Artificial Intelligence

Lecture # 1

Engr. Soonh Taj

Find me at:
engr.soonhtaj@gmail.com
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 Recommended Books
 Russell S.; Norvig P.; “Artificial intelligence – A Modern Approach”,
Latest Edition, Prentice Hall.
 Luger G.F.; Artificial Intelligence – Structures and Strategies for
Complex Problem Solving”, Latest Edition, Pearson Higher
Education.
 Coppin B.; “Artificial Intelligence Illuminated”, Latest Edition, Jones
and Bartlett Publishers USA.

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1.Introduction

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 What is Intelligence?
The exact definition of intelligence is complex and controversial.
Psychologists have debated over an exact definition for years.
One could certainly define intelligence by the properties one
exhibits, for instance the ability to:
 deal with new situation,
 solve problems,
 answer questions,
 devise plans, and so on.

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 What is Intelligence?
• Intelligence or Intelligent Behavior can also be defined in terms of
one’s capacity for:
 Abstract thinking,
 Self-awareness,
 Communication,
 Learning and understanding from experiences
 Memory and Planning,
 Creativity and problem solving.
 Making sense out of ambiguous and contradictory messages
 Responding effectively to and dealing with complex situations
 Applying knowledge to manipulate the environment
• Intelligence does not necessarily mean how fast information is
processed, but it is the ability to demonstrate intelligence by
communicating effectively (by any means) and by learning new
concepts (by any means).

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Artificial Intelligence: Definition
 A branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence pursues
creating the computers or machines as intelligent as human beings.
 Simulation of Intelligence in machines.
 It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs.
 Artificial intelligence is the study of systems that act in a way that to
any observer would appear to be intelligent.
 Embedding human intelligence in to the machine so that they can
think
like humans, behave like humans and make decisions like humans.
 e. g., understanding spoken natural language, medical diagnosis,
circuit design, learning, self-adaptation, reasoning, game playing, etc.

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Main Goals Of Artificial Intelligence
Two main goals of AI.
1. To understand human intelligence better. We test theories of
human intelligence by writing programs which emulate it.
2. To create useful “smart” programs able to do tasks that would
normally require a human expert.
Application Areas Of Artificial Intelligence
• Game Playing
• Automated reasoning and theorem proving
• Expert Systems
• Natural Language Understanding
• Modeling Human Performance
• Planning and Robotics
• Machine Learning
• Computer Vision
• Control Systems
• Optimization

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Artificial Intelligence: History
Year Milestone / Innovation
Karel Čapek play named “Rossum’s Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in
1923
London, first use of the word “robot” in English.
1943 Foundations for neural networks laid.
1945 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics.
Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and
1950 published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon
published Detailed Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.

John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of

1956
the first running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.

John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.

Also in 1958, McCarthy announced the first complete AI system called
1958 Advice Taker. This was a program which was designed to use
knowledge to search for solutions to problems.

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Artificial Intelligence: History
Year Milestone / Innovation
Danny Bobrow’s dissertation at MIT showed that computers can
1964 understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems
correctly.
Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that
1965
carries on a dialogue in English.
The term fuzzy logic was introduced with the 1965 proposal of fuzzy set
1965
theory by Lotfi Zadeh
Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot,
1969
equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.
The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the
1973 Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble
models.
The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was
1979
built.

1985 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.

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Artificial Intelligence: History
Year Milestone / Innovation

Major advances in all areas of AI −

•Significant demonstrations in machine learning
•Case-based reasoning
•Multi-agent planning
1990 •Scheduling
•Data mining, Web Crawler
•natural language understanding and translation
•Vision, Virtual Reality
•Games

The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the world chess champion,
1997
Garry Kasparov.

Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet,

2000 a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The robot Nomad explores
remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites.

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 Artificial Intelligence: History
McCulloch-Pitts Model [1943]
 McCulloch & Pitts (1943) are generally recognized as the designers
of the first artificial neural network.
 Warren McCulloch was Neurologist physiologist and Walter Pitts
was a logician mathematician , both designed first neural network.
 McCulloch-Pitts Model is a Boolean circuit model of brain

It may be divided into 2 parts. The first part, g takes an input performs
an aggregation and based on the aggregated value the second part, f
makes a decision.

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 Artificial Intelligence: History
McCulloch-Pitts Model [1943]
Mathematically

We can see that g(x) is just doing a sum of the inputs — a simple
aggregation. And theta here is called thresholding parameter.
Each neuron has a fixed threshold. If the net input into the neuron is
greater than or equal to the threshold, the neuron fires.
Inputs & output — areonly Boolean.
The activation of a neuron is binary. That is, the neuron either fires
(activation of one) or does not fire (activation of zero).

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Artificial Intelligence: History
Turing Test by Allan Tuning [1950]

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Artificial Intelligence: History
Turing Test by Allan Tuning [1950]
 Three rooms contain a person, a computer, and an
interrogator.
 The interrogator can communicate with the other two.
 The interrogator tries to determine which the person
is and which the machine is.
 The machine tries to fool the interrogator into
believing that it is the person.
 If the machine succeeds, then we conclude that the
machine can think.

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Strong AI & Weak AI
AI

Weak AI Strong AI

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 Weak AI
 Weak AI, an artificial intelligence system which is only intended to
be applicable on a specific kind of problem (e.g. computer chess)
and not intended to display human-like intelligence in general.
 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only
trained for one specific task.
 Weak AI only simulates human thoughts and actions that are
programmed into it.
 Siri is a good example of narrow intelligence. Siri operates within a
limited pre-defined range, there is no genuine intelligence, no self-
awareness, no life despite being a sophisticated example of weak
AI.
 IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it
uses an Expert system approach combined with Machine learning
and natural language processing.
 Some Examples of Weak AI are playing chess, purchasing
suggestions on e-commerce site, self-driving cars, speech
recognition, and image recognition.
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 Strong AI
 Strong AI is the intelligence of a machine that could
successfully perform any intellectual task that a human
being can. It is a primary goal of artificial intelligence
research and an important topic for science fiction
writers and futurists.
 Strong AI also refers to as "full AI" or as the ability to
perform "general intelligent action “ and it is AI that
matches or exceeds human intelligence.
 The followers of strong AI believe that by giving a
computer program sufficient processing power, and by
providing it with enough intelligence, one can create a
computer that can literally think and is conscious in the
same way that a human is conscious.

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 Views Of AI
Four general View of AI.
1. Systems that think like humans
2. Systems that act like humans
3. Systems that think rationally
4. Systems that act rationally

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 How AI Works?
Four principles on which AI works.
1. Think well
2. Act well
3. Think like humans
4. Act like humans

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 How AI Works? Cont.
1. Think well
 Develop formal models of knowledge
representation, reasoning, learning, memory,
problem solving that can be rendered in
algorithms.
 There is often an emphasis on systems that are
provably correct, and guarantee finding an
optimal solution.

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 How AI Works? Cont.
2. Act well
 For a given set of inputs, generate an appropriate
output that is not necessarily correct but gets the job
done.
 A heuristic (heuristic rule, heuristic method) is a rule
of thumb, strategy, trick, simplification, or any other kind
of device which drastically limits search for solutions in
large problem spaces.
 Heuristics do not guarantee optimal solutions; in fact,
they do not guarantee any solution at all: all that can
be said for a useful heuristic is that it offers
solutions which are good enough most of the time.

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 How AI Works? Cont.
3. Think like humans
 Cognitive science approach
 Focus not just on behavior and I/O but also look
at reasoning process.
 Computational model should reflect “how”
results were obtained.
 Provide a new language for expressing
cognitive theories and new mechanisms for
evaluating them

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 How AI Works? Cont.
3. Think like humans
Example
 GPS (General Problem Solver): Goal not just to
produce humanlike behavior, but to produce a
sequence of steps of the reasoning process that was
similar to the steps followed by a person in solving the
same task.
 ELIZA: A program that simulated a psychotherapist
interacting with a patient and successfully passed the
Turing Test.

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 How AI Works? Cont.
4. Act Like Humans
 Behaviorist approach.
 Not interested in how you get results, just the
similarity to what human results are.
 Exemplified by the Turing Test (Alan Turing,
1950).

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Applications Areas Of AI

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 Some Example Applications
 Expert Systems Examples − Flight-tracking systems, Clinical
systems. medical diagnosis in a narrow domain, think tanks
 Computer vision: face recognition from a large set (Interpreting
Images)
 Robotics: autonomous (mostly) automobile
 Natural language processing: simple machine translation to
complex language understanding, Google Now feature, speech
recognition, Automatic voice output.
 Spoken language systems: ~1000 word continuous speech.
 Planning and scheduling: Hubble Telescope experiments
 Learning: text categorization into ~1000 topics

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 Some Example Applications
 Games: Grand Master level in chess (world champion), checkers,
etc.
 Fuzzy Logic Systems : Examples − Consumer electronics,
automobiles, etc.
 Simulation Modeling
 Knowledge representation in a model
 Decision making within a simulation
 Rapid prototyping of models
 Data analysis of simulator-generated outputs
 Model modification and maintenance.
 Neural Networks
 Examples − Pattern recognition systems such as face recognition,
character recognition, handwriting recognition.

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 AI Techniques
 In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties
−
 Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
 It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
 It keeps changing constantly.
 AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge
efficiently in such a way that −
 It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
 It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
 It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or
inaccurate.
 AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex
program it is equipped with.

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 AI Techniques
 some fundamental AI techniques:
1. Searching Techniques & Heuristics
2. Expert System
3. Artificial Neural Networks,
4. Natural Language Processing.
5. Fuzzy Logic

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 AI Techniques
 some fundamental AI techniques:
1. Searching Techniques & Heuristics
 Searching is the universal technique of problem solving in AI.
 In artificial intelligence, a heuristic is a technique designed for
solving a problem more quickly when classic methods are
too slow, or for finding an approximate solution when classic
methods fail to find any exact solution. This is achieved by
trading optimality, completeness, accuracy, or precision for
speed. In a way, it can be considered a shortcut.

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 AI Techniques
 some fundamental AI techniques:
2. Expert System
 AI programs that achieve expert-level competence in
solving problems in task areas by bringing to bear a
body of knowledge about specific tasks are called
knowledge-based or expert systems.

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 AI Techniques
 some fundamental AI techniques:
3. Artificial neural network (ANN)
 An artificial neural network (ANN) is a computational
model based on the structure and functions of
biological neural networks.
 To simulate human brain behavior.
 ANN is designed to simulate the way the human brain
analyzes and processes information. ... ANN have
self-learning capabilities that enable them to produce
better results as more data become available.

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 AI Techniques
 some fundamental AI techniques:
4. Natural Language Processing
 Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the use of
computers to process written and spoken language
for some practical, useful, purpose:
 For instance:
 to translate languages,
 to get information from the web on text data banks so
as to answer questions,
 to carry on conversations with machines,

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 AI Techniques
 some fundamental AI techniques:
5. Fuzzy Logic
 Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles
human reasoning. The approach of FL imitates the way of
decision making in humans that involves all intermediate
possibilities between digital values YES and NO.
 Fuzzy logic is useful for commercial and practical purposes.
• It can control machines and consumer products.
• It may not give accurate reasoning, but acceptable
reasoning.
.

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Thanks!
Any questions?

find me at:
engr.soonhtaj@gmail.com

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