What is AI?

• People have been, since ages, drawn to the idea

of creating intelligence outside the human body.

• Examples are numerous in Greek and European mythology

• Ever since the first computers were built, scientist have been
trying to make them intelligent

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 What is AI?

• The branch of computer science called Artificial Intelligence

is said to have been born at a conference held at
Dartmouth, USA, in 1956

• The scientists attending that conference represented several

different disciplines: mathematics, neurology,
psychology, electrical engineering, etc

• They had one thing in common:

They all were trying to use the recently developed
computers to simulate various aspects of human
intelligence

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 What is AI?

• Artificial Intelligence may be defined as the branch of

computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior

• An exact definition of intelligence is not easy to formulate

• However, there are some general abilities which are

universally considered as intelligent

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 What is AI?

According to Douglas Hofstadter these are:

- To respond to situations very flexibly

If the same response is exhibited each time, the behavior
is called mechanical.
To survive in changing environments, one need to exhibit
innovative behavior (e.g. art of begging)

- To make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory messages

We understand such messages because our knowledge and
experience allows us to place them in context.
(e.g. time flies like an arrow, buy this washing powder
versus buy that washing powder)

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 What is AI?

- To recognize the relative importance of different elements

of a situation
(e.g. quality versus price of a commodity)

- To find similarities between situations despite differences

which may separate them
(e.g. chairs in two different pictures)

- To draw distinctions between situations despite similarities

which may link them
(e.g. differences in two cars)

These abilities are largely due to knowledge and experience,

which allows you to place an information in its wider context
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 What is AI?

Another definition of intelligence:

It is the ability to
- perceive inter-relationship of facts
- learn and understand from experience
- acquire and retain knowledge
- respond quickly and successfully to a new
situation

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 What is AI?

Turing test was proposed in 1950.

It is a test to decide whether or not a particular

machine is intelligent.
 
Machine Human
 
 

Player

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 What is AI?

- Contact only through monitor and keyboard

- Machine tries to pose as a human
- If the player cannot distinguish between human and
machine, then machine is considered intelligent
 

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 History of AI?

The term AI was formalised in Dartmouth Conference in

1957. Dartmouth is a college in USA.
 
Up till 1980’s the AI expansion was in the field of Expert
Systems, Chess and other game playing and Natural
Language Processing.
 
During these times LISP was invented in 1957 and
PROLOG in 1970 (These are AI programming
languages).
 
In the 1990’s some new techniques became famous,
namely Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms and
Fuzzy Logic.
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 History of AI?

1950 Turning describes his test for machine intelligence

1955 Bernstein develops first working chess program
1956 McCarthy coins the term Artificial Intelligence
1957 McCarthy invents LISP
1965 Feigenbaum develops the first expert system
1967 Greenblatt develops the first competent chess
program
1970 PROLOG language is invented
1972 Natural language processing program SHRDLU
1982 Japanese 5th generation AI research effort begins

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 Major AI Areas

1. Expert Systems
An ES is a computer program designed to act as an
expert in a particular domain (area of expertise). It
typically includes a sizeable knowledge base,
consisting of facts about the domain and rules for
application to those facts. Medical, chemical,
geological
 
2. Natural Language Processing
Goal is to enable people and computers to
communicate in ordinary or natural English.
- Comprehension of natural language:
Keyboard input, speech recognition
- Generation of natural language.
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 Major AI Areas

3. Robotics and Computer Vision

Factory automation
Autonomous vehicles

Robots: Electromechanical devices programmed to

perform manual tasks. Not all robots are
intelligent. Some are pre-programmed by conventional
techniques and are dumb. An intelligent robot
usually includes some kind of sensory apparatus that
allows it to respond to changes in its environment.

Computer Vision: Comprehension of surroundings

(interpretation of images)

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 Major AI Areas

4. Game Playing
e.g. Chess
 
5. Languages and Environment of AI
 
6. Planning and Decision Support
Intelligent programs designed to provide active
assistance in the planning process. They are helpful to
managers with decision making responsibilities

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 Major AI Areas

7. Automatic Programming
The aim is a computer system that could develop
programs by itself, in response to and in
accordance with the specifications of a program
developer
 
8. Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction
Computerised tutors that shape their teaching
techniques to fit the learning patterns of individual
students
 
9. Machine Learning & Emergent Computation
e.g. Neural Networks, Genetic algorithm.

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 AI prehistory
Philosophy logic, methods of reasoning mind as physical
system foundations of learning, language, rationality
Mathematics formal representation and proof
algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability
probability
Psychology adaptation phenomena of perception and motor
control experimental techniques (psychophysics, etc.)

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Economics formal theory of rational decisions
Linguistics knowledge representation grammar
Neuroscience plastic physical substrate for mental
activity
Control theory homeostatic systems, stability simple
optimal agent designs

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 AI Growing Pains

• Many methods and techniques have been developed

under the umbrella of AI to simulate intelligent
behavior

• However, we are still far away from the goals set by

Hollywood movies like Terminator

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 Home Work
Uses and Applications of Artificial
Intelligence in Manufacturing, Medicine,
Defense, Chemistry, and other Applied
Disciplines

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