Wifi

A router is a networking device that forwards data packets betweeen computer

networks.
A router is connected to two or more data lines from one single network.
When a data packets come in on one of the lines, router reads the information in
the packet to determine its ultimate destination.

WI-FI i.e. wireless fidelity is wireless technology that uses radio frequency to
transmit data through the air Wi-Fi (wireless technology) is an alternative to
technology, which is commonly used ,for connecting devices in wireless using
radio waves.
Origin
Back in 1991 wi-fi was invented by NCR Coporation in Netherlands.
The first wireless products were brought on the market under the name WaveLan
with speeds of 1mbs/2Mbs
Vic Hayes who is the inventor of wifi has been named “father of wi-fi”

How does it work?

WI-FI TECHNOLOGY USES RADIO SINGNALS TO TRANSMIT DATA JUST LIKE OUR
OLD RADIO SETS, TVS AND WALKIE-TALKIES. THE WIRELESS ADAPTER OF THE
DEVICE TRANSLATES DIGITAL DATA TO RADIO SIGNALS SIGINAL ARE THEN
TRANSMITTED OVER THE ANTENNA ROUTER RECIEVES THE SIGNAL AND DECODES
THEM.
Advantages
 No Wires-A truly wireless networking solution.
 No Waiting- Fast, easy, deployments.
 No Worries-A wireless networking system that is secure, easy to manage,
and built to grow with you.
  Ease of installation – Quick, easy setup.
 Fast data transfer rates.
Disadvantages
 Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent
worldwide.
 Power consumption is fairly high compared to some other low-bandwidth
standards.
 WiFi networks have limited range.
 WiFi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area,
especially on the same or neighboring channel, can prevent access and
interfere with the use of other access points by others
WiFi provides freedom: freedom to physically move around your home or
business and still stay connected to the Internet or local network; freedom to
grow and move an office or business and there will not be need to install new
cables and wires; freedom to be connected while traveling and on the road.

Limitations
Limited range
Data security risks: a huge challenge for Wi-Fi networks.
Interference from other devices: such as telephones, microwave ovens.
High power consumption: making battery life and heat a concern.

LIFI
WHAT IS LI-FI?

Li-Fi, as coined by Prof. Harald Haas during his TED Global talk, is bidirectional,
high speed and fully networked wireless communications similar to Wi-Fi. Li-Fi is a
subset of optical wireless communication (OWC) and can be a complement to RF
communication (Wi-Fi or Cellular network), or a replacement in contexts of data
broadcasting.

Existing wireless technology - Why do we need an alternate technology?

• CAPACITY
• EFFICIENCY
• AVAILABILITY
• SECURITY
LIFI OVER WIFI
WORKING
DISADVANTAGES
Nothing in this world is perfect and so does LIFI.
• These signals cannot penetrate walls. So the person needs wired bulb in
that room also.
• Only works if there is direct line of sight between source and receiver.
• Used for broadcast and it is difficult to uplink.
APPLICATIONS
• Underwater communications: Since radio waves cannot be used under
water because these waves are strongly absorbed by sea water within feet
of their transmission and this renders it unusable underwater but LIFI is
suitable for underwater communication
• Health sector: Since WIFI is not safe to be used in hospitals and other
various health care sectors because it penetrates human body. LIFI can be
implemented and well suit in this sector.
• Internet anywhere: street lamps, light of vehicles can be used to access
internet anywhere in footpaths, roads, malls, anywhere where light source
is available.
 • Safety and management: it can be used to update traffic information at
almost every instant and it will be easy for traffic police to deal with traffic
and catch the one who breaks the rule.
• IDEAS FOR MORE APPLICATIONS :
• Finding the location of a person :
LiFi uses visible light and this property can be exploited in finding the
location of people. Suppose if a child is misplaced and he/she is wearing an earing
which is made of Led’s. this led can constantly communicate with the visible light
available and reveal the location of the child.
• Navigation System : since visible light is present everywhere, we can create
internal navigation systems for the bigger areas to create automated
machinery/ automatic navigation for the visitors.
• Underwater Applications : the LEDs can be embedded in the water bed to
reveal the various impurities underwater. The various leds will
communicate with each other to give the overall amount of impurity in that
particular area.
• Instant data transfer between the devices : the high speed transfer of the
leds can be used to transfer the data between the devices.
• The disadvantage of the Lifi is uplink is difficult.
• So we can have the photodiodes embedded near to the people on
the pillars for eg.
• Or we can have the same led behaving as a photodiode as well as an
led.
What is Modem

Introduction

The word "modem" is a contraction of the words modulator-demodulator. A

modem is typically used to send digital data over a phone line.

The sending modem modulates the data into a signal that is compatible with the
phone line, and the receiving modem demodulates the signal back into digital
data. Wireless modems convert digital data into radio signals and back.

A modem [Modulator -Demodulator] is a device.

Data communication means transmitting digital information form one
computer to other computers through the comuunication channels.
Communicate equipment used for long distance data transfer through
telephone lines.
A pair of modems are needed to communication
Modulation is simply a fancy name for transmitting information by changing the
shape of a waveform. If you send information by making the peaks of a wave
bigger or smaller, that's called amplitude modulation or AM (because the
amplitude is the size of the wave peaks); if you send information by changing how
often the peaks travel, that's frequency modulation or FM (because the
frequency is the number of peaks that travel per second).
Two types of modem.
 External modem
 Internal modem

Working principle
• The digital data from the computer is converted into analog data by the
modem and are transmitted over the telephone line.
 • The analog data received from the telephone line is converted to digital by
the modem and is given to the computer.

• This unit receives serial data and gives it to the modulator.

• It receives demodulated data from the demodulator and gives it to the
modem processor.
• This interface is used to connect computer and modem through serial port
using standard RS232C used in external modem for bits conversion.
• This unit is used to convert the digital data from computer into analog data.
This process is called modulation.
• This is done by adding a carrier signal to the digital signal.

Demodulator
• This unit is used to convert the analog data from telephone system into
digital data.
• This is done by eliminating the carrier signal from analog signal.
Phone interface
• Connect modem with the phone socket.
• Dial the umber for making communication.
• Detect the incoming ring signals.
• Connect speaker for giving voice information , ring tone , data tone,
engaged tone etc.,

Standards and speeds

If you have a very fast modem but your ISP has only a slow one, the two devices
will be forced to communicate at the slower speed. Every dialup modem works
according to a particular international standard (a number prefaced by a capital
letter V)—and this tells you how quickly it sends and receives data in bits (binary
digits) per second (usually abbreviated bps). The most common standards are:

Standard Speed (bps)

V.22 1200
 V.32 9600

V.32bis 14,400

V.33 14,400

V.34 28,800

V.34+ 33,600

V.90 56,000

V.92 56,000

The older standards, such as V.22, assumed the connection between two
computers was mostly analog; newer standards like V.90 achieve higher speeds
by assuming the connection is at least partly digita