HEAT ENGINE LAB MANUAL

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Orphanage Polytechnic College Edavanna Malappuram,
India -676541

1
2
 INDEX
No Name of Experiment Page
No
1 STUDY OF AUTOMOBILE PARTS
2 STUDY OF DIESEL ENGINE
3 STUDY OF PETROL ENGINE
4 STUDY OF REDWOOD VISCOMETER
5 STUDY OF REDWOOD VISCOMETER
6 VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM ON 4 STROKE SINGLE
CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE
7 PORT TIMENG DIAGRAM OF TWO STROKE CYCLE
PETROL ENGINE
8 FLASH AND FIRE POINT APPARATUS
9 REDWOOD VISCOMETER
10 LOAD TEST ON 4 STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL
ENGINE
11 HEAT BALANCE SHEET ON 4 STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER
DIESEL ENGINE

3
4
Exp No:
Date
STUDY OF AUTOMOBILE PARTS
Automobile is a self-running vehicle driven by a skilled driver which is used to transport goods
and passengers from one place to another place. The automobile is run by the combustion of fuel such
as diesel, Petrol or gas in the internal combustion engine, there are several parts integrated each other
for successful working of an automobile on the chassis and these are covered by right rigid body.
The important parts of an automobile and their brief description are given below.
1. Chassis 2. Front axle and rear axle 3. Brake drum and wheels
4. Leaf spring 5. Radiator 6. Cooling fan
7. Water pump 8. Oil pump and oil filter 9. Engine
10. Clutch 11.Gear box 12.Propeller shaft
13. Universal and slip joint 14.Differential 15. Steering wheel
16. Accelerator, brake and clutch pedal 17. Silencer
1. CHASSIS
It is a ‘C’ shaped or ‘I’ shaped steel frame provided with cross members at uniform interval to
get more rigidity. All parts of the automobiles are fitted on the chassis and it is strong enough to hold all
parts together and bear the weights of the passengers or the load to be transported.
2. FRONT AXLE AND REAR AXLE
Front axle is provided at the front and rear axle is provide at the back of the chassis to bear the
total loads of the vehicle without any failure. The wheels are fitted on the axles for transportation
3. BRAKE DRUMS AND WHEELS
The brake drums are provided at either sides of the axles and wheels are fitted with rubber
tires and the air in the tires gives smooth riding. Brake drums are used to stop the vehicle through
friction while braking
4. LEAF SPRING
Leaf spring is made of stacking the steel leaves and bolted together capable of absorbing high
bending moments and to reduce shocks and vibration on rough road and ensure smooth ride. The axles
are fitted on these leaf springs and springs are fitted on the shackles which are bolted to the chassis
firmly. The leaf spring may be straightened during heavy load and it may be retained after releasing the
load.
5. RADIATOR
An important part fitted at the front portion of the chassis, used to cool the hot water coming
out of the engine instantly for the continuous reuse. The quantity of cooling water is limited in the
running vehicles so the presence of radiator and its perfect working is important in the automobile. The

5
copper fins and copper ducts increase the heat transfer rate. Radiator is connected to the engine
through rubber tubes through which the cooling is circulated
6 COOLING FAN
A cooling fan is provided next to the radiator, which is run by the crank shaft through rubber
belt gives sufficient air supply to the radiator. It increases the cooling rate of the coolant in the radiator.
7. COOLING PUMP (WATER PUMP)
A water pump is driven with the cooling fan to force the water through the water jacket for
cooling the excess hotness of the engine occurred during the ignition of the fuel. If the pump is not
working during the running of the engine it may be over heated and causes the failure of the engine. A
rubber belt drives all the parts including cooling fan, water pump and the alternator. A defective rubber
belt also makes serious problems in the automobiles.
8. OIL FILTER AND OIL PUMP
Filtered lubrication oil is forced by a gear pump through various ducts for lubrication the higher
part of the engine. If the oil pressure is not sufficient, it is not recommended for a running automobile.
An oil filter is used to filter the oil and occasionally the filter is cleaned and the filtering element is
replaced with a new one.
9. ENGINE
The engine is the heart of the automobile which produces sufficient power to the automobile by
the ignition of fuel in the engine cylinder. Due to the explosion caused by the combustion of the fuel the
piston is pushed downwards causing the rotation of the crank shaft. To get more power more number of
cylinders is provided in the cylinder block and engine power is specified according to the total stroke
volume of cylinders. Diesel engine, petrol engine and gas engines are common in use. Two stroke and
four stroke engines are available and all the engines are working in various conditions.
10. CLUTCH
The important part fitted next to the engine used for engaging and disengaging the engine
power to the rest part of the power transmission system. The disconnection of the engine from the
power transmission is needed for starting the engine, for changing gears during running and while
braking the automobile. The clutch is always in engaged condition and disengages only when the clutch
pedal is pressed by the driver. Nowadays different types of clutches- such as single plate, multiple plate,
dry clutch, wet clutch, hydraulic and friction clutch, etc. are available. Single plate friction clutch is used
in the automobiles commonly
11. GEAR BOX
An essential part provided next to the clutch used to run the vehicle at different speeds and at
different torques. A gear lever is used to select the required gear for running the vehicles. Vehicles with
4, 5 or 6 gear are available in common. First gear used to get high torque for starting the vehicle from
rest and to climb the steep hill. Top gear gives maximum speed at less torque used to run the vehicles to
travel on level road for efficient fuel consumption it is recommended to run the vehicle at top gear
possible. Reverse gear is also provided to run the vehicle in the backward direction. Gear box with
sliding mesh, constant mesh, synchromesh and automatic mesh are available I different types of
automobiles.

6
12. PROPELLER SHAFT
It is a hollow steel shaft strong enough to transfer high mechanical torque from gear box to the
differential to get the final drive to the running wheels. One end of the shaft is connected to the
universal joint on the differential and other end is splined and inserted in a slip joint. In some heavy
vehicles this shaft is parted in to 2 or 3 pieces and connected each other, instead of a single piece. The
shaft is properly safe guarded in order to prevent the danger of falling the shaft to the ground.
13. SLIP JOINT AND THE UNIVERSAL JOINT
Two universal joints are provided at either ends of the propeller shaft in order to get more
flexibility of power transmission while the vehicle is running on rough roads. The universal joint allows
proper power transmission when the shaft levels are different. A slip joint is provided to compensate
the length of propeller shaft for different load conditions.
14. DIFFERENTIAL
It is provided on the rear axle for turning the vehicle to left or right easily. While negotiating a
curve, the outer wheel will has to travel more distance compared to the inner one. It is enabled by the
working of the differential. A suitable mechanism is contained in the differential to get the above
function. The tilting of the front wheel controls the working of the differential
15. STEERING WHEEL AND STEERING GEAR UNIT
A steering wheel is provided to turn the automobile left or right as our requirement. A suitable
gear mechanism is contained in the steering gear unit to reduce the effort of turning the vehicle. The
assistance of high pressure oil is utilized in power steering enables the driver to turn the vehicle
smoothly with very little effort.
16. ACCELERATOR, BRAKE AND CLUTCH PEDALS
The three foot pedals provided in front of the driver seat are the accelerator pedal, brake pedal
and clutch pedal. Accelerator pedal is used to increase the speed of the vehicle by increasing the fuel
supply. Brake pedal is used to stop the vehicle or to reduce the speed of it by applying the frictional
force on the brake drum. The clutch pedal is used to apply clutch for gear changing and braking.
17. SILENCER
A silencer is used to reduce the sound of engine and to exhaust the Blue gas at a safest distance.
It contains baffle plates to block the straight passage of flue gas to atmosphere.

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8
Exp NO:
Date:
STUDY OF DIESEL ENGINE
The engine working on diesel as fuel is the diesel engine. There are different types of diesel
engines such as vertical diesel engines, horizontal engines, single cylinder engines, multi cylinder
engines, 2 stroke and 4 stroke diesel engines are available.
A diesel engine has the following parts,
01. Cylinder block 02. Cylinder head 03 Cylinder head cover
04. Crank case 05. Oil sump
CYLINDER BLOCK
Contains bore holes perfectly grount to accommodate the pistons. In the latest engines sleeves
are fitted in the bore which can be replaced after worn out. It also contains jackets for water cooling.
CYLINDER HEAD
Contains the valves to allow the air to enter in to the cylinder and allow to pushing out the
combustion products and rocker arms to operate the valves. It covers the cylinder block.
CYLINDER HEAD COVER
It covers and protects the cylinder head. Through the opening at the top, lubrication oil is filled
in to the oil sump
CRANK CASE:
It covers the crank shaft which is a rotating member while the engine is working.
OIL SUMP:
The bottom most part contains lubrication oil for lubricating the moving parts. A drain cock is
provided to drain the burnt oil.
The following members are also essential for the diesel engines
01 Piston 02. Connecting rod 03 Inlet valve and exhaust valve
04. Cam shaft & push rods 05.Fly wheel 06. Diesel filter
07. Fuel pump 08.Injector 09. Governor
10. Silencer 11.De-compression lever 12 Cranking handle.
PISTON
It is a moving member in the cylinder. It contains compression ring at the top and oil ring at the
bottom. Pistons are generally made from aluminium alloy.

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CONNECTING ROD:
It connects the piston and the crank shaft. IT converts the reciprocating motion to the rotary
motion.
INLET AND EXHAUST VALVES:
Inlet valve is opened to admit the fresh air to enter in to the cylinder & Exhaust valve is opened
to allow the exhaust gas to flow out. A rocker arm is used to operate the valves in time.
CAM SHAFT
A shaft with cams projected outside which is used to operate the push rods and the rocker arms.
It is run by the crank shaft.
FLY WHEEL
A heavy wheel used to store the mechanical energy while available and t distribute whenever
required. A diesel engine has heavier fly wheel for stabilizing the mechanical energy and to reduce
vibration.
DIESEL FILTER
It is used to filter the diesel to remove the dirty particles. The filter element is frequently
changed after a definite interval.
FUEL PUMP
A pump used to pressurize the fuel for injection. It is variable discharge pump which varies
discharge according to the speed of the engine.
INJECTOR:
It sprays the diesel in to the combustion chamber when sufficient pressure is achieved.
AIR FILTER
Air filter is used to filter the atmospheric air to remove the dust particles.
SILENCER
This part is used to reduce the noise of exhaust. Baffle plates are fitted inside te block direct
flow of flue gas outwards.
GOVERNOR
A part used to keep the speed constant at all loads.
DECOMPRESSION LEVER
It assists the cranking of the fly wheel for starting purpose.
CRANK HANDLE
A handle used to crank the fly wheel for starting

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COOLING FAN
A fan used to give sufficient air for cooling the engine and hot water in the radiator. It is driven
by the crank shaft itself through a belt.
WATER PUMP
A pump used to force the water through the water jacket for forced cooling the pump is also
driven by the crank shaft through belt.
ALTERNATOR
A device used to produce current for charging the battery. A long belt drives all the cooling fan,
water pump and the alternator simultaneously.

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12
Exp No:
Date:
STUDY OF PETROL ENGINE
The engine working on petrol as fuel is the petrol engine. There are different types of petrol
engines such as vertical petrol engines, horizontal engines, single cylinder engines, multi cylinder
engines, 2 stroke and 4 stroke petrol engines are available.
A petrol engine has the following parts,
01. Cylinder block 02. Cylinder head 03. Cylinder head cover
04. Crank case 05. Oil sump
CYLINDER BLOCK
Contains bore holes perfectly grount to accommodate the pistons. In the latest engines sleeves
are fitted in the bore which can be replaced after worn out. It also contains jackets for water cooling.
CYLINDER HEAD
Contains the valves to allow the air to enter in to the cylinder and allow to pushing out the
combustion products and rocker arms to operate the valves it covers the cylinder block
CYLINDER HEAD COVER
It covers and protects the cylinder head through the opening at the top, lubrication oil is filled in
to the oil sump.
CRANK CASE
It covers the crank shaft which is a rotating member while the engine is working.
OIL SUMP
The bottom most part contains lubrication oil for lubricating the moving parts. A drain cock is
provided to drain the burnt oil.
The following members are also essential for the petrol engines
1. Piston 2. Connecting rod 3. Inlet and exhaust valves
4. Fly wheel 5. Petrol filter 6. Cam shaft and push rods
7. Carburetor 8. Spark plug 9. Diaphragm pump
10. Governor 11. Silencer 12. Cooling fan & water pump
13. Cranking handle 14. Alternator 15. Ignition Coil
16. Storage battery 17. Distributor
PISTON
It is a moving member in the cylinder. It contains compression ring at the top and oil ring at the
bottom. Pistons are generally made from aluminium alloy.

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CONNECTING ROD
It connects the piston and the crank shaft. IT converts the reciprocating motion to the rotary
motion.
INLET AND EXHAUST VALVES:
Inlet valve is opened to admit the air-fuel mixture to enter in to the cylinder & Exhaust valve is
opened to allow the exhaust gas to flow out. A rocker arm is used to operate the valves in time.
FLY WHEEL
A heavy wheel used to store the mechanical energy while available and to distribute whenever
required. A petrol engine has lighter fly wheel for stabilizing the mechanical energy and to reduce
vibration
PETROL FILTER
It is used to filter the petrol to remove the dirty particles. The filter element is frequently
changed after a definite interval.
DIAPHRAGM PUMP
A pump used to suck petrol from the tank and deliver to the carburetor
CAM SHAFT AND PUSH RODS:
A shaft with cams projected outside which is used to operate the push rods and the rocker arms.
It is run by the crank shaft.
CARBURETTOR
It is an essential part of the petrol engine used to mix air &petrol in proper ratio a butter fly
valve controls the quantity of air fuel mixture entering in to the engine to control the engine speed.
SPARK PLUG
Used to create high voltage sparks for igniting the air fuel mixture.
IGNITION COIL AND DISTRIBUTOR:
An ignition coil is used in the petrol engine to increase the voltage to around 10000 Volts from a
storage battery. The distributer distributes the current to the appropriate spark plugs for spark ignition
according to the firing order.
AIR FILTER
Air filter is used to filter the atmospheric air to remove the dust particles.
SILENCER
This part is used to reduce the noise of exhaust. Baffle plates are fitted inside to block direct
flow of flue gas outwards.
GOVERNOR
A part used to keep the speed constant at all loads.

14
CRANK HANDLE
A handle used to crank the fly wheel for starting
COOLING FAN
A fan used to give sufficient air for cooling the engine and hot water in the radiator. It is driven
by the crank shaft itself through a belt.
WATER PUMP
A pump used to force the water through the water jacket for forced cooling. The pump is also
driven by the crank shaft through belt
ALTERNATOR
A device used to produce current for charging the battery. A long belt drives the entire cooling
fan, water pump and the alternator simultaneously.
STORAGE BATTERY
A battery is used to store the current for different use such as starting the engine and for
ignition purpose. A lead acid battery is provided with a petrol engine.

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16
Exp No:
Date:
STUDY OF REDWOOD VISCOMETER
INTRODUCTION:
Viscosity is the measure of the resistance in the flow of fluid (liquid). It is the measure in poise
(the smaller unit is centipoise). The kinematic viscosity is the ratio of absolute viscosity to its density at
that given temperature and its unit is stoke. The time required for the liquid to flow at the given
temperature through an orifice is a function of its kinematic viscosity. The time required in seconds to
flow 60cc of oil through an orifice of redwood viscometer at a given temperature is the redwood second
at that temperature.
DESCRIPTION:
The kinematic viscosity of the given oil sample can be measured with an instrument known as
redwood viscometer. The oil cup is filled with oil up to the tip of the point contains a specified quantity
of oil. The cup is surrounded by a water jacket which is heated to a desired temperature by an electric
heater coil. The stirrer assists in maintaining uniform temperature throughout the quantity of oil cup.
There is an orifice at the bottom, which is closed by a ball valve. The two thermometers measure the
temperatures of water and oil respectively. When the ball is lifted the oil flows through the orifice.
There is a collecting jar to collect the oil coming through the orifice. A stop watch can be used to note
the time for collecting 60cc of oil.
SPECIFICATION:
Capacity of oil cup : 125 cc
Diameter of the orifice : 1.7 mm
Capacity of water jacket : 1200 cc
Range of thermometers : max temperature 50 °C
Type of heating : Electric immersion heater
EXPERIMENTS DONE IN THE EQUIPMENT:
1. Kinematic viscosity test
2. Absolute viscosity test

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18
Exp No:
Date:
STUDY OF FLASH & FIRE POINT APPARATUS (OPEN TYPE)
INTRODUCTION
The familiarization of flash point and fire point of different oils are necessary if they are used in
IC Engines as lubricants in order to prevent fire hazards. Flash point of oil is defined as minimum
temperature at which the oil produces sufficient vapour to make momentary flash while igniting with a
fire and fire point is defined as the minimum temperature at which the oil produces sufficient vapour to
make a continuous fire while igniting with a fire. These points are very important while considering oil at
different temperatures, Flash point and fire point are found out through heating and firing the oil with a
fire at different temperatures at an interval of 2 or 5 degree centigrade.
DESCRIPTION
The apparatus consists of a cylindrical cup of standard size. It is held in position in a metallic
holder which is placed on wire gauge and it is heated by means of an electric heater housed inside a
metallic holder. A provision is made at the top edge of the cup to hold the thermometer in position, A
standard filling mark is scribed in the inner side of the cup and sample of oil is filled up to the mark
where as in the closed cup the oil cup is closed with a lid and the oil is ignited through a port opened
while revolving the shutter, when the spring loaded vertical mild head is operated The open type cleave
land is accurate than closed type Pensky Marten's apparatus.
EXPERIMENTS DONE IN THE EQUIPMENT:
1. Determination of Flash and Fire Points of different oils in open cup apparatus.
2. Determination of Flash and Fire Points of different oils in closed cup apparatus

19
20
Exp No:
Date:
RED WOOD VISCOMETER-II
AIM
To determine the viscosity in Redwood seconds of the given sample of oil and to plot the
variation of Redwood seconds, kinematic and dynamic viscosity with temperature.
APPARATUS
Redwood viscometer-II, Stopwatch, Thermometer (0-110°c), Measuring flask. (50 c.c.)
THEORY
The viscosity of given oil is determined as the time of flow in Redwood seconds. The viscosity of
a fluid indicates the resistance offered to shear under laminar condition. Dynamic viscosity of a fluid is
the tangential force on unit area of either of two parallel planes at unit distance apart when the space
between the plates is filled with the fluid and one of the plate's moves relative to the other with unit
velocity in its own plane. The unit of dynamic viscosity is dyne-sec/cm² Kinematic viscosity of a fluid is
equal to the ratio of the dynamic viscosity and density of the fluid. The unit of kinematic viscosity is
cm³/sec.
DESCRIPTION
Redwood viscometer-I consists of a water bath and oil bath, both provided with two
thermometers inside them. There is a ball valve, which is located at center of oil bath to flow of all
through the orifice. A heater with regulator is fixed for heating purpose.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the oil cup with a suitable solvent thoroughly and dry it using soft tissue paper.
2. Keep the ball valve in its position so as to keep the orifice closed.
3. The water is taken into the water bath and the oil whose viscosity is to be determined is taken
into the oil cup up to the mark
4. Before switch on the electric supply, at room temp note down the time taken in Redwood
seconds for a collection of 50 cc of oil with a stopwatch.
5. Heat the bath and continuously stir it taking care to see that heating of the bath is done in a
careful and controlled manner
6. When the desired temperature is reached, place the cleaned 50 c.c. Flask below the orifice in
position.
7. Remove the ball valve and simultaneously start a stopwatch.
8. Note the time of collection of oil up to the 50 c.c. Mark.
9. During the collection of oil don't stir the bath. Repeat the process at various temperatures.
GRAPHS TO BE DRAWN
1. Redwood seconds Vs temperature
2 Kinematic Viscosity Vs temperature
3. Absolute Viscosity Vs temperature

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OBSERVATIONS

Sl. No Oil Time for Kinematic Density Absolute

Temperature collecting 50 viscosity Viscosity
c.c. of oil
t v=(A x t)-(B/t) ρ µ=vxρ
°c sec cm²/s² gm/cm² dyne.sec/cm²
1
2
3
4
5

Where,
A = 0.0072 cm²/sec²
B = 1.72 cm²
Sample Calculation (set no……)
Oil temp =
Time for collecting 50cc
of oil =
=
Kinematic Viscosity, v =

Density of oil = 0.83 gm/cm²

Absolute Viscosity, µ =

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MODEL GRAPHS

PRECAUTIONS
1. 1 Stir the water continuously so that the temperature of the oil and water are equal.
2. Before collecting the oil at a temperature, check whether the oil is up to the Indicator in the oil
cup.
3. Always take the readings at a stable temperature
4. Ensure proper setting of the ball valve to avoid leakage

RESULT
Determined the viscosity in redwood seconds of the given samples of oil & to plot variation of
Redwood seconds, absolute viscosity and Kinematic viscosity with temperature.

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24
Exp No:
Date:
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF 4 CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE
AIM:
To draw the valve timing diagram of the given four-stroke cycle diesel engine.
APPARATUS:
Four stroke cycle Diesel engine, measuring tape, chalk, piece of paper
THEORY:
The diagram which shows the position of crank of 4 stroke cycle engine at the beginning & at
the end of suction, compression, expansion, & exhaust of the engine are called as valve timing diagram.
The extreme position the bottoms of the cylinders is called “Bottom Dead Centre "(BDC), the
position of the piston at the top of the cylinders is called "Top Dead Center "(TDC)
In an ideal engine the inlet valve opens at TDC & closes at BDC, the exhaust valve opens at BDC
& closes at TDC. The fuel injected into the cylinder when the piston is at TDC & at the end of
compression stroke but in actual practice it will differ.
INLET VALVE OPENING & CLOSING
In an actual engine, the inlet valve begins open 5° to 20° before the piston reaches the TDC,
during the end of exhaust stroke. This is necessary to ensure that the valve will be fully open when the
piston reaches the TDC. If the inlet valve is allowed to close at BDC, the cylinder would receive less
amount of air than its capacity & the pressure at the end of suction will be below the atmospheric
pressure to avoid this, inlet valve is kept opens for 25° to 45° after BDC.
EXHAUST VALVE OPENING & CLOSING
Complete cleaning of the burned gases from the cylinder is necessary to take in more air into
the cylinder. To achieve this, exhaust valve open at 35° to 45° before BDC & closes at 10° to 20° after the
TDC. It is clear from the diagram, for certain period both inlet valve & exhaust valve remains in open
condition .The crank angles for which the both valves are open are called as overlapping or angle of
overlap.

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OBSERVATIONS
Sl. No. Event Position with respect to TDC/BDC, 𝑥 (cm) Angle ,θ(°)

1 IVO

2 IVC

3 EVO

4 EVC

Circumference of the fly wheel = 2πR

𝑥
Substandard angle in degree, θ = × 360
2πR

θπd
Then, 𝑥 =
360

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PROCEDURE
1. The inlet & exhaust valves are identified. The flywheel rotation direction has to be as certained
by observing the correct sequence of granting & closing of valves.
2. The reference point is selected near the flywheel periphery.
3. The circumference of flywheel is measured using a string & tape.
4. The piston is moved to the top position by rotating the flywheel in the correct direction & a
marking is made on the flywheel against a reference point, this is the TDC.
5. Another mark is made on the flywheel at 180° from TDC and this is BDC.
6. The flywheel is rotated in the correct direction slowly & opening & closing of inlet valves are
marked on the flywheel as IVO & IVC
7. The beginning and ending of the fuel injection are also worked on the flywheel as FIB, FIC.
Similarly the opening & closing the exhaust valves are also marked on flywheel as EVO & EVC
8. The Circumferential distance between the various markings are measured with respect to
newest dead center & length are converted into suitable angle and tabulated:
9. The valve timing diagram is drawn the direction in degree for which both valves remains open is
noted as angle of overlap.
RESULT
The valve timing diagram for the given 4 stroke Diesel engine is drawn.
SAMPLE DIAGRAM

IVO- Inlet Valve Open

IVC- Inlet Valve Close
EVO- Exhaust Valve Open
EVC- Exhaust Valve Close
IS- Ignition Start
FI- Fuel Injection

ab- suction(180°)
bc- compression(180°)
cd- expansion(180°)
dc- exhaust(180°)

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28
Exp No:
Date:
PORT TIMENG DIAGRAM OF TWO STROKE CYCLE PETROL ENGINE
AIM
To draw the post timing diagram of given two stroke cycle petrol engine
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Two stroke petrol engine.
2. Measuring tape
3. 3 Chalk
THEORY AND DESCRIPTION
In case of two stroke cycle engines the inlet and exhaust valves are not present. Instead the slots
are cut on the cylinder itself at different elevation and they are called ports. There are three ports are
present in the two stroke cycle engine.
1. Inlet port
2. Transfer port
3. Exhaust port.
The diagram which shows the position of crank at which the above ports are open and close are
called as post timing diagram. The extreme position of the piston at the bottom of the cylinder is called
"Bottom Dead Centre” (BDC). The extreme position of the piston at the top of the cylinder is called "Top
dead Centre” (TDC). In two stroke petrol engine the inlet port open when the piston moves from BDC to
TDC and is closed when the piston moves pam TDC to BDC.
The transfer port is opened when the piston is moved from TDC to BDC and the fuel enters into
the cylinder through this transfer port from the crank case of the engine. The transfer post is closed
when piston moves from BDC to TDC. The transfer fort opening and closing are measured with respect
to the BDC.
The exhaust port is opened, when the piston moves from TDC to BDC and is closed when piston
moves from BDC to TDC. The exhaust port paring and closing are measured with respect to the BDC.
EPO to EPC - Exhaust, TPO to TPC - Charging
EPC to TDC – Compression, TDC to EPO - Expansion
EPO - Exhaust Port Open (35° to 50° before BDC)
EPO - Exhaust Port Open (35° to 50° before BDC)
EPC - Exhaust Port Close (35° to 50° after BDC)
TPO - Transfer Port Open (30° to 40° before BDC)
TPC - Transfer Port open (30° to 40° after BDC)

29
OBSERVATIONS
Circumference of the flywheel = X cm

∴ 1cm = 360⁄𝑋 in degrees

Sl.No Event Position of crank Distance in cm Angle

w.r.to TDC or BDC degrees
1 EPO

2 EPC

3 TPO

4 TPC

Circumference of the flywheel = πd =

Angle, θ = 𝑋⁄
πd

30
PROCEDURE
1. Remove the ports cover and identify the three ports.
2. Mark the TDC and BDC position of the flywheel. To make this position follow the same
procedure as followed in valve timing diagram.
3. Rotate the flywheel slowly in usual direction (clockwise) and observe the movement of the
piston.
4. When the piston move from BDC to TDC observe when the bottom edge of the piston just
uncover the bottom end of the inlet port. This is the inlet port opening (IPO) condition, make
the mark on the flywheel and measure the distance from TDC.
5. When piston moves from TDC to BDC observe when the bottom edge of the piston completely
covers the inlet port. This is the inlet port closing (IPC) condition. Mark on the flywheel and
measure the distance from TDC.
6. When the piston moves from TDC to BDC, observe when the top edge of the piston just uncover
the exhaust port, this is the exhaust port opening (EPO) condition. Make the mark on the
flywheel and measure the distance from BDC.
7. When the piston moves from BDC to TDC, observe when the piston completely cover the
exhaust port, this is the exhaust port closing condition (EPC). Make the mark on the flywheel
and measure the distance from BDC.
8. When the piston moves from TDC to BDC, observe when the top edge of the piston just uncover
the transfer port. This is the transfer port opening (TPO) condition. Make the mark on the
flywheel and measure the distance from BDC.
9. When the piston moves from BDC to TDC, observe when the piston completely covers the
transfer port. This is the transfer port closing (TPC) condition. Make the mark on the flywheel
and measure the distance from BDC.
Note:
1. The inlet port opening distance and closing distance from TDC are equal.
2. The exhaust port opening distance & closing distance from BDC are equal.
3. The transfer part opening distance and closing distance from BDC are equal
RESULT
The post timing diagram for the given two stroke cycle petrol engine was drawn.

31
32
Exp No:
Date:
FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT (OPEN CUP) APPARATUS
AIM
To find flash and fire point of given oil by Pensky marten's closed cup apparatus & cleave land
open cup Apparatus.
APPARATUS REQIURED
Pensky marten's closed cup apparatus & cleave land open cup Apparatus, sample of oil, test fire,
electric heater with stabilizer.
THEORY:
Oil generates vapour on heating & produces flash at the beginning and continuous fire at higher
temperature when a test fire introduced. The minimum temperature at which the oil produces sufficient
vapour to make a momentary flash is known as that paint, whereas fire point is the minimum temp at
which the oil produced sufficient vapour to make a continuous fire. For doing the test the sample of oil
is kept in the oil container and it is heated by an electric heater & a test fire is introduced to find
whether there is a flash or fire at each 2°C intervals the minimum temperature for the flash and the
continuous fire me noted.
PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the oil cup well and fill it with sample oil up to the mark
2. Put the oil cup on the electric heater & place suitable thermometer on it dipping mercury bulb in the
oil.
3. Note temp & bring the test fire towards the oil & find whether there is any flash or fire.
4. Heat the oil with heater for 2°c rises & respect the test.
5. Continue the process as 2°c rise till the flash point is found out.
6. Again continue the test to find out the fire point and temp is noted.
7. Repeat the test two or three times on new samples & take every flash & fire point

RESULT
Flash point of oil in clave land apparatus =

Fire paint of oil in Cleave land apparatus =

33
OBSERVATION:
Cleave land (open type)
Sl.no Oil Temperature in °C Flash point Fire point

1) Flash Point of given oil = °C

2) Fire Point of given oil = °C

RESULT:

1) Flash Point of given oil =°C

2) Fire Point of given oil = °C

34
35
36
Exp No:
Date:
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE TEST RIG
AIM
To conduct a load test on the single cylinder field Marshal Diesel engine & plot the following
performances curves at variable speed
1. Total fuel consumption (TFC) Vs Brake Power
2. Specific fuel consumption (SPC) Vs Brake Power
3. Mechanical efficiency Vs Brake Power
4. Brake thermal efficiency Vs Brake Power.
5. Indicated thermal efficiency Vs Brake Power
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Diesel engine test rig with rope brake dynamometer & stopwatch, Tachometer
SPECIFICATIONS
Bore : 80mm
Stroke : 110 mm
Rated Speed : 1500 rpm
Max. B.P : 3.7KW (5 HP)
Vol. of fuel considered for test : 5cc
Fuel : Diesel
Density of Diesel : 0.827 gm/ml
Calorific Value of Diesel : 44,000 KJ/kg
Brake drum diameter : 0.3m
Rope diameter : 0.015m

DESCRIPTION
This is a water cooled single cylinder vertical diesel engine is coupled to a rope pulley break
arrangement to absorb the power produced. Necessary weights and spring balances are included to
apply load on the break drum Suitable cooling water arrangement for the break drum is provided.
Separate cooling water lines are provided for the engine cooling. Thermocouples are provided for
measuring temperature. A fuel measuring system consists of a fuel tank mounted on a stand, burette,
and a 3-way stopcock. Air consumption is measured by using a M.S. tank, which is fitted with a standard
orifice and a U-tube water manometer that measures the pressures inside the tank.

37
 OBSERVATIONS

Sl.no Dynamometer Torque Speed Time BP TFC SFC IP Mecha Brake Indicate
readings for 5cc nical thermal d
fuel Efficien Efficien thermal
consum cy cy Efficien
ption cy

W1 W2 T N t
kg kg Nm rpm sec kw Kg/hr Kg/Kw.hr kW % % %

38
THEORY
Single cylinder stationary, constant speed diesel engines are generally quality governed. As such
the air supplied to the engine is not throttled as in the case of S.1 engines. To meet the power
requirements of the shaft, the quantity of fuel injected into the cylinder is varied by the rack in the fuel
pump. The rack is usually controlled by a governor or by a hand. The air flow rate of single cylinder
engine operating at constant speed does not vary appreciably with the output of the engine. Since the
fuel flow rate varies more or less linearly with output, the fuel air ratio increases with output.
Performance tests can be conducted either at constant speed (or) at constant throttle. The constant
speed method yields the FP of the engine
PINCIPLE
Let the spring balance readings on the dynamometer be W1 & W2 in kg
Torque, T = (W1 -W₂) gr Nm
2πNT
Brake Power, BP = KW
60000
𝑣×3600×𝜌𝑑
Total Fuel Consumption, TFC = kg/hr
𝑡×1000
Where,
(W1-W₂) = Effective load in kg
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81m/s2
r = radius of brake drum = 0.15m
N = speed of the engine in rpm
v = vol. of fuel considered for test in cc
t = time for consuming above volume In sec
ρd = density of diesel = 0.827 gm/cc
Specific fuel consumption, SFC = TFC/BP kg/kW.hr
FP can be determined by Willian’s line method (From the graph TFC VS BP)
Indicated power, IP = BP+ FP

Mechanical efficiency = 𝐵𝑃⁄ × 100 %

𝐼𝑃
BP×3600
Brake thermal efficiency = x100 %
𝑇𝐹𝐶×𝐶𝑣
IP×3600
Indicated thermal efficiency = x100 %
𝑇𝐹𝐶×𝐶𝑣
Where,
CV = calorific value of diesel = 44000 kj/kg

39
Determination of max.loading capacity of the center
Max power, BP max = 5hp = 5x0.74 KW
= 3.73 kW (where, 1hp =0.74kW)
Brake Power, BP =

Max. Torque, Tmax =

Torque, T =
Max.Load, (W1-W2) max =

Sample Calculation (set no……)

Dynamometer meter reading, W₁ = , W2 =
Effective load, (W1-W2) =
Torque, T =
Brake Power, BP =

Time for 5cc diesel consumption, t =

Total fuel consumption, TFC =

Specific fuel consumption, SFC =

FP obtained by Willan's line method =

Indicated Power, IP =

Mechanical Efficiency =

Brake thermal Efficiency =

Indicated thermal efficiency =

40
STARTING THE ENGINE
1. Engage de-compression lever before cranking
2. Crank the engine and disengage the de-compression lever
3. Adjust the governor to attain the rated speed
PROCEDURE:
1. Release the load on the brake drum.
2. Put on the fuel pump and fuel supply valve.
3. Put the decompressor lever in the cranking position.
4. Crank the flywheel with the handle provided.
5. When sufficient speed is achieved, put the decompression lever in the starting position for
starting the engine and give sufficient cooling water.
6. Put the fuel supply valve in the off position.
7. Take time to consume 5cc of diesel
8. Measure the speed of the engine.
9. Load the brake drum of 5kg in the +ve spring balance & give cooling water to the brake drum.
10. Note the time for 5cc diesel consumption and speed.
11. Repent the experiment for different loads on the brake drum.
12. Tabulate the readings.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Before stating the engine check all the systems such as cooling lubrication and fuel system
2. Ensure oil level is maintained in the engine up to recommended level always never run the
engine with insufficient oil.
3. Never run the engine with insufficient engine cooling water and exhaust gas calorimeter cooling
water
4. For stopping the engine, load on the engine should be removed.

RESULT
Conducted a load test on the single cylinder field marshal Diesel engine and plotted the
performance curves at various speeds.

41
42
Exp.No:
Date:
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON 4-STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE TEST RIG
AIM
To conduct a Heat Balance Test on a 4-stroke single cylinder vertical diesel engine at different
loads and to draw up a heat balance sheet on minute basis
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1 4-Stroke Single cylinder Diesel engine with a rope break dynamometer.
2 Tachometer
3 Stopwatch
SPECIFICATIONS
Bore : 80mm
Stroke : 110 mm
Rated Speed : 1500 rpm
Max. B.P : 3.7KW (5 HP)
Vol. of fuel considered for test : 5cc
Fuel : Diesel
Density of Diesel : 0.827 gm/ml
Calorific Value of Diesel : 44,000 KJ/kg
Brake drum diameter : 0.3m
Rope diameter : 0.015m
DESCRIPTION
This is a water cooled four stroke single cylinder vertical diesel engine is coupled to a rope pulley
break arrangement to absorb the power produced. Necessary weights and spring balances are included
to apply load on the break drum Suitable cooling water arrangement for the break drum is provided.
Separate cooling water lines are provided for the engine cooling. Thermocouples are provided for
measuring temperature. A fuel measuring system consists of a fuel tank mounted on a stand, burette,
and a 3-way cock. Air consumption is measured by using a M.S. tank, which is fitted with a standard
orifice and a U-tube water manometer that measures the pressures inside the tank
Test Rig is provided with exhaust gas calorimeter. The exhaust gas pipe is connected to a heat
exchanger wherein, the gases are cooled by a cooling water line. Thermocouples are provided to
measure the inlet and outlet temperatures of exhaust gas as well as cooling water for the calorimeter

43
 Load Torque Speed Time BP TFC T1 T2 T3 T4 Volume h1 h2 hw
of
coolant
`W1 W2
OBSERVATIONS

Nm rpm sec kW Kg/hr °C °C °C °C Cm3/s cm cm cm

kg kg

44
THEORY:
Part of the heat supplied to an IC engine through the fuel is utilized in doing useful work, and
the rest is wasted in overcoming friction, in exhaust gases and in engine cooling water. A statement of
the supplied heat, useful work and heat wasted in overcoming friction, exhaust gases, engine cooling is
called heat balance sheet. It may be drawn on the basis of unit time or cycle of operation.
The heat balance thus gives a picture about the utility of heat supplied through the fuel. The
losses depends up on type of the engine, service to which it is employed, load, atmospheric conditions
etc. A designer is interested to keep the losses as low as possible in order to maximize the rated power.
Two important factors that influence the losses are speed and output of an engine. The loss due to
friction increases considerably more due to increase in engine speed than by an increase in load Heat
carried away by engine water increases slowly with load while heat carried away by exhaust gases
increases abruptly beyond 80% of the rated power output due to higher combustion temperatures,
inefficient combustion etc.
STARTING THE ENGINE:
1. Engage de-compression lever before cranking.
2. Crank the engine and disengage the de-compression lever.
3. Adjust the governor to attain the rated speed.
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the three way cock so that fuel flows to the engine directly from the tank
2. Open the cooling water valves and ensure water flows through the engine
3. Start the engine and allow running on no load condition for few minutes
4. Load engine by adding weights upon the hanger.
5. Allow the cooling water in the brake drum and adjust it to avoid spilling
6. Allow the engine to run at this load for few minutes.
7. Adjust the cooling water regulators such that the temperature raise of Cooling water for engine
jacket is around 5°C and for calorimeter around 25°C.
8. Note the following readings
a) Engine Speed
b) Weight on the hanger
c) Spring balance
d) Manometer
e) Time for 5cc of fuel consumption
f) Volume flow rate of Cooling water
g) Inlet and outlet temperatures of engine cooling water
h) outlet temperatures of exhaust gases
i) Ambient temperate
9. Repeat the above procedure for different loads.
10. Stop the engine after removing load on the engine

45
Sample Calculation (set no……)
Dynamometer meter reading, W₁ = , W2 =
Effective load, (W1-W2) =
Torque, T = (W1-W2) gr

Brake Power, BP = 2𝜋𝑁𝑇⁄

60000

Heat in BP, QBP = BPx60

Time for 5cc diesel consumption, t =

density of diesel, ρd = 0.827 gm/cc
𝑣×3600×𝜌𝑑
Total fuel consumption, TFC = kg/hr
𝑡×1000

Heat supplied by the fuel, Qi = 𝑇𝐹𝐶 × 𝐶𝑣⁄

60

Mass flow rate of water, mw =

Specific heat of exhaust gas, cp =

Heat carried by engine cooling water, Qw = mw×cp(T2-T1)

Mass flow rate of exhaust gas, mg = ma + mf

𝜌𝑎 =
cd =
d =
Mass of air intake, ma = 0.0666×cd×d2×√(ℎ𝑤 × 𝜌𝑎)

mf = 𝑇𝐹𝐶⁄
60

46
PRECAUTIONS
1. Before stating the engine check all the systems such as cooling, lubrication and fuel system
2. Ensure oil level is maintained in the engine up to recommended level always never run the
engine with insufficient oil
3. Never run the engine with insufficient engine cooling water and exhaust gas calorimeter cooling
water.
4. For stopping the engine load on the engine should be removed

HEAT BALANCE SHEET ON MINUTE BASIS

Heat Supplied Kj/min % Heat Distributed Kj/min %

1. Heat in B.P

2. Heat carried by engine cooling

Heat supplied 100 water(Qw)
by the fuel(Qi)
3. Heat carried by exhaust
gases(Qg)

4. Unaccounted losses (radiation,

friction, etc.….)
100

INFERENCE

RESULT
Heat balance sheet is prepared.

47
Heat carried by exhaust gases, Qg = mg×cpg(T3-T4)

Unaccounted losses = Qi – (QBP+Qw+ Qg)

48
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