or Propagandist?
• Rizal was drawn to the side of the liberals who
consisted of Spaniards and Filipinos.
• The group started as a social gathering and
they gathered at the house of Don Pablo Ortiga
y Rey who was a former alcalde of Manila.
• The social group joined in by Rizal eventually
had a name at it became known as Circulo
Hispano Filipino. And later on Rizal compose a
poem
entitled Me Piden Versos.• Seeing the big
differences between the conditions in Europe
and the Philippines, Rizal advocated changes for
the Philippines. This were the reforms he and
his companions would work to attain.
• These reforms were human rights; freedom of
speech of religion and of association.
• They would also clamor for equality before
the law and the expulsion of the friars who have
dominated the Philippines for so long.
Propaganda, Defined.
• Propaganda is a term derived from the latin
“propagare”, which means to spread or to
propagate.
• Propaganda spreads information that is not
objectives and this information is used to
influence the opinion of an intended audience.
• This is done to fulfill the objectives of the one
creating the propaganda. It may use truths, lies,
fiction and opinions to achieve its items.
• To achieve his aims Rizal used essays, poetry
and novels as forms of propaganda. Propaganda
material was dished out by writers but
magnified with the use of the printing press to
reach a greater readership.
• The pen and the printing press were therefore
the weapons of the propagandists.
Role of the Freemasonry and Protestantism
• Rizal was attracted to the ideals of
freemasonry.
• Freemasonry is a brotherhood that espoused
equality among men.
• The masons attacked established religious
who hid the truth behind the veil of religion. For
this reason, the Catholic Church declared
freemasonry an evil organization.
• Rizal entered the Freemasonry in 1883
through the Lodge Acacia in Madrid and later
moved up to become a master mason at the
Lodge
Solidaridad on November 15, 1890.
• Freemasonry changed the life of Rizal as well
as his fellow Filipinos.
• He began to challenge Church teachings such
as forgiveness of sins, the resurrection and even
the sinlessness of the Virgin Mary.
• He began to manifest deist beliefs- that God is
not the monopoly of any religion. He also a
rationalist preferring to accept revelation only
by light of reason.
Exposure to Liberal Ideas
• Rizal’s sojourn in Europe also allowed him to
collect books many of which appealed to his
romantic mind. While Rizal saved food, clothes
and lived in the most Spartan accommodations,
he spared no amount in buying books even
from second hand book stores
.Propaganda and Reformist Groups
• The first group was the Circulo-Hispano
Filipino which existed around 1883.
• Filipinos also organized other groups. Rizal
himself formed two groups;
✓The first was the “Kidlat Club” was formed out
of impulse in 1887 and just like a lightning it
was named after, the group immediately
flashed out of existence. Kidlat Club members
were Juan Luna, Julio Llorente, Gregorio Pautu,
Baldomero Roxas, Gregorio Aguilera.
✓The second group was Indios Bravos “I.B” was
formed in 1887 in Paris. Rizal intended the
Indios Bravos to inspire not only the brown
natives of the Philippines but the entire Malay
Race.
• For this reason he had subgroup within the
Indios called the RDLM- Redencion de los
Malayos (Redemption of the Malays).
Start of Propaganda
• On June 14, 1884- Rizal was invited to attend
a banquet honoring Juan Luna and Felix
Resurrection Hidalgo who won top prizes in the
National Exposition of Fine Arts. Luna won with
his Spoliarium which
depicted the corpses of slain Roman gladiators
being dragged into the bowels of the Coliseum
while Hidalgo won the second prize with his
Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho
(Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace).
• In congratulating Luna, Rizal said that genius is
not the monopoly of any race or any nation.
• The two painters who are titans of their art,
are both products of Spain and the Philippines.
Their works united the peoples of both
countries.
• Towards the end of his speech Rizal
mentioned with refined sarcasm that the
Filipinos were emerging as an intellectual force.
He also said that he hoped that Spain will
someday grant reforms needed by the
Philippines.
• While in Europe Rizal and his comapanions
were thinking to write a book about the
Philippines Rizal wrote Noli Me Tangere and
published it in the year 1887.
• Rizal continued his propaganda work with the
writing of his second novel El Filibusterismo and
various essays appeared in the SOL- La
Solidaridad, the newspaper of the Filipino
Propagandists based in Spain.
• As a writer of La Solidaridad, Rizal wrote
under a pseudonym Dimasalang and Laon-
Laan.
• Symbolic Dimasalang- ungraspable or
untouchable and Laon- Laanlong committed to
the redemption of the motherland.
The Quality of Rizal’s Propaganda
• When Rizal endeavored to write the Noli Me
Tangere, he promised to write the truth about
the Philippines. He wrote things that other
people would not write about, comparing his
work to the biblical practice of exposing a sick
person on the steps of a temple waiting for
someone to suggest a cure.
• The friar order held political power and they
owned lands that were
required by donation, purchase or outright land
grabbing.
• As a propagandist, Rizal only showed the bad
side of the Spanish Rule. In his time there was
unprecedented peace in the Philippines. The
Moros who used to raid Manila as late as 1825
were no more. Their threat was neutralized
with the capture of Jolo in 1876 and the
deportation of the most notorious Moro pirate
group to Isabela province in Northern Luzon.
The monopolies Rizal mentioned in his essays
such as the About the Indolence of the Filipinos
were all gone by 1882. The galleon trade which
prevented Filipinos from trading with other
countries was abolished as early as 1815. Rizal’s
family was actually one of the beneficiaries of
free trade and the abolition of monopolies.
Lesson 10 (Part 2)
Jose Rizal First Sojourn Going to Europe
Topics
I. Jose Rizal First Sojourn Going to Europe;
(France and Germany); (1882-1887);
II. Jose Rizal First Homecoming in the
Philippines); (1887- 1888); (Lesson 7; Topic 2);
III. Jose Rizal Second Sojourn Going to Europe;
(Brussels and Madrid); (1888-1892);
IV. Jose Rizal Second Home-coming in the
Philippines. (1892- 1896).
The Decision to Study in Europe
• Jose Rizal’s dissatisfaction in his studies at the
University of Santo Tomas and bad experience
under a repressive Spanish regime in the
Philippines.
• This made him decide to leave the country
and proceed to Europe, where he continued his
course in the field of Ophthalmology.
• Jose Rizal’s Tio Antonio and brother in-law
Manuel T. Hidalgo, gave the information to
Paciano, regarding the ship Salvadora that Rizal
would board.
• On May 1, 1882 Paciano gave Jose Rizal 356
pesos, afterwards the servant called a
carromata, a local transportation that would
take Rizal to BiÑan.
• Rizal narrated his parting ways with his
parents:
I dressed and while I was waiting for breakfast,
the carromata arrived. My parents had already
Awakened but not yet my sisters. I took a cup of
coffee. My brother looked At me with sorrow;
my parents knew nothing. Finally, I kissed their
hands. I was on the verge of crying! I went
down hurriedly, bidding a mute goodbye to
everything dear to me. xxxxxxxXXXxxxxxxxx………
Jose Rizal Final Activities Before Leaving for
Europe
• On May 2, 1882. Rizal’s friend, Mateo
Evangelista helped Rizal to acquire his passport
going to Europe and introduced him to the ship
Captain named Donato Lecha who would look
after him while at sea.
• Pedro Paterno gave him a letter of
recommendation to his friend in Europe.
• In the afternoon, Jose Rizal went to Ateneo de
Manila and visited his Jesuit mentors who gave
him strong letters of recommendation to the
Jesuit Fathers in Barcelona.
• May 3, 1882, Rizal Departed for Europe;
• At 5:00 a.m, Rizal heard mass at the Sto.
Domingo Church. It was his last Mass before
leaving the country, this was the first time in his
life to go abroad. The same morning, the steam
ship Salvadora left the Philippines with the
student Rizal who embarked on a mission for
his motherland in Europe.
• Jose Rizal letter to his parents was delivered
to them while he was at sea.
Rizal in Singapore
• The British Colony of Singapore was the first
stop of Salvadora on May 9, 1882.
• This was also the first Asian country that Rizal
reached in his life. He
stayed there for two days where he visited a
Botanical Garden, historic places, and shopping
areas.
• Later on May 11, 1882, the passenger of
Salvadora including Rizal transferred and
boarded the large French steamer ship named
Djemnah.
Rizal in Sri Lanka
• On May 17, 1882, the Djemnah arrived at
Point Galle, an English Colony which Rizal
described “A tropical vegetation formed by
elegant palm”.
• Jose Rizal visited the Oriental Hotel, Temple of
Buddha, and for the first time, he saw how
Indians prayed.
• From point Galle, the ship headed north and
on May 18, 1882 at 1:00 pm, the Djemnah
docked at Colombo the Capital of Ceylon (now
Sri Lanka).
• Rizal described the place: “Colombo, is more
beautiful, smart, and elegant than Singapore”.
Rizal in Africa
• On May 26, 1882, Jose Rizal saw for the first
time, the African continent, while entering the
Cape of Guardafui; Rizal described the place
“The Cape Guardafui is an arid, dry rock,
without a single leaf its base of varied colors is
beautiful”.
• The next stop in Africa was in Aden; this was
the first time Rizal stepped in the African soil.
• Rizal notes, “Upon stepping on African soil for
the first time”, I felt a shuddering whose cause I
ignore. The soil is hard and sandy, heated
by that very brilliant and ardent sun, emits
burning steam”.
Rizal in Europe; (ITALY);
• On June 11, 1882, Sunday morning half past
six, the ship Djemnah arrived at Napoli (now,
Naples, Italy).
• The ship captain allowed the passengers to
move around the place for one hour
and a half.
• With this opportunity, Rizal never wasted time
to explore the first European territory in his
sight.
• He was amazed of what he saw that he noted
in his diary: An extensive territory totally
covered with buildings. Now the Castle of St.
Telmo on the top, now the prison on the water,
the tower of Massaniello, the Royal place.
Rizal in France
• After the brief stop at Napoli, the ship
proceeded to the French Harbor of Marseille
and arrived in the place on June 12, 1882.
• In Rizal’s sight for the first time, the land of
another powerful empire in Europe, whose
constant ally was Spain.
• Rizal disembarked and parted with the ship
Djemnah and bade goodbye to his friends
whom he met, while sailing for Europe.
• He visited Chateau d’If where Dantes, the
hero of “The Count of Monte Cristo” was
imprisoned.
• The novel was one of the favorite readings of
Rizal while in Ateneo. He stayed in Marseille,
France for two and a half days. In the afternoon
of June 15, 1882, Rizal left Marseille by train
bound for Barcelona Spain.
Rizal in Barcelona Spain
• Rizal arrived in Barcelona on June 16, 1882,
his first days in Barcelona were unfavorable.
• His money amounted to only 12 Duros, and by
the time he boarded the Christian house, he
had only seven Duros.
• He lived in a damp, dark and poorly ventilated
room, which had only straw chairs, dirty bed,
broken washbasin and no mirror. This place in
Barcelona was situated in an old dirty street
called San Severino.
• Jose Rizal met his fellow citizens named
Cuesta and other Filipino friends. With the
strong letter of recommendation of Jesuits from
Ateneo de
Manila, which Rizal presented to the Jesuit
Fathers of Barcelona, they decided to support
Rizal financially by lending him money, that he
paid upon arrival of his allowance from the
Philippines.
• This financial assistance allowed him to tour
the city of Barcelona and developed an
appreciation for its architecture of Arabic and
Greco Roman designs.
• The arrival of Jose Rizal’s allowance from the
Philippines enabled him to transfer to a better
boarding house located at Calle de Sitjes where
he was relieved with better amenities than his
first house.
• Jose Rizal was also treated well by his landlady
SeÑorita Silvestre who called him “Don Pepe” as
a sign of respect to a young talented Filipino
student.
• When Jose Rizal had adjusted in Barcelona, he
met his former classmates in Ateneo, they
shared experience about Spain.
• With such exchanges and actual experience of
living in Barcelona, Jose Rizal began to realize
the different social and political atmosphere of
Spain compared to the Philippines.
• In Barcelona, there was freedom of the press,
assembly and he could travel to places without
restrictions and suspicion, unlike in the
Philippines.
• With this newfound freedom. Rizal wrote the
following articles for his country.
Amor Patrio (Love of Country)
• Rizal explain in this essay, that the Philippines
is the country for the Filipinos not for Spain.
• Under the pen name, Laong Laan (Ever
prepared), the essay was sent
to the Philippines and translated in Tagalog by
Marcelo H. Del Pilar, which was published in the
Diaryong Tagalog a local newspaper in Manila
on August 30, 1882.
• Jose Rizal encouraged his compatriot in Spain
and the Filipino people
to love the Philippines as the country of their
own.
Las Viajes (On Travel)
• The essay explained the gains of a man who is
well travelled to many places in the world. This
peace was published in Diaryong Tagalog in
1882.
• The following lines are excerpts from the
essay: Just as it is said that man is multiplied by
the number of languages he possesses and
speaks, so also is his life prolonged and renewed
as he as he goes traveling in different countries.
He lives more because he sees, feel enjoys and
studies more than one who has seen only the
same fields and the same sky to whom
yesterday is the same as today and tomorrow,
that is his whole life, all his past, his present and
perhaps his future, can be reduced into the first
down and the first sunset. xxxXXxx..
Rizal in Madrid, Spain
• Rizal found Barcelona a pleasant place and he
intended to stay in the city to continue his study
in the field of Medicine.
• Jose Rizal followed the advice of his elder
brother Paciano; he enrolled at the Central
University of Madrid in November 3, 1882,
both in Medicine (Opthalmology) and in
Philosophy and Letters.
• When Jose Rizal felt at ease in Madrid, he also
studied Painting and Sculpture in the Academia
of San Fernando.
• While studying, Jose Rizal engaged in physical
fitness practicing shooting and fencing at the
Hall of Arms Sanz y Carbone, and in his
personal financial capacity, he took up lessons
in French, German and English languages.
• While in Madrid, Rizal’s political ideas were
widened.
• Jose Rizal became a witness to Spain political
turmoil of the Liberals and the Conservatives;
he witnessed greater paradox in terms of
politics and social life in the Philippines
compared to its Spanish Colonizers.
• With this paradox in mind, Jose Rizal became
active Filipino and Spanish organizations
focused in improving the Philippines social and
political situation.
• Jose Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano Filipino-
an association of Filipino Scholars, students and
Spaniards interested in Philippine concerns and
issues. Unfortunately, the organization failed to
last, due to disunity among members.
• Rizal wrote about his membership in the
circulo dated October 10, 1882.
• Rizal as a Mason; While in Madrid, Jose Rizal
was exposed to the idealism carried by Masonry
through well known Spaniards such as
Miguel Morayta and Francisco Pi y Margal.
✓In March of 1883, Jose Rizal officially joined
the Masonic lodge Acacia in Madrid Spain,
where he was further exposed to liberalism and
views that criticized the Catholic Church and
friars in the Philippines.
Rizal’s Literary Works while in Madrid
• Dudas (Doubts)
• Using pen name Laong-Laan, Jose Rizal wrote
this essay in Madrid, Spain, on November 7,
1882.
• In this Philosophical work of Rizal, he
discussed the epidemical malady that is
invading society that resulted in doubts about
love and spirits.
• The following lines are excerpts from the
essay: Well, now: If doubt has already invaded
our mind and our heart; If we cannot love
because we no longer believe in pure and
disinterested love; xxxxxXXXxxx..
Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)
• Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid) Jose
Rizal wrote this poem on November 29, 1882.
The piece was supposedly published in
Diyaryong Tagalog, but the paper closed shop.
• The following lines are excerpts of the literary
work: The trees are shedding their popous
dresses and converted Into dry skeletons,
complete the sadness of foggy days. A fine rain,
an even finer wind horrible, freezing that comes
from Guadarrama, as if this wants to remind
Madrid. Rizal continues, here are stones and
lines of the penultimate month of the year, the
simple notes of its funeral song intoned to the
death of nature. xxXXxx.
Mi Piden Versos (They Ask Me for Verses)
• Composed by Rizal at the request of the
Filipinos who were members of the Circulo
hispano- filipino in Madrid in December 31,
1882.
• In this poem, Jose Rizal expressed his longing
for the Philippines with the following excerpts:
They ask me to play the lyre Mute and broken
long ago; Sound a note I no longer do No ‘ore
my Muse doth me inspire She lisps, raves,
devoid of fire…. xxxXXxxx..
A La SeÑorita C. O. y R. (To Miss C.O. y R)
• Jose Rizal wrote this poem in August 22, 1883,
which Jose Rizal dedicated to Miss Consuelo
Ortega y Rey whom he had intimate
relationship.
• The following line are excerpts from the
peace: The thick shadows I feel anew
Cover the soul with their dense tulle;
If not beautiful flower, at least a bud;
For it wants of Air and light. xxxXXxxx…
El Filibusterismo en Filipinas (Rebellion in the
Philippines)
• This article was believed to have been written
by Rizal in the year 1884, for a Madrid
newspaper named El Progresso.
Pensamientos de un Filipino (Reflection of a
Filipino)
• The essay was believed to be written by Rizal
between 1883 to 1885 in Madrid Spain, Rizal
spoke of being a liberal minded and anti-friar
Filipino that bears penalties such as exile.
Brindis (Toast)
• This was a notable speech delivered by Rizal
on June 25, 1884 in the banquet honoring the
triumphs of Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion
Hidalgo in the field of painting in Spain.
• The following lines are excerpts from the
speech: Luna and Hidalgo belong as much to
you as to us; you love them and we see in them
generous hopes, precious examples. The Filipino
youth in Europe whose hearts always remain
young for the disinterestedness and enthusiasm
that characterize their actions, offer to Luna as
a crown, a modest gift but the most
spontaneous and the most voluntary
of all the gifts presented to him. xxxXXxxx…….
Scholastic Record of Rizal in Madrid
• Rizal’s scholastic records in the Degree of
Licentiate in Medicine at the Central University
of Madrid in June 21, 1884, which was declared
by Jose Rizal to his family through a letter “At
last I am a Physician”. “Two or three friends
have embraced me with effusion with sincere
brotherly joy”.
• Fifth year (1882-83) Medicine
✓Medical Clinic 1
………………………………………………………. Good
✓Surgical Clinic 1
……………………………………………………….. Good
✓Obstetrical Clinic
……………………………………………………… Fair
✓Legal Medicine
………………………………………………………… Excellent•
Sixth Year (1883-84) Medicine
✓ Medical Clinic 2
…………………………………………………. Good
✓ Surgical Clinic 2
………………………………………………….. Very Good
✓ Licentiate in Medicine
……………………………………….. Fair
• Doctorate Course (1884- 1885) Medicine
✓ History of Medical Science
…………………………………. Fair
✓ Surgical Analysis
…………………………………………………. Good
✓ Normal History
…………………………………………………... Excellent
✓ Doctor of Medicine
…………………………………………..... Not awarded
Title of Medicine
• The title Doctor of Medicine was not awarded
for the official reason that Rizal failed to settle
the needed money for the University Fee to
present his thesis for graduation.
• However, Jose Rizal was still a Doctor after
graduation, except that the law at that time,
state that he was not allowed to practice his
medical profession in the city, Jose Rizal was
only allowed to practice his medical profession
in the province.
• On June 19, 1885, the Universidad Central de
Madrid awarded him the degree of licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters with a rating of
Excellent.
• (1882- 1883) Philosophy and Letters
✓Universal History ………………………………………….
Very Good
✓General Literature ………………………………………..
Excellent
• (1883-1884) Philosophy and Letters
✓Universal History 2 ………………………………………..
Excellent
✓Greek and Latin Literature …………………………….
Excellent with prize
✓Greek 1 …………………………………………………………
Excellent with prize
• (1884- 1885) Philosophy and Letters
✓Spanish Literature ………………………………….
Excellent with Scholarship
✓Greek 2 ………………………………………………….
Excellent
✓History of Spain ……………………………………..
Excellent
✓Hebrew ………………………………………………….
Excellent
✓Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters………..
Good
Lesson 10 (Part 3)
Jose Rizal in France and Germany
I. Jose Rizal First Sojourn Going to Europe;
(France and Germany); (1882-1887);
II. Jose Rizal First Homecoming in the
Philippines); (1887- 1888); (Lesson 7; Topic 2);
III. Jose Rizal Second Sojourn Going to Europe;
(Brussels and Madrid); (1888-1892);
IV. Jose Rizal Second Home-coming in the
Philippines. (1892- 1896).
Jose Rizal in Paris, France
• While in Madrid, Jose Rizal wanted to go
home in the Philippines as early as 1884, which
Rizal stated in his letter to his family dated
November 26, 1884;
✓ Jose Rizal wrote, “I expressed to you my
desire to return there (Philippines) as
soon as possible”.
✓However, on January 1, 1885, Paciano Rizal,
his elder brother, in a letter replied to Jose Rizal,
“I think that you should continue your studies
there and end them when our resources are
exhausted”. With this answer, Jose Rizal felt
that Paciano, was against his decision to go
home.
• Following the advice of Paciano, Jose Rizal
proceeded to Paris, France, in the first week of
October in 1885.
✓ In this city he learned more about
Ophthalmology.
✓Jose Rizal registered in the clinic of Dr. Louis
Wecker, who was recognized as a leading
French Ophthalmologist of that time in Paris.
✓Jose Rizal learned from Wecker by treating
50-100 patient’s everyday. After clinic hours,
Rizal devoted his time to learn and to master
French, German, Italian, English, Polish, and
Greek Languages.
• In Paris, Jose Rizal compatriots were Juan
Luna, Felix Hidalgo and the Tavera brothers who
were both physicians.
✓There Jose Rizal suffered financial difficulties,
as stated in a letter from Paciano, “you are very
correct in saying that you are not being sent
your allowance, not due to lack of will but
indeed economic crisis or lack of work”.
✓Jose Rizal only survived through the help of
his filipino compatriots such as Juan Luna who
wholeheartedly lent or gave him money for his
daily needs.
✓Knowing that he could not rely entirely to his
friends for financial support, Jose Rizal made an
outright decision to move in Germany where
the cost of living was less expensive.
Jose Rizal contribution to the Paintings of Juan
Luna
• The Monkey and the Turtle;
✓ Sketched by Jose Rizal for Paz Pardo de
Tavera, the love then of Juan Luna.
• The Death of Cleopatra;
✓ Jose Rizal posed portrayed as an Egyptian
priest.
• Blood Compact;
✓Jose Rizal posed and portrayed as a Chief
Sikatuna of Bohol.Jose Rizal French Literary
Works
• While in Paris in 1885, Jose Rizal composed
and wrote several prose in French language that
he mastered just like Spanish and German
languages.
• Marie Colombier: The Pistol of the Little
Baromess
✓ This is a book review done by Jose Rizal, he
gave comments on the plot of the novel where
he was amazed of the author who was a woman
writing in a manly way.
• The Kite and the Hen;
✓ In this prose Jose Rizal presented the happy
start and sad end of Mrs. Hen’s story when she
lost the ring she borrowed from Mr. Kite (A
cruel and
Sanguinary bird).
• The Fisherwoman and the Fish- (The story was
patterned from his
readings in French and German).
✓ Jose Rizal presented in the story, a
conversation of fisherwoman and a very small
fish.
✓The fisherwoman invited the fish in her home,
after a lengthy discussion, the fish agreed on
the condition that it would touch the pink lips
and little white teeth of the fisherwoman.
• Alphose Daudet: Tartarin Sur Les Alphes- This
is a book review of Rizal, were he expressed his
comments on the characters of the play
Tartarin and Bompard.
• Jose Rizal at Heidelberg;
✓In the summer of April to June 1886, to relieve
his sadness and homesickness, Rizal spent the
summer at Odenwald and Wilhemsfeld, a
mountain resort
about 30 kilometers northeast of Heidelberg.
✓Jose Rizal lived in the house of a new friend
who was a Pastor Karl Ullmer.
✓The two concluded in their discussion on
religion, One should not make
enemies of men but instead should be a means
of bringing men closer together in the true spirit
of brother-hood”.
• By that time, Jose Rizal had finished his first
masterpiece, that would strike the Catholic
Church in the Philippines, the Noli Me Tangere.
• Subsequently, he also decided to leave
Heidelberg.
• Jose Rizal in Leipzig and Dresden;(Germany);
• Rizal had frequent correspondence with
Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, his bosom
friend.
• Rizal described Blumentritt through their
exchange of letters, as “a historian of the
Philippine Islands, is one of the rare souls”. •
Before leaving Leipzig in late October, Rizal
translated two German works to the Tagalog
language and sent to Calamba, this were
“Schiller’s William Tell” which is about the Swiss
Independence and “Hans Christian Anderson’s
Fairy Tales” for his young nephews and
nieces.
• October 29, 1886, Jose Rizal left Leipzig and
travelled to Dresden where he met Dr. Hanz
Mayer, director of the Ethnographic Museum of
Dresden, who had written the largest
encyclopedic dictionaries of Germany and had
already visited and toured the Philippines at the
same time authored a book on his account of
the Igorots.
• In an informal meeting, Dr. Mayer gave Rizal a
copy of the book. He also visited the Grand
Astronomical clock, ordered built by Elector
Fredric the Wise, he was truly impressed were
he said, “Truly the crown of Saxony has
many jewels and precious things”.
• It was this this time when Jose Rizal decided
to move to Berlin and published there his novel
Noli Me Tangere, in November 1, 1886, Rizal
boarded a train to Berlin.
Jose Rizal Berlin
• In Berlin Rizal mastered the German language
and improved his
English grammar and by that time, Rizal also
mastered major languages in Europe.
• This gave Rizal the capability to read books in
different languages and have access to different
libraries like the Imperial Library in a Germany
and later the British Museum Library in England.
• According to the Memoir of Maximo Viola,
while Rizal was in Berlin, he had acquaintances
with well respected German doctors and
scientist.
• Jose Rizal met Dr. Feodor Jagor – a German
scientist, who had visited the Philippines and
who was an author of the book “Travels in the
Philippines”. This book was read by Jose Rizal
while he was a student in Ateneo Municipal.
✓Through Dr. Jagor, Jose Rizal had conference
with one of the famous German
Anthropologists, Dr. Rudolf Virchow, who was
then the President of the Anthropological
Society of Berlin, and his son who was a
professor of Descriptive Anatomy Dr. Hans
Virchow.
• In the field of Ophthalmology, Jose Rizal also
mastered and learned the
German Medical Technique.
• Jose Rizal assisted in the clinic of Dr. Karl
Ernest Schweiger, one of the
famous German Ophthalmologists during that
time.
• In Berlin, Jose Rizal became an active Filipino
involved in German Scientific
life, with various activities.
Jose Rizal Writings in Berlin
• In January 26, 1887, Rizal became an official
member of the Ethnographic Society, and on
February 7, 1887, Jose Rizal joined the
Anthropological Society of Berlin.
• Later, Rizal was qualified as a member of the
Geographical Society of Berlin after
submitting a study entitled (Tagalische
Verskunst).
✓ Tagalische Verskunt (Tagalog Metrical Art);
This was the title of the project submitted by
Jose Rizal to the Geographic Society of Berlin,
which was in Tagalog metrical verse written in
German language. He delivered this study
through a lecture, before the members and
officers of the German association. The
Geographical Society was proud of their Filipino
member, that they published the work of Rizal
in April 1887.✓ Etnografia y Antropologia de Los
Pueblos Primitivos (Ethnography and
Anthropology of Primitive Towns);
This was a rare book on Ethnography and
Anthropology
which Rizal translated and sent to the
Philippines in Calamba.
✓ Ethnographe der Insel Mindanao
(Ethnography of the Islands of Mindanao)
This was the work of Blumentritt about
Mindanao which was written in German
language, that Rizal translated to the Tagalog
language for his friend.
Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere
• The novel was considered as the masterpiece
written by Jose Rizal, that began in his first
sojourn in Europe. While moving from one
county and city in Europe, Rizal wrote the novel
that was considered his greatest
contribution to the Philippines and the world.
• In this work, Rizal was firm in his conviction
that there was a distinction between the
Spanish government and Spanish religious order
in the Philippines, which led to the suffering of
the Filipino to become an oppressed people.
• Rizal completed the work in February 21,
1887, and through the aid of Maximo Viola,
who shouldered the expenses for the printing of
2,000 copies of the novel worth 300 pesos, the
book came out of press and
published the middle of March 1887.• The term
Noli me tangere came from a Latin word, which
means
“Touch Me Not”, as inspired from the gospel of
St. John, Chapter 20 and verses 13-17. This was
when the Lord said: “Touch me not for I am not
yet ascended to my father, and to my God and
your God”.
• It contains 64 chapters.
Noli Me Tangere Synopsis
• The first two canonical 19th century novels,
Noli Me Tangere revolves around Crisostomo
Ibarra who, after a seven(7)- year stay in Europe
to study, comes home to his town of San
Diego, brimming with the desire to contribute
to the development of the people.
• More specifically, his reformist tendencies
would manifest themselves in his objective to
make education accessible to more people. His
idealism, however, could not bear fruit
due to the presence of insidious forces bent on
destroying him.
• Crisostomo Ibarra learns that his father, Don
Rafael, had been embroiled in a conflict with
Padre Salvi who almost caused Ibarra’s death
during the ground breaking ceremonies for the
school. Things come to a head when Ibarra is
implicated in failed uprising instigated by Padre
Salvi. The young man is imprisoned but is
eventually rescued by Elias whose life Ibarra has
saved in the past. As the novel ends, the
thoroughly disillusioned Ibarra sees a bleak
future.
• This novel has been a rich source of insights
into the history and culture not only of 19th
century Philippines but as importantly, of the
20th century.
• Its generally realistic perspective offers the
reader a panoramic view of a conflicted and
deeply divided colonial society. The characters
in the novel stand out as recognizable types of
individuals, both from the ruling class
and the oppressed, and the struggles they
undergo are induces to the turbulent conflicts in
the 19th century.
Characters of the Noli Me Tangere
• Juan Crisostomo Ibarra – the most important
character in the novel, manifesting in him the
Filipino who acquired European ideas through
his education in Europe. In the novel, Ibarra’s
personality will result in the disagreements of
liberal idealism in education and conservatism
represented by the Catholic Church.
• Elias – the character that Rizal placed to
represent the Filipino masses who suffered
from Spanish brutalities and abuse due to their
powerlessness in the novel and in real
Philippines social situation of that time.
• Maria Clara – In her, Ibarra has fallen in-love
as she also mirrored the Filipina woman of
religious upbringing and orientation. Through
her love to Ibarra, she represented true fidelity
and religiosity of the woman in real Filipino
society.
• Don Rafael Ibarra – known in the plot as a
concerned citizen and property owner who was
the father of Crisostomo Ibarra, Padre Damaso
who plays an antagonist role calls him a heretic
and rebel, due to his views on liberalism in
society.
• DoÑa Victorina – the wife of Don Tiburcio de
EspanadaÑa, known in the novel as a trying
hard rich Filipina woman who abhors anything
that is Filipino and clings to Spanish way of life.
This kind of character
was manifested in some Filipino of that time.
• Capitan Tiago or Don Anastaciao delos Santos
– an illegal opium trader who subsequently was
a landlord. He represents a different
view in religion and thus, more of a
businessman who uses his money to work for
him even in religious life and obligations.
• Sisa – she represented in the novel a sad
plight of the Filipina mothers
losing her two sons, Basilio and Crispin. In the
novel, Sisa looses her sanity.
• Pilosopong Tasyo – he portrayed the role of a
philosopher who was completely
misunderstood in many aspects, he argues with
the belief of the Catholic Church, social changes
and concerns in the novel.
• The School Master – a teacher at San Diego,
his views in the novel represented the weak,
obsolete and useless education in the
Philippines. He attributes the problem from
facilitates and methods of learning that the
friars implemented in the country.
• Padre Damaso – An Antagonist in character
and represented the unChristian works of the
Catholic friars who are in the church.
• Through his novel, Rizal unveiled the real
situation of the Philippines as explained in the
following lines patterned after Rizal’s original
explanation in his letter.
✓He described in the novel, the condition of the
Philippine society, the Filipino life, beliefs,
hopes and desires.
✓He stated the laments and grievances of the
filipino people and revealed the hypocrisy of the
friars, using religion to impoverish and brutalize
the filipino people.
Reactions to Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere
• This was the first work of a Malay Filipino,
through a novel; it depicted the condition of his
country.
• Upon the release of the novel, critiques from
intellectuals started to pour. It was the best
seller of that time, everybody wants to get a
copy, especially in the Philippines. The following
were the reactions to
Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere.
Jose Rizal’s Friends
• Antonio Regidor – from Europe “ Today I have
finished reading your most interesting book and
I must tell you candidly that I have not read
a more truthful or more graphic description of
our much slandered and chastised society.
• Evaristo Aguirre – from Europe “ I have read it
and I am enchanted by it. I congratulate you
then and I am one of those who think that it is
the first work of its kind.
• Jose M. Cecillio – from Manila “We hope you
will send thousands of copies through the way I
mentioned to you in my previous letter”.
• Ferdinand Blumentritt – from Leitmeritz,
“Your work as we Germans say, has been
written with the blood of the heart and for this
reason it speaks also to the heart”. A thousand
thanks for your magnificent book.
Attacks and Defense for the Noli Me Tangere
• When Rizal published the Noli, it created an
uproar of debate, condemnation, affirmation
and accusations in both the Spaniards and
Filipinos in Spain and in the Philippines. When
the Dominican Congregation in the Philippines
got a copy of the copy of the novel, they
immediately formed a committee composed of
members from the University of Santo Tomas,
to give verdict on the Noli.
• The committee after reading the novel stated
that, it was an attack against the Catholic
religion and state; they declared that the book
attacked the integrity of Spain in the
Philippines.
• An Augustinian friar named Jose Rodriguez of
Guadalupe, he wrote the Caiingat Cayo and
stated that those who would read the novel
will commit mortal sin, due to its heretic
content.
• In the Spanish Cortes, Senator Fernando Vida,
denounced the novel as anti- Spanish and anti-
Catholic propaganda in the Philippines.
• Even, Blumentritt, the bosom German friend
of Rizal, was not spared from the attacks of
Vicente Barrantes, who for a long time had an
administrator position in the Philippines.
Vicente Barrantes published
an article in La EspaÑia Moderna in Spain,
accusing the friend of Rizal, Professor
Blumentritt of venturing into Philippine affairs
through a foreigner.
• Filipinos and concerned foreign intellectuals
gave a strong defense and actions for the first
Filipino radical novel. Mariano Ponce, through
a letter, informed Rizal of the attacks on the
Noli in the Philippines. While the friars in the
Philippines and Spanish politicians in Spain
were attacking the Noli, Jose Maria Basa, sworn
enemy of the friars, who became aoÑa wealthy
businessman in Hong Kong, and Mariano
Ponce were busy shipping and selling the Noli
Me Tangere in Manila. Marcelo H. Del Pilar, a
brilliant lawyer and writer stood in defense of
Rizal’s Noli. He wrote the Caingat Cayo using
pen name Dolores Manapat. He adopted the
exact physical format of Father Rodriguez’s
pamphlet, but different in content, highlighting
Rizal’s Noli.
• A Filipino priest who was a Catholic
Theologian named Vicente Garcia, under the
pen name Desiderio Magalang, in July 1888,
published in Singapore an article countering the
claims of Fr. Rodriguez. Vicente Garcia
accused him of “grossly misinformed” and he
explained in his paper that Rizal was not
attacking Spain and the Catholic Church, but the
corrupt government officials and evils deeds of
the friars in the Philippines. It was also clear,
that Spanish Liberals and Masons in the
Philippines were silent and in favor of the Noli
Me Tangere at that time. This claim was proven,
with the way Governor- General Emilio Terrero
y Perinat acted. After reading Rizal’s novel he
pushed through with his plan of investigating
friar lands in the country. He did not arrest
Rizal, but rather gave him security when he
went home to the Philippines in 1887.
• Jose Rizal Decides to Go Home to the
Philippines;
✓ Before the Noli Me Tangere was published,
Rizal wrote a letter to his elder
brother Paciano expressing his intention to go
home in the Philippines. In another letter
addressed to Blumentritt in April 1887;
❖ Jose Rizal wrote to his friend;
“Within a few days, I’ll leave Berlin with my
country en route to the Philippines”, I’ll return
to my country because my father has already
forgiven me and I have permission to return
home. This day (April 24, 1887 the letter
arrived), is for me a day of glory!• After Jose
Rizal, grand tour with Maximo Viola visiting
Dresden. Tachen (Now Czechoslovakia);
Lemerits and Bohemla, and had his first meeting
with Prefessor Blumentritt, then they travelled
to Praque, Vienna, Danube River, Switzerland,
Geneva and lastly in Italy.
• On July 3, 1887, Jose Rizal boarded the
steamer Djemnah, which was the same steamer
he boarded in Singapore five years ago, Jose
Rizal was the only Filipino passenger in the ship.
He was determined to go home in the
Philippines.
Lesson 10 (Part 4)
Jose Rizal Second Sojourn going to Europe
Topics
I. Jose Rizal First Sojourn Going to Europe;
(France and Germany); (1882-1887);
(Lesson 10 Topic 2).
II. Jose Rizal First Homecoming in the
Philippines); (1887- 1888); (Lesson 7; Topic 2);
III. Jose Rizal Second Sojourn Going to Europe;
(Brussels and Madrid); (1888-1892); (Lesson 10
Topic 2).
IV. Jose Rizal Second Home-coming in the
Philippines. (1892- 1896). (Lesson 10 Topic 2).
Rizal’s in Asia and American Tour
• Jose Rizal in Hong Kong;
• From the Philippines, Rizal went to Hong Kong
where he stayed for three days.
• Rizal saw its shipping and commercial centers.
• Rizal met Manuel Iriarte and Jose Maria Basa
who were exiled due to their alleged
involvement in the Cavite Mutiny in 1872.
• Rizal, through his tour in the place, found out
that the Dominican congregation was also
engaged in business, since they owned 750 or
more business houses, earning millions of
money in Hong Kong commercial places.
• On the 19th of February 1888, Rizal boarded
the boat “Kiu-Lieng” that took him to Macao.
Rizal in Macao
• Rizal had a short stay in Macao, with his
friends Jose Sainz de Veranda and Jose Maria
Basa.
• Jose Rizal description of Macao of that time
was: "The city of Macao is small, low and
marshy.
• Rizal visited the Grotto of Camoens and the
botanical garden.
• On February 22, 1 888, he boarded the Steam
Ship “Oceanic” bound for Japan.
Rizal in Japan
• On February 28, 1888, Rizal arrived in
Yokohama, Japan; Rizal lived in the
Charge d'affaires of Spain in the country, from
February up to April 1888.
• While in Japan, Rizal had a friend named
Tetcho Suehiro a newspaperman
and chief editor of some Japanese newspapers.
It was there when Rizal studied in his best
capability the Japanese language, visited
Japanese theaters and made drawings of
flowers and panoramic views.
• Rizal also adopted the Japanese technique in
drawing. Rizal was also amazed of the good
values of the Japanese people.
• In his stay in the country, Rizal had a close and
intimate relationship with a Japanese woman
named O Sei- San (Seiko Usui).
• The following lines manifest the love of Rizal
to the Japanese woman;
To you I dedicated the final chapter of these
memoirs of my youth. No woman, like you, has
ever loved me. No woman like you has ever
sacrificed for me, Like a flower of the chodji that
falls from the stem fresh and whole without
falling leaves or without withering-with,
poetry despite it's fall-thus you fell.
• Rizal left Japan in April 13, 1888, and boarded
the ship S.S Belgic, bound for the United States
of America.
Rizal in America
• Rizal arrived in the United States of America
on April 27, 1888 and after a few days of
quarantine, on May 4, 1888 all passengers of
the S.S. Belgic were allowed to disembark.
• Rizal registered in the Palace Hotel, and in his
two (2) days stay in San Francisco, Rizal viewed
the Golden Gate and the San Francisco market
place.
• On May 6, 1888, Rizal boarded a regular
ferryboat going to Oakland. Then he transferred
to a train heading towards Sacramento, and
then to Nevada on May 7,1888, where he saw
the Indian attire and semi
Indian suit.
• On May 8, 1888, the train passed through
Ogden where Rizal viewed Salt Lake City.
• On May 9, 1888, the train arrived at Colorado
where he saw thick pines and tunnels.
• On May 10, the train arrived in Nebraska
where he saw the Missouri River.
• On May 1 1 in Chicago, Rizal saw the Niagara
Falls.
• On May 13, the train arrived in Albany City
and there Rizal viewed the Hudson River. The
last city Rizal visited was New York where he
stayed for three (3) days.
• Rizal toured the memorial of George
Washington and viewed the Statue of Liberty.
• Rizal toured America for twenty (20) days
before he left and boarded the ship City of
Rome bound for Europe in May 16, 1888.
• Rizal's impression of America during that time
“is the land par excellence of freedom but
only for the whites”.
Jose Rizal in Europe
• Jose Rizal in England;
• The ship city of Rome, where 'Jose Rizal was
one or its passenger, arrived in Liverpool on
May 25, 1888.
• Rizal slept at the Adelphi Hotel, and the
following day, he boarded a train bound for
London where upon his arrival, he boarded and
paid his rents for 45 pesos in Philippine value in
the house of the Beckett family.
• In this city, he meet the friend of Professor
Ferdinand Blumentritt, Dr. Reinhold Rost, a
biographer, librarian of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. Through Dr. Rost, Rizal gained access to
British Museum Library.
• He was able to study the history of the
Philippines from its roots. One
of the books he read, painstakingly copied by
hand and annotated, was the Sucesos de las
Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the
Philippine Islands). It was written in 1609 by
Antonio de Morga, a former judge in the
Philippines.
• Rizal believed the book to be appropriate and
without prejudice in describing the country and
its early inhabitants during the time of the
Spanish conquest.
• In Rizal's history readings at the British
Museum Library, Rizal compared Morga's work
with other books that he read interestingly, that
of Caspar de San Agustin entitled Conquistas de
las Islas Filipinas (Conquest of the Philippine
Island) which was an account of the Philippine
conquest from 1565-1615 which was published
in Madrid in the year 1696.
• Rizal gave his comment: “I am reading Gasper
de San Agustin. He is very detailed. Only he is
very pessimistic to the Indio (Filipino). I find him
too patriotic (to Spain).
• Rizal also read the work of Martin de Rada
who wrote a letter to the King of Spain about
the condition of the Indio’s: Rizal commented:
“It seems to me that Martin Rada must read
with a grain of salt, because I believe he
exaggerates.
• In another book: entitled Relasyon de las Islas
Filipinas (The Philippines in the 1600) written by
Fr. Pedro Chirino, Rizal notes "I find Chirino too
pro-friar and at times too childish. He tells fairy
stories, believing that religion would be beter
and stronger with these, which are entirely out
of place over there (Philippines)”.
• Other books that Rizal had read: Les Chinois
peints par euxmemes (The Chinese Portrayed by
Themselves) by Tseng-Kie-Tong, is what
Rizal described the book “I find it very witty”.
• Memoria sobre el ramo de Montes a book
featuring the memoir of Vidal y Soler. Rizal
notes, "Soler becomes furious when the Indio’s
defend their wretched lands against the
Spaniards.
• It is clear, that Rizal was interested and
overwhelmed in reading many books about the
Philippines and its history written by the first
Spaniards who came to the country. A
manifestation of this interest was when a new
Filipino newspaper was launched in
Barcelona, the "Espana En Filipinas" in 1838.
• Rizal was offered as the paper’s editor. He
declined through a letter to Mariano Ponce;
Rizal explained:
❖With regard to the newspaper,
I appreciate very much your invitation,
but I am more or less engaged to manage one.
Now I am devoting myself day and night
to certain studies for I should not
want to manage any periodical without
possessing some knowledge about the country
(Philippines),
its history, and its government.
❖Regarding the management of Espana en
Filipinas, am greatly honored by what you tell
me. I shall always be at the service of my
country and what my fellow countrymen
think I can do, I shall do.
• On, September 1888, Rizal visited Paris to
witness the city’s exhibit entitled Bibliotheque
Nacionale. Later, he spent his time with the
family of Juan Luna in December 11, 1888.
• Rizal also visited Madrid and Barcelona for 12
days.
• In this occasion, Rizal had meetings and
acquaintance with compatriots such as Marcelo
H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, where he
discussed Philippine concerns and problems;
aftewards, he rushed back to London to join the
Beckett family for their Christmas celebration.
The Active Propagandist
• When Rizal returned to London, his
compatriots in Barcelona founded a new society
called La Solidaridad, The society was formally
inaugurated on December 31, 1888, after its
first election where Rizal was voted as Honorary
President. The following year the society
announced its newspaper called the La
Solidaridad or SOL in Barcelona, Spain, As an
active contributed the following works in the
SOL while in London;
• La Vision del Fray Rodriquez (The Vision of Fr.
Rodriguez);
✓Published in the SOL under the pen name
Dimasalang. This work was written in a satire
form, presenting the exchanged or discussion
between St, Agustin and Fr. Rodriguez. In
this satire, St. Agustin called him stupid and
informs God about it.
• Sulat sa mga Kababaihan ng Malolos (A Letter
to the Women of Malolos);
✓Through the request of Marcelo H. del Pilar,
Rizal wrote his personal message and praised
the young women of Malolos for their
persistence and initiatives to receive lessons in
Spanish language, despite the opposition of the
friars, who owned the educational institutions
in Bulacan.
✓Rizal wrote the essay dated February 22,
1889.
✓In this work, Rizal shared his views of the role
of women in building Philippine society.
• Rizal hailed the Filipino women for their
strength and love of honor on which he stated
that such virtues should be embodied co their
children for hope in the future that would open
them to enlightenment.
• He taught the Filipina mother the values that
she should inculcate to her child.
• He explained that these values would
strengthen the child when difficult times come
in his future, thus, giving honor to the country.
Ma-Yi
• This historical writing of Rizal covers his
definitive interpretation of his readings on Ma-
Yi, the first Chinese name for the Philippines.
• Historians today point to Mindoro as Ma-Yi,
Rizal stated this already in an intelligent study,
Rizal notes; "Perhaps be Lingayen; Mindoro,"
The article was published in December 6, 1888.
Rizal Receives Sad News from the Philippines
• On, September 1888, Rizal received a cable
from his compatriots in Hong Kong that Noli Me
Tangere was banned in the Philippines, and
that a student who was caught having a copy
was deliberately jailed in Bilibid prisons.
• Added to this ruthless treatment of the Noli in
the Philippines, stores, houses of Filipino priests
and officials were searched to rid Manila
and Cavite of the radical novel.
• When Rizal left for Europe in February of
1888, the case of Rizal’s family and the people
of Calamba were left to Paciano Rizal and his
brother-in law Manuel T. Hidalgo.
• The family took Ambrocio Rianzarez to defend
them, but he backed out because of fear of the
Dominican friars.
• Felipe Bueneamino Sr. who had connections
in the Royal Audencia of
Manila accepted the case, and he was able to
get a settlement with the Dominican
Corporation. On the conditions that the tenants
and family of Rizal in Calamba would pay the
amount asked by the friars.
• According to the memoirs of Buencamino
when the Calamba tenants and family of Rizal in
the Philippines consulted Jose Rizal through a
cable in Europe about the proposed settlement,
Rizal disapproved the friar proposal.
• Buencamino stated in his memoirs the
principled position of Rizal.
✓Buencamino wrote: I told therefore Dr. Rizal’s
family that I could not, under in any manner,
continue their defense because it would be
useless for the object what Dr. Rizal proposed.
• Added to this, was the arrival of Governor
General Wayler Valiriano, a well known staunch
supporter of friars in the Philippines. Governor
Wayler used military will to enforce the
Dominican Corporation’s terms to the Rizal’s
family and the tenants of Calamba.
• The Spanish Government and the Catholic
Church in the Philippines punished Rizal’s family
in Calamba.
• It imposed the following sad incidents:
1. Rizal received a letter from his family
informing him of the death of Mariano Herbosa,
his brother-in-law, who was denied of Christian
burial for failure to attend confession and he
being related to Rizal.
2. On October 6, 1888, the brother-in-law of
Rizal, Manuel T. Hidalgo; was banished without
trial by the Spanish government in Tagbilaran,
Bohol, together with some townmates in
Calamba.
Rizal in Paris
• In the middle of March 1889. Jose Rizal left
the Beckett family in London and proceeded to
Paris, France.
• Rizal’s arrival in Paris was the birth of the
organization he conceived through his
correspondence with Blumentritt.
• Jose Rizal called it Kidlat, because it was
formed fast like a lightning.
• The name of the Organization was
International Association of Filipinologist, with
the primary objective was to study the
Philippines from the scientific and historical
point of view.
• The following were its directing committee:
President--------------------------Dr. Ferdinand liberty as well as free themselves from the
Blumentritt (Austrian) oppressive conditions in the Philippines.
Vice- President ------------------Mr. Edmund
Plauchut (Anglo-German) Rizal’s Prolific Works while in Paris
Councilor--------------------------Dr. Reinhold Rost • A La Defensa (To the Defense);
(Anglo-German) • This article dated April 30, 1889, Rizal
Councilor--------------------------Dr. Antonio defended Mr. Patricio de la
Regidor (Filipino- Spanish) Escorsura, former Royal Commissary to the
Secretary-------------------------- Dr. Jose Rizal Philippines, His memoir contained the following
(Filipino) facts: authorities overlooked friar
• The project of the organization conceived by contaminations of government officials to
Rizal was the exposition of the Philippine Islands commit abuses-against-the Indio and he hopes
in August 1889, converting the following to neutralize the opinion of the religious orders.
topics:
✓Pre- Spanish Philippines; La Verdad Para Todos (The Truth for All)
✓Conquest of Spain; • This article was published in the La
✓Incorporation of the Philippines; Solidaridad, dated May 31, 1889. Jose Rizal
✓Cavite Mutiny; and criticized the weak Spanish government in the
Philippines and the friars whom he considered
✓Languages in the Philippines.• After the
bad teachers for the Filipino who stands for the
success of the Kidlat.
Catholic Church.
• Rizal formed another organization named
Indios Bravos “I.B”. It’s members were tasked to
Vicente Barrantes' Teatro Tagalo
manifest physical prowess to gain the
• The article was published in the La Solidaridad
inspiration of foreigners and highlight the
dated June 15, 1889, when Rizal criticized the
Filipino race.
article of Vicente Barrantes that downgraded
• Its members were Rafael Ventura, brothers
the Filipino dignity.
Juan and Antonio Luna, Trinidad de Tavera and
the Boustead family.
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of
• After organizing the “I.B”,
the Philippine Islands)
• Rizal formed another group that aimed for the
• In this book, Rizal highlighted the Philippines
redemption of the Malay race, through the help
and hailed the impartial view of its author,
of Filipins abroad. He named it with the
Antonio Morga. The book came out of press and
following initials “RDLM” or “Redemption of the
published in 1889.
Malay Race”.
• It was the stand of the society that education
is an important factor
Filipino Grajero (FilipinoFarmer)
towards enlightenment, thus, attain reform in
• In this article, Rizal discusses the case of the
the country.
Filipino farmer who has to struggle with
• The following are the observations of Dr.
problems such as locust, floods, fires and bad
Leoncio Rizal, the nephew of Jose Rizal on his
harvest.
studies about RDLM.✓ Observations of Dr.
• The worst of Rizal's story was the Filipino
Leoncio Rizal about “RDLM”; To settle and find a
Farmer continues to struggle with Spanish
colony of Filipinos in Borneo, not merely to
tyrants in the government and Catholic Church
have a place where could live and work with
Corporations who owned the land where he
pays rents.
• The article was published in March 25, 1889.
Una Profanacion (A Profanation)
• In this article which was dated July 31, 1889,
Rizal presented examples of the sins of the
Catholic Church through its Catholic
Corporation in Calamba.
• Rizal stated his argument that, even if one
follows the teachings of the Catholic Church of
that time, you will be punished if you failed to
pay the rent of the land owned by the Church of
God.
Inconsequecias (Inconsequences)
• This article was written by Rizal for the La
Solidaridad dated
November 30, 1889.
• Rizal defended Juan Luna and his brother
Antonio Luna. He gave this important message
of that time "that our mothers without the
writer of the article weep and weep a thousand
times for not being able to give us any other
thing except the unfortunate country where we
were born."
Specimen of Tagal Folklore
• This work was published by the Trubner's
Record on who's editor was Dr. Rost, a journal
devoted for Asian literature in July 1889.
• In this work Jose Rizal stated proverbial
sayings in Tagalog.
• The following lines are excerpts from the
saying:
(Proverbial Sayings)
Malakas ang bulong sa sigaw, (low words are
stronger than loud words) Ang laki sa layaw
karaniwa'y hubad, (a petted child is generally
naked) (i.e. poor) Hampa’s ng Magulang ay
nakatataba (parents' punishment makes one
fat). Ibang hari, ibang ugali, (new king, new
fashion) Ang naglalakad ng marahan, matinik ay
mababaw, (he who walks slowly, though he may
put his foot on a thorn, will not be hurt very
much) (Tagals mostly go barefooted)
Puzzles
Isang butil ng palay sikip sa buong bahay (One
rice-corn fills up all house. — The light.
The rice-corn with the husk is yellowish).
Matapang ako sa dalawa, duag ako sa isar (l am
brave against two, coward against one.- The
bamboo bridge. When the bridge is made of
one bamboo only, it is difficult
to pass over, but when it is made of two or
more. it is very easy).
Verses
Kahoy na tiko at buktot Hutukin hanggang
malambot Kapag tumaas at tumayog
Mahirap na ang paghutok (Put straight the
curved and crooked tree while it is tender;
afterwards when it is grown and high you can
no longer bend it).
Por Telefono (The Telephone)
• This satire dedicated by Rizal to Fr. Salvador
Font, an Augustinian friar; who was the parish
priest of Tondo, Manila and was noted for his
notorious disobedience to the rules of his
congregation. Just like Father Rodriguez, he was
also a detractor of Rizal's Noli. This work was
published in booklets in August 1889.
Crueldad (Cruelty)
• In this article which was published in the SOL
on August 15,1889, Rizal explained
theungrateful task to intervene in a dispute and
defend persons who were neither armless nor
defenseless.
Differencius (Differences)
• This article which was published in La
Solidaridad in September 15, 1889, Rizai
differentiated the term status quo and estatu
quo and later asked the government for order;
that it should have the power to control the
friars and comply with statutes of government
orders
.Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años (Philippines a
Century Hence)
• Rizal presented the issue of the colonial
problem in the Philippines, and its impact to the
political and cultural aspect of the Filipinos.
• Rizal presented the view based on his analysis
of the past and looked at the Philippines within
a century.
• The article was published in September 30,
1889 to February 1, 1890.
• Below are the short description of topics in
the essay:
✓In the discussion of the essay, Rizal explained
the plight and misery of Filipino people under
the Spanish yoke. Rizal stated that the past
actions of the Spaniards in sending Filipinos to
work and battles had caused considerable
gripping and retrogression in aspects of the
Filipino life.
✓He pointed in the essay, the loss of the
Filipino past culture, religion and adhere to the
culture of the Spaniards. This resulted to the
Filipino to became submissive and passive to
their own self worth. Rizal stated the impact of
Spanish conquest to the Filipino dignity and
culture, which is still very strong up to this era
of Filipinos.
✓Rizal also blamed the Spaniards why such
sporadic but dangerous revolts such as Malong,
Palaris, Diego Silang and others happened in the
country. Though unsuccessful, the revolts
represented the following problems and future
prediction according to Rizal: Duties, taxes and
contributions increase without corresponding
increase in rights, privileges and liberties, or an
assurance of the continuation of the new
existing ones.
✓An important part of the essay was Rizal's
discussion on the willingness Of Filipinos to be
awakened forcing the new century and manifest
new vigor and high hopes in education directly
provided by Spain.
✓Rizal presented to the Spanish authorities in
Spain and the Philippines a stern warning of
what would happen to the country if the call for
reforms in the Philippines would fail into deaf
ears.
✓Important lines of the essay: Today, there is a
factor, which did not exist before. The national
spirit has awakened, and a common misfortune
and a common abasement have united all
inhabitants of the Islands.
✓It counts on a large enlightened class with and
without the archipelago, a class crested and
augmented more and more by stupidities of
certain rulers who compel the inhabitants to
expatriate themselves, to seek education
abroad- a class that perseveres and struggles,
thanks to the official provocations and the
system of persecution.
✓This class whose number is increasing
progressively is in constant communication with
the rest of the Islands, and as of today
constitutes its entire nervous system and
demonstrates its existence in all itsacts.
✓Enlightenment is spreading and its
prosecution encourages it. No, the divine
flame of though is inextinguishable among the
Filipino people, and in some way or another it
has to shine and make itself known. It is not
possible to brutalize the inhabitants of the
Philippines.
To La Patria
• This article was published in the La Solidaridad
dated November 15, 1889. Jose Rizal stated his
insults to the newspaper that was funded
by the friars in the Philippines named La Patria.
• He corrects their grammars and challenges
the writer to reveal his identity.
Llanto y Risas (Tears and Laughter)
• In this article which was published in the La
Solidaridad dated November 30, 1889.
• Jose Rizal stated his views on the miseries of
the Philippines, wherein he discussed this in a
prayer format.
Ingratitude (Ingratitude’s)
• The article was published in the La Solidaridad
dated January 15, 1890, wherein Rizal replied
using his case in the Calamba Hacienda to
the statement of Governor-General Valeriano
Weyler.
• “That the towns of Laguna should not allow
themselves to be deluded by the vain promises
of ungrateful sons”.
Lesson 10 (Part 5)
Jose Rizal in Brussels and Madrid
Topics
I. Jose Rizal First Sojourn Going to Europe;
(France and Germany); (1882-1887);
II. Jose Rizal First Homecoming in the
Philippines); (1887-1888); (Lesson 7; Topic 2);
III. Jose Rizal Second Sojourn Going to Europe;
(Brussels and Madrid); (1888-1892);
IV. Jose Rizal Second Home-coming in the
Philippines. (1892-1896).
Jose Rizal in Brussels
• On January 28, 1890, Rizal left Paris, France
and moved to Brussels, the capital city of
Belgium.
• Rizal made the decision to leave Paris to
economize his expenses and finish the sequel of
his Noli Me Tangere, which was the El
Filibusterismo.
• Rizal described Brussels through a letter to
Blumentritt;
✓“Rizal said; I am here in Belgium, in the
beautiful city of Brussels and perhaps
will remain here for a few months.
• While in Brussels, Rizal was busy writing his
second novel El Filibusterismo, at the same time
contributing articles to the La Solidaridad.
• According to Jose Alejandrino, Rizal's
roommate in Brussels. Rizal managed his money
meticulously due to lack of funds coming from
the Philippines.
• Rizal also showed his artistic talent by carving
two statues, the Triumph of Science Over Death
and the Triumph of Death Over Life, which Rizal
sent to Ferdinand Blumentritt.
• Rizal also composed a poem expressing his
anguish, deep in his heart; the poem was
entitled A Mi Musa (To My Muse).
• The following stanzas are important lines from
the poem; A Mi Musa (To my Muse);
Now must I ponder deep
Meditate, and struggle on
Even sometimes, I must weep
For he who love would keep
Great pain and sorrow 's blightOne by one, they
have passed on,
All I loved and moved among;
Dear or married-from me gone,
For all I place my heart upon
By Faith are verse are stung
Go thou, too, o Muse, depart on,
Other regions fairer find;
For my land bid offers art
For the laurel, chains that bind.\
• In Brussels, Jose Rizal suffered from financial
difficulties and was then taking its effect, that
he wanted to go home to the Philippines.
• In June of 1890, Rizal wrote Mariano Ponce a
letter stating his desire to go home.
• Rizal stressed in the letter; "I have not
received any thing from the Philippines; that is
why I am thinking of going back there, as soon
as possible, and may God say what will happen
next...”.
• Jose Rizal compatriots feared for his life in the
Philippines, with this situation, Marcelo H. Del
Pilar and Mariano Ponce extended their
invitation for Rizal to move in Madrid.
• While Jose Rizal was preparing to go home to
the Philippines, Rizal received a letter from
Paciano Rizal, giving him instructions to proceed
to Madrid.
• Rizal had no choice but to follow the advice of
his elder brother and confidant Paciano.
Jose Rizal’s Contributions while in Brussels
•Reply to Barrantes' Criticism of the Noli Me
Tangere;
✓This article was published in the La Solidaridad
in February 15, 1890, were Jose Rizal argued
that Barrantes did no read the whole novel and
that he had not written the novel for him but
for the Philippines.
Nameless
• This article was-published in the La
Solidaridad in February 28, 1890, wherein Rizal
stated his bitterness to the unfair treatment of
the Spanish government in the Philippines to
the tenants of Calamba, and that Rizal
questioned it, for being impotent against the
abuses of the Catholic Corporations.
The Philippines at the Spanish Congress
• This proposal of Rizal which Rizal drafted in
the French language, stated 19 propositions of
which through his effort, an estate of land
will be bought from the British government in
Borneo for Filipinos who intend to live and
conduct farming in the area.
Cosas de Filipinas (Philippine Affairs)
• Rizal attacked a local Philippine newspaper
named El Porvenir de Vesayas for highlighting
criminal acts of the government and Civil
Guards as valid and just and that Filipinos
should be thankful for such
actions.
• Rizal accused the board of censors created by
the Spanish government as nod.
• This article was dated April 30, 1890.
The Eastern Fables
• This work was published in the Trubner's
record in July t 889.
• Jose Rizal compared and cited the similarities
and differences of the fables of the Philippines
entitled the “Tale of the Tortoise" and Japan
"Saru Kani Kassen” or “Battle of the Monkey
and the Crab”.
Sobre La Nueva Ortografia de la Tagala (On the
New Orthography of the Tagalog Language)
• In this work which was published in the La
Solidaridad on April 15, 1890. Jose Rizal used
the ancient Tagalog Alphabet and introduced a
new orthography in writing and speaking
Tagalog for the Filipinos.
• The ancient Tagalog alphabet consisted of
three vowels; a, i, u, and fourteen
consonants: ka, ga, nga, ta, ga, nga, ta, da, na,
på, ba, ma, ya, la, wa, sa, ha.
• With these seventeen characters could be
expressed before, and now, all the words in our
rich language.
• The vowel a, which abounds or which is more
often used, sounds as in Spanish and its use is
no different from ifs use in this language.
• The u in the middle of a word has the same
sound as the Spanish u.
• The t, n, p, b, m, y, i, and s are use, as they
have been hitherto, in the same way as
Spanish.
Let Us Be Just
• This article of Rizal which was published in the
La Solidaridad dated
April 15, 1 890.
• Rizal criticized the implementation of justice
in the Philippines and compared it in Europe.
• Rizal cited the immorality of the friars and
Spanish land owners.
Una Esperanza (A Hope)
• In this article of Rizal dated July 15, 1890, Rizal
expressed hope after the Spanish minister's
party that was in favor of reforms for the
Philippines, lost in the Spanish Congress and
worst the conservative party expressed its favor
to the friar- controlled situation in the
Philippines.
Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinos (The
Indolence of the Filipinos)
• The essay was published in the La Solidaridad
in five successive issues, from July 15 to
September I, 1890.
• Using Rizal annotated work in Morga's
Sucessos, Rizal examined with impartiality and
using critical method to study the Filipino past
and the impact of Spanish rule in the
Philippines.
• Rizal also cited many accounts to prove his
case such as Chirino, Colin, Chao Ju-Kua and
many others.
• The following are important explanations of
the essay;
✓Nature is responsible for the presence of this
indolence among Filipinos. Rizal pointed that, in
the kind of climate the Philippines had, this
would make it for a Filipino farmer to work less
in the farm than in the cold countries.
✓In addition, Rizal stated, that nature naturally
made the land fertile that a
farmer does not need to work hard the whole
day to insure good harvest. ✓Rizal stated that in
the area of industry, Filipinos were recognized
by Chinese traders as among the best.
✓Rizal used his annotations from writers who
wrote about the Chinese trade in Asia,
particularly in the Philippines, like that of
Antonio Morga's book "Success de las Islas
Filipinas" from which Rizal pointed that the
Filipino people are of industrious kind.
❑Rizal pointed two reasons why Filipinos lost
their will to work.
• First: Under the Spanish rule, Filipinos were
engaged in defending the Catholic faith and
Spanish government in the country.
✓Rizal mentioned the battles of Filipinos against
the attempts of the Portuguese, Dutch, to
conquer the country.
✓Another is the attack of the Chinese Limahong
and Muslim raiders from Mindanao; sporadic
insurrections and the group executions of
Filipinos who rebelled against the Spanish rule
in the country.
✓All these led to the decimation of the
population.
• Second: Rizal blamed the abuses of the
Spanish Encomienderos.
✓Even the friars in our history were inclined to
defend their Filipino parishioners due to the
blatant tyranny of Spanish land-owners,
depriving Filipinos of rights as Christians.
✓The priests also encourage Filipinos to evade
work through their sermons
because they categorically stated that the rich
man would not go to heaven and that all should
work for the cause of the church.
✓Rizal also added that further depletion of
laborers among Filipinos was due to
the Polo y servicio or forced labor, wherein
Filipinos were forced to work in construction of
Galleons, starting from the hauling of logs to
staffing the ships
going to Acapulco, Mexico and back to the
Philippines.
Jose Rizal in Madrid
•Rizal’s Temper Tested (Two incident);
• Jose Rizal after arriving in Madrid, Spain on
August 1890, Jose Rizal attended the reunion
and festive gathering of Filipinos in Madrid,
where an incident happened between him and
Antonio Luna.
✓ First incident, when Luna was drunk and in
disarray, Luna stated insulting words against
Rizal and blaming him for his failure to win the
love of Nellie Boustead.
✓These statements angered Rizal and
challenged him to a duel.
✓On the other side, Luna was equally
courageous and accepted the challenge.
✓Their Filipino compatriots were shocked with
such an incident where two of their great
friends would fight to death.
✓Realizing the danger, they explained to the
two men that their cause for the Philippines
was more important than personal fights.
✓Luna realized he was wrong and immediately
apologized to Rizal who accepted the apology.
• Second incident that provoked the anger of
Rizal was against Wenceslao E. Retana- an
intelligent Spanish scholar who was hired by
the Catholic Corporations from the Philippines
to counter the Filipino
newspaper in Madrid, the La Solidaridad.
✓Based on the account from the writings of
W .E. Retana, he explained that Rizal was a man
who loved his family.
✓Retana admitted that he wrote and published
an article about the tenants and family of Rizal
in Calamba, which he stated in his article in La
Epoca that Don Jose Rizal arrived in Calamba
from Europe and from then on the settlers
refused to pay rent, especially the relatives and
friends of Rizal.
• Retana narrated that, within 24 hours a
representative of Rizal came and informed him
that Rizal was challenging him to a duel to
death.
• Retana knew Rizal was an expert shooter and
good swordsman, he found out, that Antonio
Luna in his aborted fight with Rizal, did not
accept the challenge of pistols, but opted for
the sword, because he knew Rizal’s caliber.
• Retana also made a realization that Rizal loved
his family, more than anything else, and with
this reaction, Retana sent Rizal an apology
through a published article.
• In later years, Retana would be the first to
write the biography of Rizal and recognized his
martyrdom.
Sorrowful Events while Rizal was in Madrid
• On August 19, 1890, two Filipino compatriots
of Rizal in Madrid died;
✓They were Feliciano Gonzalez Timbang and
Jose Maria Panganiban.
✓Rizal was close to Panganiban that Rizal relay
to his friends the last words of Panganiban
"Which was, his last words were of loving
remembrance to his idolized fatherland, a
heartfelt farewell to the Philippines. " With
sadness, Rizal wrote an eulogy for Panganiban.
• On May 1890, Rizal was informed by the Real
Audiencia's decision on
the Calamba Hacienda case fought by the
tenants, principales, farmers and his family.
• The decision was in favor of the Dominican
Catholic Corporation.
• Rizal received the information he feared.
• Toward the end of September 1890, Rizal
received a letter from his sister Saturnina of the
sad events that overtook their family in
Calamba.
✓Saturnina said that his brother-in-laws were
again arrested and banished to Mindoro.
✓Saturnina also stated to Rizal, the eviction of
the entire family including his
father Don Francisco who was then 78 years old
in their old house in Calamba.
✓Rizal recounted the sad events in 1892 and
signified his loss of hope in Spain by expressing
this through a letter to Blumentritt, while he
was in Hong Kong.• Letter of Jose Rizal to
Blumentritt;
It is horrible to describe the dreadful
happenings that my family has witnessed
in Calamba- sick persons thrown out of their
houses; entire families had to pass
the night outdoors; the Dominicans forbade the
rest of the townspeople io give
the unfortunates lodging and hospitality.
Terrified, some saw how their houses were
being destroyed and burned down
by the government soldiers, some of whom
refused to do it! Yes, I lost my hope
in Spain.
For that reason, I shall not write one more word
for the La Solidaridad. It seems to me it is in
vain.
Rizal attempted to ask for “Help”
• The following incident affected Rizal's loved
family in the Philippines, Rizal attempted to
save his family while in Europe, using
connections and friends to help him.
• Rizal was desperate, that Rizal attempted to
get the help of Spanish politicians such as Don
Manuel Becerra but to no avail.
• Rizal thought of seeing Her Majesty Queen
Regent Maria Cristina, but Rizal had no
influential friends to help him.
• It was like bad omen in Madrid, for Rizal, in
early December 1890, received a letter from
Leonor Rivera, his true and real love in the
Philippines, informing him that her mother
compelled her to marry an Englishman named
Henry Keeping and that their marriage will be
on June 17, 1891.
• According to compatriots who witnessed Rizal
while reading the letter, “Rizal cried in
desolation like a child when Rizal received the
letter."
• In deep sadness, Rizal wrote a letter to
Blumentritt about what he felt
of the incident, later-on Blumentritt
replied:Blumentritt: Reply………
Your last letter was filled with sadness,
Blumentritt continues, After all the misfortunes
that have befallen you,
now your beloved had abandoned you.
He continues, You have a courageous heart, and
you are in love with a nobler
woman, the motherland.
Filipinas is like one of those enchanted princess
in the German tales, who is
captive of a horrid dragon, until she is freed by a
valiant knight.
Rizal’s Break-up with Del Pilar
• Rizal’s conflict with other compatriots never
stopped while Rizal was in Madrid.
• In the traditional New Year’s celebrations and
reunion of Filipino compatriot in December of
1890, addressing the division of the Filipino
colony in Madrid, Rizal called for unity.
• However, division was so strong that resulted
to an approval of a proposal by electing a leader
who will represent the Propaganda Movement.
• Compatriots of Rizal were divided into two
factions, namely;
1. The Rizalista representing Jose Rizal; and
2. The Pilarista, representing Marcelo H. Del
Pilar,
• The Pilarista were one strong group, that
Rizal's group would be hard to beat.• However,
Antonio Luna sided with Rizal, with other loyal
compatriots. In the election that ensued, two
inconclusive ballots were held.
• The next day Rizal walked out, but Del Pilar
knowing the importance of Rizal in the colony,
instructed Mariano Ponce to convince some
Pilarista supporters to vote for Rizal.
• Rizal was voted as the leader (responsable) of
the Filipino colony in
Madrid.
• On the part of Rizal, it was time for him to
leave Madrid and stopped writing for the La
Solidaridad permanently, while preparing to
publish his second novel entitled El
Filibusterismo.
• In August 1891, Rizal wrote to Del Pilar;
✓If I stopped writing for La Solidaridad, it was
because of several reasons:
1. First, I need time to work on my book (El
Filibusterismo);
2. Second, I wanted other Filipinos to work also;
3. Third, I consider it very important to the party
that there be unity in the work; and as you are
already at the top and I also have my own ideas,
it is better to leave you alone to direct the
policy such as now you understand it and I do
not meddle in it.
Jose Rizal's Contributions in the La Solidaridad
while in Madrid
• Cobordo Venganza (Cowardly Revenge);
• This article dated August 31, 1890, published
by Rizal, where Rizal expressed his bitterness to
how the Spanish government in the Philippines
treated his two brother –in- laws and his elder
brother Paciano.
• Rizal complained the arbitrary banishment
done to them by Spanish authorities through
the provocation of the Dominican friars in
Calamba.Como Se Gobiernan las Filipinas (How
the Philippines is Governed)
• Rizal explained that the very Spanish
government in Philippines from whom its
officials who said that problems of all sorts
existed in the Philippines, were in fact these
officials were the cause the problem.
• The friars representing the Catholic Church
who said that everything was well and
wonderful, were in fact the ones gaining from
their corporations representing the Catholic
Church.
• Rizal wrote that it was "The Filipinos in
general imputed the ills and wretchedness of
their country”.
• The article was published in in the SOL dated
December 15, 1890.
F. PI. Y Margall: el Luchar Tiempo Nuestro (F. PI.
Y Margall: The Struggle of our Time
• This was a book review of Rizal, about the
book authored by F. PI. Y. Margall, where Rizal
presented a dialog on poverty, soul and the
Catholic religion.
• The work was published in the SOL dated
November 15, 1890.
Jose Rizal Masonic Speech in Madrid
•Masoneria (Masonry);
• A lecture prepared and read by Jose Rizal for
the members of the Solidaridad Lodge No. 53, in
1 889, in Madrid.
• Rizal discussed on the fundamental
foundations of Masonry (Sciénce, Virtue and
Labor).
• The following lines are excerpts from the
lecture;
1. Science;
2. Virtue;
3. Labor.
Science
• Rizal said: You may ask, what science is found
in the Masonic
Temple?
✓Science might have taken refuge in it during
barbarous epochs in order to erect the sublime
architectural monuments of the past centuries,
just as the fine arts did in the quite and peaceful
cloisters of the monasteries, but today science
is free, open to all and certainly is not to be
sought in the weekly meetings of the lodges but
in the universities, scientific centers, and the
studies of learned men.
Virtue
• Rizal said: What virtue do we practice within
this hall?
✓Perhaps in the bottoms of your hearts your
consciences smile sadly as if
disillusioned at the sound of this word; seeing
that even within these temples we cannot
restrain our passions.
✓Perhaps you are right, but before going
further, let us see what we understand by
virtue, because it embodies an idea which is on
the lips of everyone and not all peoples are
agreed.
Labor
• With respect for the word Labor, do not smile
when you think of what we do in our weekly
meetings of three hours most. True it is that in
the secular world machines with their moving
arms of steel and their powerful flywheels and
eccentrics stir the air about them; true its is that
the immense factories, like active beehives,
employ the child, the young man and woman,
the wife and the aged in the production of
thousands of articles necessary to life: true it is
that labor makes all the molecules and pores of
the world vibrate with life, from the bowels of
the earth where the miner digs coal, a thousand
limes more useful than the prized diamond,
for the high peak of snow-clad mountains which
the locomotives scales breathing fire and
dragging along with it human thought; true,
very true thar our activity is nothing beside
that of the diver who descends to the abyss of
the seas, of the explorer who penetrates
mysterious continents, of the engineer who not
contented with the free lanes of the oceans,
goes out to cut continents, open canals plow
through the air in search of new routes!
Jose Rizal in Biarritz and Brussels
• In February of 1891, before proceeding to
Ghent, Rizal took a one month vacation at
Biarritz, France, where Rizal received well by the
Boustead family.
• Mr. Boustead liked Rizal for his excellent
literary talents.
• Rizal wrote to Mariano Ponce about his
Biarritz vacation have “I have put on much
weight since arrived here: my cheeks are no
longer sunken as before for the reason that I go
to bed early and I have no cares."
• Rizal also had romance with Nelly Boustead,
the younger daughter of the Boustead family.
• In late March, Rizal visited Paris, and
proceeded to Brussels in the house of
Marie and Suzanne Jacoby.
In late May 1891, Rizal finished his El
Filibusterismo in Brussels, where
he wrote Jose Ma. Basa:
My work (EL Filibusterismo) is ready to go to
press. The first twenty chapters are already
corrected and can be primed, and I am
recopying the remainder. If I receive money, you
will surely have it in July. I write it with more
ardor than the Noli and though it is not so
cheerful, at least it is more profound and more
perfect.
Rizal Published the El Filibusterismo in Ghent
• In early July 1891, Jose Rizal, together with
Jose Alejandrino and Edelberto Evangelista, left
Brussels and moved to Ghent, a place in
Belgium where printing was cheaper.
Alejandrino and Evangelista enrolled and
studied in the famous University of Ghent,
taking up courses in the field of Engineering.
• Rizal suffered financial difficulties in publishing
his second novel that the amount of frugality he
implemented in himself was an insurmountable
sacrifice.
• Jose Alejandrino recounted that Rizal had to
give up breakfast to reduce rents and limited
himself to the biscuits for more than 10
days.
• Through the following letters of Rizal to Jose
Maria Basa in July 1891.
• Rizal expressed his financial difficulties:
1. I have pawned all I have in order to print this
work and I will continue printing it as long as I
can, and when I no longer have anything to
pawn then I will stop and will return to your
side (Hong Kong).
2. I am tired of believing in our countrymen;
they all seem to have joined together to
embitter my lift; they have been preventing my
return, promising to send me an allowance, and
after having done it one month, they have not
remembered me again.
3. Enclosed is the bill of lading of the four boxes
of books ; I am sending there; as I have already
told you the charges are payable there. If
anything should happen to me, all those books
be- come your property, in case my family does
not pay you the amount I owe you. The books
alone are worth 600 pesos.
Valentine Ventura
• Rizal was already desperate in resuming the
printing of El Filibusterismo, when a compatriot
from Paris, France learned about his financial
problems, Valentine Ventura saved the El
Filibusterismo.
• Ventura’s letter as it reads: At this moment I
received your letter of yesterday and without
loosing time I am answering it, so that you can
do what seems to your best, without thinking
of the question of funds. Yesterday I sent you
two hundred Francs and in the letter I wrote
you, I told you to let me know if you needed
more, if you need it, without having resort to
anyone. Precisely I am well off now with funds
that I do not need.
• In the middle of September 1 891, Rizal finally
published the novel El Filibusterismo. which
Rizal began writing in June 1887, wherein Rizal
mentioned this in his letter to Mariano Ponce.
• The draft of the novel was written in different
cities of Europe such as
in London, Paris, Madrid, Biarritz and Brussels.
• Rizal dedicated this work to the three
martyred priests who were executed in the
gallows in Bagumbayan (Luneta). They were
Mariano Gomez (85 years), Jose Burgos (30
years) and Jacinto Zamora (35
years).
To the Memory
• The Church by refusing to degrade you has
cast doubt on the crime of which you have been
accused; the government, by shrouding your
case in mystery and shadows creates the belief
that some mistake has been made at a fatal
hour, and the whole Philippines, by venerating
your memory and calling you martyrs, in no
manner whatsoever recognizes your guilt.
• So long, therefore as your participation in the
Cavite uprising is not clearly shown, whether or
not have been patriots, whether or not have
been stirred by sentiments for justice
sentiments for liberty, it is my right to dedicate
my work to you as victims of the very evil which
I undertake to combat. And while we are
waiting for Spain to rehabilitate you some day
and to discover all
responsibility for your death, let these pages
serve as a belated wreath of withered leaves
upon your unknown graves, and whosoever
withered evident proofs should desecrate your
memory, let his hands be stained with your
blood.
(Enclosed to El Filibusterismo) J. Rizal
• The novel El Filibusterismo was a sequel to
Rizal’s earlier work the Noli Me Tangere. In
reading the work, there are areas of humor,
romance and revolution. In this work of RizaI,
he was judged as separatist in some points.
El Filibusterismo Synopsis
• This novel was written in the 19th century by
the Philippines National Hero, Dr. Jose Rizal,
then an expatriate in Europe waging a
propaganda campaign against tyranny and
oppression in his native
• El Filibusterismo is a sequel to his earlier
work, Noli Me Tangere, a socio-political novel
that depicted the conditions in the Philippine
Islands - a colony of Spain for three centuries -
under the Spanish yoke.
• Simoun, a mysterious and powerful jeweler
who is in good graces with the Captain General
plots a coup d'etat against the Spanish
government.
• Simoun secretly abets the abuses committed
against the natives in the hope of stirring them
to rise up in revolt. To weaken the regime,
Simoun encourages corruption, using his
immense wealth to foment injustice and
provoke massive unrest.
• Unknown to all, Simoun is Juan Crisostomo
Ibarra, a man who had been wrongfully accused
of rebellion and condemned in a plot instigated
by his enemies including a friar who had
unchaste feelings for his fiancée, Maria Clara.
Everybody thought Ibarra had been killed as a
fugitive, but in truth he had escaped, enriched
himself abroad and has returned to the islands
to
avenge himself. • Simoun plans to take Maria
Clara who, believing Ibarra is dead, had
entered the convent.
• In the course of his plans, Simoun comes into
contact with young
idealistic Filipinos whom Simoun wants to enlist
to his cause, One of
these is Basilio, one of- the few who know his
secret.
• Basilio had been adopted by Kapitan Tiyago, a
wealthy landowner and
father of Maria Clara. Basilio is about to
graduate as doctor of
medicine and plans to marry Juli, his childhood
sweetheart. • Juli is the daughter of Kabesang
Tales, a homesteader who had been
dispossessed of his lands by the friars.
• Turned outlaw, Kabesang Tales and other
victims of injustice have
been enlisted by Simoun in his plan to
overthrow the government.
• Another student, Isagani, dreams of a
progressive future for his
Country but his fiancée, Paulita, who shares his
Aunt Dona Victorina's
prejudices against the natives, is not interested
in them.
• Simoun's plot is aborted when Simoun learns
that Maria Ciara had died at the convent.
Student leaders who have been advocating the
opening of an academy for the teaching of the
Spanish language hold a party where they
lampoon the friars.
• The next day, posters are found encouraging
sedition, and those suspected of involvement
are arrested, including Basilio.
• Basilio’s foster father having died, nobody
intercedes for him, while the rich and influential
are released.
• Meanwhile, Juli is killed in the church alter she
had sought the help of the parish priest for the
release of Basilio. Due to this tragedy, Juli’s
grandfather, Tandang Selo, joins the outlaws.
• Embittered by Maria Clara's death, Simoun
plans another coup d’etat to be staged at the
wedding reception for Paulita, who has been
engaged to another man, top government
officials including the Captain general who are
to attend would be blown away, the house
being planted with explosives which will be
detonated by a device hidden in the lamp given
as gift by Simoun to the newlyweds, Basilio,
who has been released and now wants to take
revenge, is ordered by Simoun to lead in the
uprising.
• At the appointed hour, the guests are terrified
upon reading a note signed by Juan Crisostomo
Ibarra, his signature is organized by Father Salvi,
the friar who lusted after Maria Clara. Before
the lamp
could explode, Isagani, who has been warned by
Basilio about the plot, barges in and throws the
lamp into the river and Isagani escapes.
• The uprising again fails to take off, and the
armed followers of Simoun, deprived of
leadership or devoid of vision, resort banditry.
• The lawlessness that reigns in the countryside
leads to harsh measures by the government in
its efforts to show it if in control. • The plot at
the wedding is finally traced to Simoun who
escapes into a house near the ocean.
• After taking poison, Simoun confesses to
Father Florentino, a Filipino priest, who tells
him: What is the use of independence if the
slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow?
After the death of Simoun, Father Florentino
throws his treasure into the sea.
• Novel of El Filibusterismo, together with the
Noli Me Tangere, is said to have sparked the
revolution against Spain in 1896.
• In it, Rizal presented the dilemma faced by the
country as the PeopLe groaned under
theforeign oppressor; to revolt would only lead
to a change of masters, while to do nothing
would keep the nation enslaved for
generations.
• Rizal proposes a better way, through Father
Florentino as he speaks to the dying Simoun; to
educate the natives and when they shall have
reached that stage where they would be willing
to die for their principles, God Himself will
supply the weapon, and "liberty will
shine, like the first dawn.
"Characters of El Filibusterismo
• Simoun – The Ibarra of the Noli, now
represents new ideas using his wealth and
influence to destroy the government by,
encouraging corruption and anomalous acts, to
attain his plan of a revolution that later failed.
• Maria Clara – She never had Simoun in her
life, and after all the sufferings and pains, she
had gone through for 13 years, Maria Ciara
in the novel finally died in the nunnery.
• Basilio – The son of Sisa who finished his
medical studies through the financial support of
Capitan Tiago.
• Isagani – Known in the novel as the poet who
played the role of young student, whose
idealism for the country is manifested in his
action. However, due to his love to Paulita, he
aborted the plan of Simoun.
• Paula Gomez –The love of Isagani in the novel,
who represented one side of the Filipina
womanhood in Philippine society. Her presence
in the wedding feast changed the plans of
Simoun, due to the intervention of Isagani of
throwing the destructive lamp outside.
• Cabesang Tales – Represented the tenants of
Calamba. He was stripped of his land by the
friars, disillusioned, he became an outlaw to
attain personal revenge. Her daughter Juli the
love of Basilio, committed suicide to her honor
against the Catholic Priest Fr. Camorra.
• School Master – He disobeyed the orders of
the friars and taught Spanish to his students;
later he was jailed and freed from the influence
of Simoun on whom he will give his loyalty by
supporting his plan of revolt.
• Juli – the love of Basilio, committed suicide to
her honor against the Catholic Priest Father
Camorra.
• Father Camorra – the priest who took
advantage of Juli.Reaction of Jose Rizal’s
Compatriots to the El Filibusterismo
• In a letter dated October 2, 1891, Graciano
Lopez Jaena stated;
✓ El Filibusterismo is a superior novel to your
Noli Me Tangere in its exquisite, delicate literary
style, its easy and correct dialogue, its clean,
vigorous and elegant phraseology, as much as
for its profound ideas and sublime thoughts.
• Mariano Ponce stated in his letter dated
October 11, 1891;
✓It is truly excellent; I cannot find any other
praise. It is a very worthy sister of Noli.Jose Rizal
Proceed to Hong Kong
• After publishing the El Filibusterismo, Rizal
was determined to proceed to Hong Kong and
there Rizal unite with his family, before he
faced his enemies in the Philippines.
• On October 18, 1891, Rizal left Europe where
Rizal said the following
words:
"Well! We close the last page of the book of
Europe. Spain, France, Italy, Germany,
Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, England,
goodbye.
" Rizal also left this message to his compatriots
in Europe through a letter.Rizal message to his
compatriots
If our four countrymen are counting on us here
in Europe they are very
much mistaken. I do not want to deceive
anyone. If there is no money, we
cannot do much: We can help them with our life
in our country. That general
error that we help here in this distant country is
very, very wrong. Medicine
should be brought near to the patient. If I did
not only wish to shorten my
parent 's lives, I would not have left the
Philippines what ever might happen.
The battle fields is in the Philippines, there is
where we should meet;
The letter of Rizal to his compatriots showed
him to be a radical, who was
advocating actions that bore the line of a
revolutionist.