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Study of Acoustic Vibration in Piping Systems by Energy-Based Finite Element

Analysis

Conference Paper · July 2014

DOI: 10.1115/PVP2014-28303

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 Proceedings of the ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference
PVP2014
July 20-24, 2014, Anaheim, California, USA

PVP2014-28303

STUDY OF ACOUSTIC VIBRATION IN PIPING SYSTEMS BY ENERGY-BASED

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Ahmed H. Dweib
WorleyParsons
Atyrau, Kazakhstan
ahmed.dweib@worleyparsons.com

ABSTRACT the pipe diameter to thickness (D/T) ratio. However, this

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Statistical Energy
Analysis (SEA) methods have been applied recently to the
study of acoustic induced vibration (AIV) in piping systems.
In this paper, the acoustic vibration in the piping systems is
studied by performing FEA of a model of the structural pipe
with the application of the acoustic excitation as stationary
acoustic modes to the structural pipe model. This approach
provides an alternative to performing FEA using a combined
model for the acoustic fluid and the pipe. The analysis is used
for the evaluation of the power flow from the acoustic medium
to the pipe. The acoustic part of the system is modeled as a
series of acoustic modes that are taken to act on the pipe FEA
model. The Coupling Loss Factor (CLF), required for the
formulation of the SEA model, is identified and plotted against
pipe parameters.
INTRODUCTION
Acoustic induced vibration (AIV) has been identified as a
source of fatigue failure in piping systems that are subjected to
high level of acoustic energy. Low frequency AIV is produced
in the system due to the propagation of plane acoustic waves in
the axial direction of the pipe. For the systems subjected to
high frequency acoustic energy, such as the case of
downstream of pressure-reducing devices, high frequency AIV
is induced in the pipe. This type of high frequency vibration is
associated with the propagation of acoustic waves in both the
axial as well as in the radial directions. This results in the
formation of cross-wall or high-order modes of acoustic
pulsation.
So far, the most commonly used method of assessment of
the risk of high frequency AIV fatigue failure in the design of
piping system has been based on empirical design curves that
correlate the failure probability to the input acoustic power and
method, in many cases has not been efficient in predicting
fatigue failure. For a more reliable quantitative assessment of
the risk of high frequency AIV fatigue failure, FEA and SEA
methods have been developed and applied.
The application of the FEA to high frequency AIV
requires extensive computation time due to the need to have a
mesh of the acoustic fluid fine enough to simulate accurately
the high frequency pulsation. This can be prohibitively
expensive in large systems.
SEA methods provide a viable alternative especially for
the case of large systems and/or systems with multiple acoustic
sources. However, the accuracy of the SEA depends on the
accurate evaluation of the coupling loss factors, which define
the amount of power flow from the acoustic fluid to the
structural pipe.
In the previous work [1], [2] and [3], detailed survey of
the application of FEA and SEA methods in the study of AIV,
is provided.
In this study the finite element model is created for the
structural pipe only, hence reducing the computation time
significantly. The acoustic subsystem is represented by a series
of stationary acoustic modes, through which most of the
energy flows between the acoustic and the structural
subsystems.
ACOUSTIC MODES
The pressure pulsation of the high-order acoustic modes is
analyzed by the 3-dimensional wave equation of the acoustic
fluid in cylindrical coordinates. The solution of the 3-D wave
equation in the pipe yields the following expression of the
pressure pulsation as the summation of stationary modes:

1 Copyright © 2014 by ASME

 iωt
p (r, θ ; t ) =∑ ∑ Amn Jn ( Kmn . r / R ) cos (n θ) e (1)
n m
In the above equation, only the high frequency modes are
considered and the axial low frequency modes of pressure
pulsations are neglected.
Where:
p = acoustic pressure, Pa
Amn = mode coefficient
Jn = Bessel function of order n
m & n = mode numbers
r & θ: radial and angular coordinates of a point
R = inside radius of pipe, m
Kmn is the solution of the following equation:
dJn (Kmn ) / dr = 0 (2)
The frequency of pulsation ω and the mode parameter
Kmn are related by the following equation:
ω = Kmn . C / R or f = Kmn . C / ( 2 π R ) (3)
ω = frequency of pulsation, rad/s
f = frequency of pulsation, Hz
C = speed of sound in fluid, m/s
Figure (1) shows the shape of the pressure pulsation
amplitude for different acoustic modes. The modes with m=0
are called diametral modes and have their nodal lines as radial
lines. The modes with n=0 are called annular modes and have
their nodal lines as circles. The modes with n≠ 0 & m ≠ 0 are
combined modes. Table (1) provides the value of Kmn for the
first 24 modes.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Finite Element model of a straight run of pipe is built by
use of ANSYS 11.0 software utilizing shell element. The
element has 4 nodes with 6 degrees of freedom for each node.
The acoustic pressure is applied as a surface load on the shell
elements of the pipe with the spatial distribution corresponding
to the applied acoustic mode. A harmonic analysis of the
model is performed with the applied frequency as the
frequency of the acoustic mode.
The total dynamic energy of the vibration of the pipe
model is obtained. The acoustic fluid is divided into elements
and the total acoustic energy is obtained numerically by the
summation of the acoustic energy of the acoustic fluid
elements, according to Eq. (4), where summation is over all
fluid elements:
E1 = ∑ VE p /( 4 ρ C2) (4)
Where:
VE = the element volume, m3
p = amplitude of acoustic pressure pulsation, Pa
ρ = acoustic fluid density, kg/m3
C = speed of sound in acoustic fluid, m/s
Table (2) provides summary of the main parameters of the
pipe and acoustic fluid used in the analysis.
POWER FLOW
Previous studies of the AIV in piping systems have
established the fact that in these systems power always flows
from the acoustic fluid subsystem to the pipe structure
subsystem.
The analysis of the AIV by the method of SEA, which has
been considered in detail in a previous study [1], is based on
the application of the power flow equations to the pipe and
fluid subsystems. Figure (2) shows a diagram of the energy
and the power flow between the acoustic fluid and pipe
subsystems, for the case of a straight run of pipe.
The Coupling Loss Factor (CLF) is a dimensionless factor
that is defined by the net power flow from the acoustic fluid to
the pipe and which can be utilized in the formulation of the
SEA model.
The power flow from the acoustic fluid to the pipe and the
CLF are obtained by the application of Eq. (5) and Eq. (6) [1]
to the calculated values of the total acoustic and dynamic
strain energy of the FEA model.
P12 = 2 πζ E2 f = ωζ E2 (5)
η12= ζ E2 N2 / (E1 N2 – E2 N1) (6)
Where:
E1= total acoustic energy of fluid subsystem, joule
E2= total dynamic energy of the pipe subsystem, joule
N1= modal density of fluid subsystem, sec
N2= modal density of pipe subsystem, sec
P12 = net power flow from subsystem 1 to 2, watt
ω = frequency, rad/sec
ζ = damping ratio
η12 = coupling loss factor
The modal densities of the acoustic fluid and pipe
subsystems N1 and N2 are estimated by Eq. (7) and Eq. (8) [4]:
N1 = 4 π V f2 / C3 (7)
N2 = [ L R / ( 2 T )] [ 12 ρ ( 1 – ν2 ) / E ] (8)
2 Copyright © 2014 by ASME

Where:
V = volume of acoustic fluid, m3
f = frequency, Hz
C = speed of sound in acoustic fluid, m/s
L = pipe length, m
R = pipe average radius, m
T = pipe wall thickness, m
ρ = pipe material density, Kg/m3
ν = pipe material Poisson’s ratio
E = pipe modulus of elasticity, Pa
Figures (3) to (10) provide the results of the analysis as
CLF for the different acoustic modes covering the first 24
modes. The results are provided for a range of values of pipe
diameter and wall thickness.
EFFECT OF PIPE PARAMETERS
It can be observed from Fig. (3) to (10) that the highest
coupling factor is produced by the annular acoustic modes
with n=0 and m=1 - 3. This is particularly evident for higher
values of D/T. For lower values of D/T the response shows that
the diametral modes with m=0 and n=4 - 5 start to be
significant.
The response due to diametral modes can be significant in
the cases of resonance. This occurs when the frequency of the
acoustic diametral mode coincides with frequency of the pipe
diametral mode with the same mode number.
The variation of the Coupling Loss Factor corresponding
to the maximum value of the annular modes is plotted against
the pipe D/T ratio in Fig.(11). This plot shows that higher D/T
values correspond with higher power flow and hence higher
CLF. The increase of CLF against the pipe D/T is nearly linear.
CONCLUSIONS
A method of analysis of acoustic induced vibration by
finite element method has been presented. In this method the
acoustic fluid is represented as applied pressure pulsation
corresponding to the different effective acoustic modes. The
extensive computation cost involved in detailed modeling of
the acoustic fluid is avoided in this analysis.
The analysis performed for a straight run has provided
insight into the most dominant acoustic modes in pipe wall
vibration excitation and the dependence of the power flow and
coupling loss factor on pipe diameter to thickness ratio.
NOMENCLATURE
Amn = mode coefficient, Pa
C = speed of sound in acoustic fluid, m/s
E = pipe modulus of elasticity, Pa
E1= total acoustic energy of fluid subsystem, joule
E2= total dynamic energy of the pipe subsystem, joule
f = frequency of pulsation, Hz
Jn = Bessel function of order n
Kmn = mode parameter
L = pipe length, m
m & n = mode numbers
N1= modal density of fluid subsystem, sec
N2= modal density of pipe subsystem, sec
p = acoustic pressure, Pa
P12 = net power flow from subsystem 1 to 2, watt
R = radius of pipe
T = pipe wall thickness, m
V = volume of acoustic fluid, m3
VE = fluid element volume, m3
ρ = material density, Kg/m3
ν = pipe material Poisson’s ratio
ζ = damping ratio
η12 = coupling loss factor
ω = frequency of pulsation, rad/s
REFERENCES
[1] Dweib, A.H.,”Parametric Study of the Coupling Factor
for the Statistical Energy Analysis of Piping Acoustic
Vibration”, Proceedings of the ASME PVP Conference, July
2013.
[2] Dweib, A.H.,”Power Spectral Density Analysis of
Acoustically Induced Vibration in Piping Systems”,
Proceedings of the ASME PVP Conference, July 2012.
[3] Dweib, A.H.,”Acoustic Fatigue Assessment of Piping
System Components By Finite Element Analysis”, Proceedings
of the ASME PVP Conference, July 2011.
[4] T. Koizumi, N. Tsujiuchi, H. Tanaka, M. Okubo, M.
Shinomiya,” Prediction of the Vibration in Buildings Using
Statistical Energy Analysis”, Proceedings of the International
Modal Analysis Conference Imac, 2002.
[5] Stephen M. Price and Donald R. Smith, “Sources and
Remedies of High-Frequency Piping Vibration and Noise”,
Proceedings of The 28th Turbomachinery Symposium.
[6] Eisinger, F.L., Sullivan, R.E., Feenstra, P. and Weaver,
D.S., “Acoustic Vibration in a Stack Induced by Pipe Bends”,
Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on FSI, AE &
FIV+N, ASME Mechanical Engineering Congress &
Exposition, November 2002.
[7] HGD Goyder,”Modeling of acoustic Sources in
Pipework”, Proceedings of the ASME 2011 PVP Conference,
July 2011.
[8] M. Norton and D. Karczub, Fundamentals of Noise
and Vibration Analysis for Engineers, Cambridge University
Press, John Wiley, 2003.
[9] Karczub, D.G. and Fagerlund, A.C.,“Dynamic Stress
Predictions of Acoustic- Induced Pipe Vibration Failures”,
24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and
Arctic Engineering, OMAE, 2005.
[10] Hayash, I., Hioki, T., and Hiroshi, I., “Investigation
of Design Method For Piping Systems to Prevent Acoustic
Fatigue in Process Plants”, ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping
Conference, 2002.
[11] Norton, M.P., "Acoustically Induced Structural
Vibration and Fatigue - A Review", Third International
3 Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Congress on Airand Structure-borne Sound and Vibration,
Montreal, Canada, 1994.
[12] Mace, B.R., “Statistical Energy Analysis and Finite
Elements”, Euronoise 2003: Fifth European Conference on
Noise Control, Naples, Italy, 19 - 21 May 2003.
[13] Smeulers, J.P.M., Van Beek, P.J.G., Golliard, J.,”
Analysis of Acoustic Fatigue in Safety Relief Systems”,
Proceedings of the ASME 2011 PVP Conference, July 2011.

Table 1: Values of Kmn for First 24 Acoustic Modes

Table 2: System Parameter Values

4 Copyright © 2014 by ASME

Figure 1: Pressure Distribution of Stationary Acoustic Modes

5 Copyright © 2014 by ASME

 Coupling Loss Factor, 1E-10

0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
0, 0, 0
1, 0, 1650
2, 0, 3025
3, 0, 4395
0, 1, 793
1, 1, 2296
2, 1, 3679
3, 1, 5041
0, 2, 1314
1, 2, 2891
2, 2, 4296
3, 2, 5687

6
0, 3, 1810
1, 3, 3455
2, 3, 4912
3, 3, 6290
0, 4, 2292
Figure 2: Power Flow Model of Pipe-Fluid System

Acoustic Modes: m, n, Frequency, Hz

1, 4, 3998

Figure 3: Coupling Loss Factor - Pipe DN250 - T=3.40mm

2, 4, 5472
3, 4, 6894
0, 5, 2766
1, 5, 4524
2, 5, 6032
3, 5, 7454

Copyright © 2014 by ASME

 Coupling Loss Factor, 1E-10 Coupling Loss Factor, 1E-10 Coupling Loss Factor, 1E-10

0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0

1, 0, 884 1, 0, 882 1, 0, 1660

2, 0, 1621 2, 0, 1616 2, 0, 3043

3, 0, 2355 3, 0, 2348 3, 0, 4421

0, 1, 425 0, 1, 424 0, 1, 797

1, 1, 1231 1, 1, 1227 1, 1, 2310
2, 1, 1972 2, 1, 1966 2, 1, 3701
3, 1, 2701 3, 1, 2693 3, 1, 5071
0, 2, 704 0, 2, 702 0, 2, 1322
1, 2, 1549 1, 2, 1545 1, 2, 2908
2, 2, 2302 2, 2, 2295 2, 2, 4321
3, 2, 3048 3, 2, 3038 3, 2, 5721

7
0, 3, 970 0, 3, 967 0, 3, 1820
1, 3, 1852 1, 3, 1846 1, 3, 3476
2, 3, 2632 2, 3, 2624 2, 3, 4941
3, 3, 3371 3, 3, 3361 3, 3, 6328

Acoustic Mode: m, n, Frequency Hz

Acoustic Mode: m, n, Frequency Hz
Acoustic Mode: m, n, Frequency, Hz

0, 4, 1228 0, 4, 1225 0, 4, 2306

1, 4, 2143 1, 4, 2136 1, 4, 4022

Figure 6: Coupling Loss Factor - Pipe DN500 - T=5.54mm

Figure 5: Coupling Loss Factor - Pipe DN500 - T=4.78mm
Figure 4: Coupling Loss Factor - Pipe DN250 - T=4.19mm

2, 4, 2932 2, 4, 2923 2, 4, 5504

3, 4, 3694 3, 4, 3683 3, 4, 6935
0, 5, 1482 0, 5, 1478 0, 5, 2783
1, 5, 2424 1, 5, 2417 1, 5, 4551
2, 5, 3232 2, 5, 3223 2, 5, 6068
3, 5, 3994 3, 5, 3982 3, 5, 7498

Copyright © 2014 by ASME

 Coupling Loss Factor, 1E-10
Coupling Loss Factor, 1E-10
Coupling Loss Factor, 1E-10

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40

0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0
1, 0, 589 1, 0, 586 0, 0, 0
2, 0, 1079 2, 0, 1075 1, 0, 899

3, 0, 1568 3, 0, 1562 2, 0, 1647

0, 1, 283 0, 1, 282 3, 0, 2394

0, 1, 432
1, 1, 820 1, 1, 816
1, 1, 1251
2, 1, 1313 2, 1, 1308
2, 1, 2004
3, 1, 1799 3, 1, 1792
3, 1, 2746
0, 2, 469 0, 2, 467
0, 2, 716
1, 2, 1032 1, 2, 1027 1, 2, 1575
2, 2, 1533 2, 2, 1527 2, 2, 2340
3, 2, 2030 3, 2, 2021 3, 2, 3098

8
0, 3, 646 0, 3, 643 0, 3, 986
1, 3, 1233 1, 3, 1228 1, 3, 1882

2, 3, 1753 2, 3, 1746 2, 3, 2675

3, 3, 3426
3, 3, 2245 3, 3, 2236
Acoustic Mode: m, n, Frequency Hz

Acoustic Mode: m, n, Frequency, Hz

Acoustic Mode: m, n, Frequency, Hz
0, 4, 1248
0, 4, 818 0, 4, 815

Figure 8: Coupling Loss Factor - Pipe DN750 - T=6.35

1, 4, 2178

Figure 9: Coupling Loss Factor - Pipe DN750 - T=7.92mm

Figure 7: Coupling Loss Factor - Pipe DN500 - T=9.53mm

1, 4 , 1427 1, 4 , 1421
2, 4, 2980
2, 4, 1953 2, 4, 1945
3, 4, 3755
3, 4, 2460 3, 4, 2450 0, 5, 1507
0, 5, 987 0, 5, 983 1, 5, 2464
1, 5, 1615 1, 5, 1608 2, 5, 3285
2, 5, 2153 2, 5, 2144 3, 5, 4060
3, 5, 2660 3, 5, 2649

Copyright © 2014 by ASME

Coupling Loss Factor, 1E-10

0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0, 0, 0
1, 0, 597
2, 0, 1093
3, 0, 1589
0, 1, 287
1, 1, 830
2, 1, 1330
3, 1, 1822
0, 2, 475
1, 2, 1045
2, 2, 1553
3, 2, 2056
0, 3, 654
1, 3, 1249
2, 3, 1776
3, 3, 2274
0, 4, 829
1, 4 , 1445
2, 4, 1978
3, 4, 2492
0, 5, 1000
1, 5, 1636
2, 5, 2181
3, 5, 2695
Acoustic Mode: m, n, Frequency, Hz

Figure 10: Coupling Loss Factor - Pipe DN750 - T=12.70mm

1.40
Coupling Loss Facor, 1E-10

1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Diameter to Thickness D/T Ratio

Figure 11: Maximum CLF of Annular Modes Versus Pipe Diameter to Thickness D/T Ratio

9 Copyright © 2014 by ASME

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