CMP 222: INTRODUCTIONTO INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY
PART I

Federal University Dutsin-Ma 2020/2021Academic

 OUTLINE

. History of InformationTechnology
. Trends in Information technology
. Human impact on Information
Technology
 INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

. Information Technology (IT) can be defined as a combination of computing and telecommunications for
the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numeric information
AGES OF INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

. Pre-mechanical age
. Mechanical age
. Electro-mechanical
age
. Electronic age
 AGES OF INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
PRE-MECHANICALAGE
. This is the earliest age of technology between 3000 B.C. and 1450A.D.

. People used petroglyphs to tell stories, map terrains and keep accounts.The later moved on to use rags,
papyrus and eventually paper.
. The abacus was also invented during this period.
 AGES OF INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
MECHANICALAGE
. Period between 1450 and 1840 saw an increase in computation and information.
. The Slide Rule (for multiplication and division) and the Pascaline (for addition, subtraction, multiplication
division)were invented during this and
period.

. Pascaline Slide Rule

 AGES OF INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
ELECTRO-MECHANICALAGE
. Period between 1840 and 1940 heralded the beginning of telecommunications.
. Important technologies like Morse code, telephone and radio were invented during this period.
. The fist large-scale automatic computer, the Harvard Mark 1, was created by IBM in 1944. It measured 2.4m
x 15m x 0.6m and weighed almost5,000kg.
 AGES OF INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
ELECTRONICAGE
. Period between 1940 - present

. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It could
solve a large class of numerical problems through reprogramming.
. First Generation (1951 – 1956) – Used vacuum tubes, magnetic drums and punched cards
. Second Generation (1956 – 1963) – Used transistors, magnetic tapes and punched cards
. Third Generation (1964 – 1971) – Used Integrated Circuits (ICs), magnetic tapes/disks, keyboards, monitors, printers,
etc.
. Fourth Generation (1971 – present) – Use of microprocessors (Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)), RAM, ROM, etc.
. Firth Generation (present and future) – Artificial Intelligence, Ultra Large-Scale Integration(ULSI)and parallel processing;
Natural Language Processing, etc.
 TECHNOLOGYTIMELINE

1835 Morse Code invented Samuel

by Morse

1835 Electric Telegraph invented by Charles Wheatstone and Samuel

Morse

1843 Typewriter invented by Charles

Thurber

1893
Wireless communication invented by Nikola Tesla

1937 Alan Turing concepualises the computing

machine

1948 First programmable computer Manchester Mark 1 designed by Frederic C.Williams,Tom Kilburn & Geoff
Tootill
 TECHNOLOGYTIMELINE
1956 Hard disk invented by
IBM

1961
Optical disk invented David Paul Gregg
by

1963
Computer invented by Douglas
mouse Engelbart

- E-mail invented by Ray Tomlinson

1971
- Floppy Disk invented by David
Noble

1973 Personal computer developed by

Xerox

1989 WorldWide Web invented by Sir Tim-Berners

Lee
 TECHNOLOGYTIMELINE
1990 First search engine named Archie
developed

1996
Nokia 9000 Communicator released in Finland as first internet enabled mobile device
the

1998 Google
established

Microsoft developed the first tablet

2000 computer

- Emergence of Web
2004 2.0
-
Facebook established
 TRENDS IN INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

. Over the years, the focus on Research and Development (R&D) has increased across all industries which ahas
in turn led to accelerated evolving of technology.
. The outbreak of COVID- 19 has increased the acceleration a great deal.
 TRENDS IN INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

Trends in IT include:
. Analytics
. Automation
. Artificial intelligence
. Cloud computing
. Communications
. Cybersecurity
. Internet of things
. Machine learning
. Extended Reality –Virtual Reality,Augumented Reality, Mixed
Reality
 ADVANCES INTECHNOLOGIES

. Storage: High density storage devices have the capacity to deal with large volumes of data and high rates of
transmission
. Encryption:Systems have improved to provide protections of copyright, privacy and data integrity
. Packet asynchronous transfer mode communications:There is improved support for high-speed, flexible
transmission of video and images
. Sensors:There is an increase in the types of sensors available, their precision and calibration effort needed to
make them work.
. Processors:High-performance computer processors provide enhanced capability for computationally intensive
activities.
. Language processing: Machines using natural language processing techniques enhance collaboration for
speakers of different languages across the world.
 IMPACT OF INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

. Information Technology has had great impact on different areas of life including Education, health,
businesses, among many others.
 HEALTH

. Information Technology has helped to promote patient-centered healthcare at a low cost. Healthcare providers
are able to focus more on their job of caring for patients with improved workflow between departments.
. There is better information sharing and closer relationships between patients and their health care providers.
With electronic healthcare systems, patients are able to connect with doctors from their homes at any time
of the day for non-emergency consultations.
. Faster and more accurate access to patient records – Electronic health records systems make patient records
accessible from patient portals seamlessly.This eliminates the need to keep physical records.

. Improved diagnostics – Technology has brought about accuracy, speed and accessibility to diagnostics of
common and rare health issues.
 BUSINESS MODELS, COMMERCE & MARKET STRUCTURE

IT has influenced businesses in the following ways:

. Reducing the significance of distance – People can work from anywhere in the world, and companies
can outsource certain actives to countries where there’s cheaper labour.
. Disintermediation – businesses can offer 24-hour access to their product and services at low cost
without intermediaries.This in turn reduces cost in the production and distribution value chain.
. Electronic commerce – Products and services are available online with increasing diverse modes of payment.
E- commerce stores are also easier to scale up and cater to a larger number of customers unlike physical stores.
. Refocusing on activities with higher added value – Real-time monitoring helps businesses to observe trends
and they are able to pay more attention to activities that add more value to their brand and bottom-line.
. Globalization – More local businesses are gaining access to foreign markets, which has affected existing
market structures. It is becoming increasingly difficult for a single business to maintain dominance over the
global market.
 WORKPLACEAND LABOUR MARKET

. Improved collaboration –Vertical (Superior-subordinate) and horizontal (perr-to-peer) relations are improved
with information sharing, computerized systems and communication technologies. Email and centralized
information systems lower barriers to communication across different status levels resulting in improved, faster
and effective collaboration.
. Standardised processes – Information systems help to enforce standardized processes in a business operations,
They are then able to conform with international best practices in their industries and better organize their
operations.
. Development of collective intelligence – different teams can work on different aspects of a project at them
same time. Every team and member has access to the necessary information and progress of the project which
eliminates monopoly of knowledge.
. Job gain/loss – Jobs are both lost and created by technology and organizational change. There is a higher
demand for high-skilled IT workers to set-up and maintain systems which replace low-skilled workers.
 EDUCATION

. On-line learning – The use of video conferencing, recorded videos and e-text instruction methods is increasing
to complement traditional classroom instruction. Students have access to instruction materials which they can
use to study at their own time.

. Improved collaborations – Students can easily communicate among themselves and even collaborate with other
students across the world.
. Research – There is better access to data and materials for well-rounded research activities.
 SOCIAL

. Communication technologies have improved social interaction across different cultures.

. The proliferation of social media platforms make is easier to connect with new people, join circles of interest
and maintain relationships.

. On the other hand, it can be argued that while technology has made communication easier and faster, people
are becoming increasingly distant from each other with less physical connections.