Introduction to

Artificial Intelligence

Dr. N. M. Meenachi
 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

What is AI?
Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the
design of intelligence in an artificial device.
The term was coined by McCarthy in 1956.
There are two ideas in the definition.
1. Intelligence
2. Artificial device
* Application which can do its own task
without any human intervention
 Definition 1

 The first definition we consider is by Elaine Rich, the

author of the book entitled ‘Artificial Intelligence’.

 It states: Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to

make computers do things, at which, at the moment,
people are better.

 Rich’s definition is the idea that there are mental tasks

that computers can do better than human beings and
vice-versa, there are tasks which at the moment
human beings can do better than computers.
 Definition by Barr And
Feigenbaum

Artificial Intelligence is the part of

computer science concerned with
designing intelligent computer systems,
i.e., systems that exhibit the
characteristics that associate with
intelligence in human behaviour.
 Definition by SHALKOFF

 ‘Perhaps broadest definition is that AI is a field

of study that seeks to explain and emulate
intelligent behavior in terms of computational
processes’.
What is intelligence?
❖ Is it that which characterize humans? Or is there an
absolute standard of judgment?
❖ Accordingly there are two possibilities:
▪ A system with intelligence is expected to behave as intelligently as a
human
▪ A system with intelligence is expected to behave in the best possible
manner
❖ Secondly what type of behavior are we talking about?
Are we looking at the thought process or reasoning
ability of the system?
Or are we only interested in the final manifestations of
the system in terms of its actions?
Can Machine Think?

Reasoning
Learning
Problem Solving
Perception
 Human beings Vs Machine
❖It is well known that
computers are better than
human beings in the matter
of
❖ Numerical Computation
❖ Information Storage
❖ Repetitive Task
❖ tasks requiring sequential but
fast computations.
❖ Human Beings are better
than machine in
understanding including the
capability of explaining
❖ predicting the behavior and
structure of a system
❖ common-sense
❖ reasoning
❖ in drawing conclusions when
available information is
either incomplete,
inconsistent or even both,
❖ visual understanding and
speech understanding
❖ in tasks, requiring essentially
parallel processing.
History
 2000

➢Interactive robot pets become commercially

available.

➢MIT displays Kismet, a robot with a face that

expresses emotions.

➢ The robot Nomad explores remote regions of

Antarctica and locates meteorites.
 In 2020
Bill Huang is chief executive of CloudMinds, a Chinese–US
company that provides a cloud-based robot operating
system. He explains how the COVID-19 pandemic has
accelerated his firm’s application of robotics technology
in real-life situations.
 How did the robot ward work?
 The ward was set up in Wuhan Hongshan Sports Centre. We designed it to be
suitable for around 200 people who were demonstrating early symptoms of the virus
and needed medical care but were not seriously ill.
 In total, we had 12 robots performing different functions, ranging from the delivery
of food, drinks and drugs, to monitoring vital signs and disinfecting the area. Outside
the room, clinical staff controlled and monitored the robots’ movements.
 Before we opened the ward, engineers from CloudMinds mapped the area and
uploaded its geographical information to a cloud-based server. The robots used
these information points to navigate the ward. Our engineers also installed a large
screen outside the ward that displayed the health information of each individual,
and was used by doctors and nurses to assign the robots to their next task.
 Patients were also given bracelets fitted with sensors to measure their heart rates
and temperatures.
Manufacturing nuclear fuel (NFC)
New Era
Tesla has become a household name as a leader and pioneer in the electric vehicle market, but it
also manufactures and sells advanced battery and solar panel technology.

As a tech pioneer with a significant interest in the race to build and market autonomous vehicles,
it makes sense that today they would be deeply interested in artificial intelligence. However, it
was only this month that the business’s billionaire founder and CEO Elon Musk publicly
announced it is working on its own AI hardware.
 What’S Involved in intelligence?
• Ability to interact with the real world
– to perceive, understand, and act
– e.g.Speech recognition and understanding and synthesis
– e.g.Image understanding
– e.g.Ability to take actions, have an effect on the environment
• Reasoning and Planning
– modeling the external world, given input
– solving new problems, planning, and making decisions
– ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
• Learning and Adaptation
– we are continuously learning and adapting
– our internal models are always being “updated”
– e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals
 Turing Test

 There are two rooms, A and B. One of the rooms

contains a computer.
 The other contains a human.
 The interrogator is outside and does not know which one
is a computer.
 He can ask questions through a teletype and receives
answers from both A and B.
 The interrogator needs to identify whether A or B are
humans. To pass the Turing test, the machine has to
fool the interrogator into believing that it is human.
 An Application of the Turing Test
▪ A CAPTCHA is a program that protects websites
against bots by generating and grading tests that
humans can pass but current computer programs
cannot. For example, humans can read distorted
text as the one shown below, but current computer
programs can't.
▪ The term CAPTCHA (for Completely Automated Public Turing
Test To Tell Computers and Humans Apart) was coined in
2000 by Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas Hopper and
John Langford of Carnegie Mellon University

32
 AI Successes

▪ Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry

Kasparov in 6 games
▪ World Champion Checkers player Chinook.[World
Man-Machine Checkers Champion]
▪ World Champion Backgammon player
▪ In 1999 A NASA AI agent ran a satellite beyond Mars
for over a day without ground control.
 The first game mastered by a computer was
noughts and crosses (also known as tic-tac-toe)
in 1952.
 In a new feat, Google-run artificial intelligence
(AI) programme “AlphaGo” has defeated
legendary player Lee Se-dol in Go — a complex
Chinese board game that is considered the
“quintessential unsolved problem” for machine
intelligence.(March 9,2016,The Hindu)
 “The ancient Chinese game of Go is one of the
last games where the best human players can
still beat the best artificial intelligence players.
Scientists have been trying to teach computers
to win at Go for 20 years,” he wrote in a post in
January.
The Humanoid COG
 MIT’s finest
 Broken down COG is just a
bunch of sensors and
actuators
 Except for legs and a
flexible spine, COG has all
the major degrees of
freedom of the human
upper body
 Sight exists through video
cameras
 Hearing, touch, hand
motion, and speech are
being added soon
 More Examples

Autonomouse The Ants

TJ
 RoboCup
RoboCup is an international research effort to promote
autonomous robots.

Robots must cooperate

in…
Strategy acquisition
Real-time reasoning
Multi-agent collaboration
Competition against
another team of robots
RoboCup

Each robot has…

Pentium 233MHz
Linux OS
Video camera and
frame grabber
Sensor System
Kicker
Endearing, interactive and superfast with data, India's first banking
robot Lakshmi made her debut on Thursday in the city .
 CHENNAI
Say hello to Lakshmi, the banking robot
CHENNAI NOVEMBER 12, 2016 00:00
City Union Bank is planning to install the robot to
answer customer queries
 Next time when you enter City Union Bank’s (CUB)
T. Nagar branch, chances are that you will be
greeted by Lakshmi, the robot with artificial
intelligence.
Tokyo Organizing Committee of Olympic and Paralympic 2020 Games and
Panasonic, a sponsor company, unveil "Olympic robot" which can bring and
deliver a food and drink as a porter while watching games at the
committee's office in Minato Ward, Tokyo on March 15, 2019.
43

 Robots for home! The idea is moving from speculation to

realisation. Japanese are bringing home robots that take care of
the elderly, can do routine work, can clean glass exteriors, even
attend to babies and replace nurses and attendants in hospitals.

 Even as Jalikattu was being held across Tamil Nadu, the sport
made its presence felt at Anna University on Saturday. As a part
of the National Robotics Competition (Robotzindia.com)
organised by the Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Foundation
(RAAIF), a ‘Robo Jallikattu’ match was held with robots designed
by the students and organisers. Courtesy : The Hindu

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 44

 An institution in K.K. Nagar helps school students across the city

create Swachh Bot, which picks up garbage on the beach.
 For the first time, scientists have designed an insect-like robot smaller
than a paperclip that can both fly and swim — paving the way for
future dual aerial aquatic robotic vehicles.

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 In-Pipe Inspection Robot
 Basically robots are designed in such way that they remove human
intervention from labour intensive and hazardous work environment,
sometimes they are also used to explore inaccessible work places
which are generally impossible to access by humans.
 The inspection of pipe comes in same category because they carry
toxic chemicals, fluids and most of the time has small internal
diameter or bends which become inaccessible to human.
 The complex internal geometry and hazard content constraints of
pipes demand robots for inspection of such pipes in order to check
corrosion level of pipe, recovery of usable parts from pipe interior,
sampling of sludge and scale formation on pipe internal surface etc.
 Several designs of In-pipe inspection robots (IPIR) have been
proposed to solve the problems related with inspection of these
complicated internal geometries.
Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275540925_Design_of_a_N
ew_In-Pipe_Inspection_Robot.
 CORAL,DFRP
 Insight inspection of high level waste cylinders
 This is periodically carried out by QAD(quality
assurance division)
 to find out any leakage, rust or corrosion – visual
inspection
 Crane inspection – to check any cut or crack or
abnormalities in the rope (insect like robot) – raster
scan – ultrasonic inspection are done
 In the dissolver fuel pin inspection like corrosion are
tested
 Welding inspections are also done in BHAVINI using
robotics
 DISHA vehicle
The roof slab forms the top shield of the PFBR
and supports all the components of the
reactor.
The main vessel (12.9 m diameter, 12.8 m
height, 30 mm thick, made of 316 LN stainless
steel) of PFBR that houses the core, vessel
internals, radioactive primary sodium (1150 T)
and argon cover gas is supported at the top
by the circumferential welding to the outer
shell of the roof slab.
Nondestructive in-service examination of this critical dissimilar weld (316LN-
A48P2 carbon steel) from outer surface is envisaged during shut-down by
employing a remotely operated in-service inspection vehicle called DISHA
within the annular interface of ~300 mm between the main vessel and
safety vessel.
The DISHA vehicle carries various nondestructive inspection modules such
as visual camera, Eddy Current (EC) probe and ultrasonic probes. The data
acquisition and analysis scheme along with complete software have been
developed in-house for inspection of dissimilar weld in PFBR.
Meet ' Lisa', an AI-generated news anchor for OTV News in India.
Application Area
Application Area Of AI

➢ Knowledge Management

➢ Human Resource Rostering

➢ Logistic Timetabling

➢ Resource Allocation/Scheduling

➢ Production Scheduling
Major advances in all areas of AI
➢ Significant demonstrations in machine learning

➢ Case-based reasoning

➢ Multi-agent planning

➢ Scheduling

➢ Data mining, Web Crawler

➢ natural language understanding and translation

➢ Vision, Virtual Reality

➢ Games
 Generative AI

❑ Chat GPT – Interactive AI tool

❑ BART – Another interactive tool by Google
❑ DALL-E-2- Deep Learning model for generating
images from text model
❑ JASPER –Content Creation Tools
❑ Auto -Pilot taxi
Questions ???

 Definitions of AI
 Application of AI