THSLST Chapter 1

Ton Duc Thang University - Tôn
Faculty of Applied Sciences - Khoa Khoa
EVOLUTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 1

CHAPTER 1
EVOLUTION, PHYSIOLOGY
AND ECOLOGY

1 Introduction and Definitions
1.1 Evolutionary Biology

1.2 Physiological Ecology
2 Factors that influence Physiological Ecology
2.1 Abiotic factors

2.2 Biotic factors
3 Conclusion: Physiological Ecology, Evolution

& Climate Change
1. INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Why study evolution and ecology?
- Biodiversity on earth:
- Up to 1.8 millions of
species KNOWN
Estimated number = from 5.5 to 30

millions species!
Biodiversity remains unknown in

tropical / subtropical areas
Biodiversity is essential for

our survival
Levels of biodiversity
ECOLOGICAL/ ECOSYSTEM
Different habitats, niches, species
interactions
SPECIES
Different kinds of organisms,
relationships among species
GENETIC
Different genes & combinations of
gene within populations

What is evolution?

What is evolution?
Evolution (Futuyma)
change in the properties of populations of

organisms individual
organisms do not evolve
are inheritable via the genetic material from one generation to the
Evolution
Transformation of living organisms over time, characterized by the
change of their genetic

What is evolution?
Evolution
change in the frequency of alleles within a gene pool from one
generation
Wrong definitions of evolution
animal life arose from the earliest and most primitive organisms, which
(Oxford Concise Science Dictionary)

What is evolution?
Another (!) classical misconception from evolution

An history of concepts of evolution
Greece, Aristotle (-
First book with zoologist descriptions of living organisms
Aristotle
From antiquity to 19th century: the creationist view
organisms was ascribed to creation by

an omnipotent, beneficent designer,
(D. Futuyma).

An history of concepts of evolution
Systema Naturae
"Deus creavit, Linnaeus disposuit" Fixist
theory but first system of plant classes using the
Linnaeus
Linnaean System = (binomial) Genus + Species
Parus major Parus caeruleus
Two birds : same genus (Parus) but

different species (caeruleus and major)

An history of evolutionary theories
Lamarck (1744-1829)
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Lamarck
If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its
environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring
Darwin (1809-1882)
Theory of Natural Selection (1859)
Evolution : Mutation, and Natural Selection; All species of

life have descended over time from common ancestors
Charles Darwin

The Beagle

Bak Ye
An history of evolution
"
" "" " y Darwin
"
§
Ernest Mayr (1904-2005)
.
proposed the Biological Species Concept and

highlighted the role of allopatric speciation
I
Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975)
Towards the modern synthesis (1942)
evolution and natural selection Stebbins, Simpson, Dobzhansky

21/2/22
Seis seein
INTRODUCTION

'
ai a tmyen
'
bit me the hi San
' '
① D-d- d-e di Cho

.
② Sinh nhieu him song

Toit da da khid-csihraphoii-dautrahsihtorinencot.si/sedieid-i
'
~ the
→
③ Toit da oteiicootada.ngdo.ve
'
et ≠ nhan
→ lie ? bien
em
di
.
troy quoin the
Tav lieu ciea CLTN → tien

'
hook
Tat da diet ptrñn Theo thgiantii tien chug
'
1 to
→
'
Thick nghi St ton d-c
→ I
ta.ir
Chim St vi d-at tin ≠ nhan → ino ≠ nhan
Vico bien di rien moi nai hoa ateeitit to Hien chung

'
nhiing
' '
' '
•
tat ca
.
bien di the tien

_
' '
•
Co
'
co hoa
.
Defining Physiology and Ecology
Moicéthedeiiphaidaiitranhsinhtiñotésoirgso't
aiitrah
D- (Darwin)
That struggle may be of two kinds:
Shf steak ( VD : gia-nhb.am tinh ,
Chito
Physiology Ecology ,
cong
* )
trahiémtrgsohg
'
iainnguiinddithiican
" '
" '
KK .
.
.
d-
,
The struggle to acquire the ate The struggle with competing

resources needed for *rien neighbors of the same or
establishment and growth different species.

Physiology Ecology
physis) = nature house", or "environment"

-logia), = "study of" -logia), = "study of"

civil v2 mqh
'
Sinh Rati Ki mqhgiiiasinhv.at voi mti

nghiem
'
sinh
ly I a-
I
bénngoai )
giiiamtiva-chiiona-ngc.ua co
trong cos they bein then

quan
g)
Physiology Ecology
Is the study of relationship Is the study of relationship

between nature and functions between an organism, other
of living organisms organisms and its environment
(INSIDE) (OUTSIDE)

Ecology and definitions
Ecosystem hi .
sihthai voi e song Cgio n'E.) ,
song
'
Ici batt ki kvvfenaio goin su

An ecosystem is any geographic area
that includes all of the organisms and
nonliving parts of their physical
ID ruing nhie.to#i.xa
:
environment. esa.org Van y

^ - -
A terrestrial ecosystem
An ecosystem can be a natural

wilderness area, a suburban lake or
A marine ecosystem

Ecology and Biodiversity sinhthaicouaitro-languon-d-et. ae
• he
da d.ang
.
ra
Sinh hee .
Ecosystem: Benefits
Roles for
Biodiversity
Recreation
Resources
thai co ñléai
'
Phai lie Sinh →

'
co .
→ moi ai da d.angsinhh.ie
→ trees hooi

What Is Physiological Ecology?
Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America

Vol. 63, No. 4 (Dec., 1982), pp. 340-347
'
ly Sinh thai
Sinh ho.ee
.
Ia-
nga-nhsinhho.enghienaiieue.su?thichnghiaiasinhly' sinhv.at us d-k tising
is a biological discipline that studies the
adaptation of an organism's physiology to environmental conditions

-
Dad.org sinhh.oela-va.tk?euaiatienhooi
Definition of Ecophysiology?
i
un
an experimental science
that describe the physiological mechanisms
ta
'
Chi ' Sho e
tnghie.ms ✗ em co
.
diioi coiinhin sthai

Evolution and Physiological Ecology? -
Bietdctñnho 'a ,
lvidotaisaophaikoesinhhisinhthai
styisthoii thuolcehiia
do mÉtg tin Tin'hoch
.
uiaskhoe
qvannoio
vioinhan voibe.tn
ta.tt?Ndp1uigAd-'do?e
no
ioimtrg
ntn
?


2.1 Abiotic factors

2.2 Biotic factors

& Climate Change
2. FACTORS THAT
INFLUENCE
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY

How are organisms physiologically adapted to
their environment?
Adaptation
What is an adaptation?
What can limit adaptation to a particular
ecosystem?

How are organisms physiologically
adapted to their environment? '
" " "" his harp

Adaptation to aquatic environment: respiration
Vi died i nénénphai co mang diet hd harp
'
.
.
'
w
may
'
gio g da

How are organisms physiologically
adapted to their environment?
Adaptation to aquatic environment: the gills

Adaptations, physiology and evolution
mob ref ghosn

Harry Darwin ,
nñu net d-at d- e' thick nghi

' '
cha su ta
The neo-Darwinian synthesis ( ), including its emphasis natural selection as
the major driving force in evolution, led inevitably to the view that
virtually all features of organisms are adaptive.
Comparative physiologists have routinely viewed any differences among
species as adaptations and have provided many examples that clearly
represent strong evidence for adaptations. di
Q Phiri Cdi noir city thick riata do d-c
do
nghi
Nonetheless, not all features of organisms represent adaptations
to current environmental conditions. tmyeis
v1 : nid-o.ie d-
Some, for example, represent simple inheritance from ancestors.

**
Adaptations, physiology and evolution
Mii quan ne
in a Kieu
gon
Kien aka
-1 d-
mtrij ngati
nhien
→ tao ra
n ed
'
thi
'
thi
Kieu
hier ra
wink Cho a' sink ,

sink Uh hihdag 7
ra tho i
→ tao
queen frog
mtrg shy
hiii
→ hog ,
thick
tryin cholhi the
tin hola
nghi-TN-toi.d-cghid-auiaobo.gg
'
saw →
→

Aldi
qhfcieakG-c.tk cua into +
ng
ahién
↓
> " '
ly hints d.ang)
'
the the hi In
'
t.ae KH ( hoa sinh , sinh

'
ran ca ra ,
↓
Soñg
'
tho i quem trong mtr
'
tap ra
↓
hee i & thick voi mtr
' '
hee ng hi
↓ → nhi -
clinic tot giui xaiibé)

,
thoiquentdised.agiu.aiua-ghidaeivaob.io gen
tnuyenla.ieho↓ the
'
tie Sau
↓ '
'
tien hoa
• via aiding hi viiatrugeislai
,
Cho the 'h?e San moi go.ita- Heis wool ,
Cien ko thi bi thud

ng bien
-
to phisih hog
'
✗
2.1 Abiotic factors

Abiotic factors
Temperature
lineman thou
'
d-d- ee
'
da
Water - d-c ra
mini )
Air
Wind
Gravity
Gases (O2, CO2, Ozone)
Light
Radiations UV
Heavy metals
}
Thile igt
Abiotic factors
Effect of temperature
on water loss rate in
different arthropods

éangnho trap thy
'
ID : Con nai Tui no
Abiotic factors oxii -hdnva-ngw.io/.aiNsconca-ngtothi-hapthu.n-oxi

how
Oxygen (O2)
requirements for
different animals
depending on
their metabolic
rate / activity.
khkn-aghthi.io ✗
y
+
uiyrao kick thuoc
¥ nhi h thy oxy thorp tron
Abiotic factors
coigganxd.aoiagma.gs
Effect of
temperature on
rates according to
their weight

Abiotic factors

Abiotic factors

Abiotic factors

Abiotic factors

Effect of light levels on
Abiotic factors
photosynthesis in different
species

Abiotic factors
Germination of seeds is
stimulated by nitrates
concentrations.
_
NO3 functions as a
signaling compound.

sihhoc
'
Yto
2.2 Biotic factors

( swap Sidney )

In any ecosystem,
organisms interact together
by indirect or direct ways.
Individual from same

species or different species
can modify the adaptation
of local populations and
change their evolution.
Biotic factors
Amen salism
iic Chi
'
calm nhieni 0 -
l ID
:
tao nie hoa
)
con nioiiavaf goin + -
Kisi h +
-
tipi sinh to
agg sik 1- +
0 0
hd.pt'ac Phu E Kiri nhau
.
( goin G. sin hiii Sinh ki sink

g ,
,

Biotic factors: Predation
boio -
di
Predation is consumption of one organism (the prey) by

another organism (the predator), in which the prey is alive when
the predator first attacks it. (Begon Townsend & Harper 2006)

Functional response (Holling 1959):
Holling examined the ability of three predators (shrews and mice) to

consume prey (sawflies cocoons) as prey densities changed.
The masked shrew The short-tailed shrew The deer mouse

Sorex cinereus Blarina brevicauda Peromyscus maniculatus
Sawfly cocoons

type II
type I
type I
type II
Holling defined the functional response type II: there is an upper limit
when prey densities are too high and predators handling time is limited.

True predators kill their prey more or less immediately after attacking
them.
Most of the more obvious carnivores like tigers, eagles, coccinellid

beetles and carnivorous plants are true predators, but so too are
seed-eating rodents and ants, plankton-consuming whales.
Ladybird Harmonia axyridis Plankton (Begon Townsend & Harper 2006)

Biotic factors: Parasitism Ki shh
or
No i
,
ngooi.ru
A parasitoid is an organism that lives on or in a host organism
and ultimately kills the host.
The parasitoids are a group

of insects that belong mainly
to the order Hymenoptera, but
also include many Diptera.
Braconid
Encyrtid Anagyrus
Aphidius
kamali
colemani
They are free-living as adults, but lay

their eggs in, on or near other insects

Biotic factors: Parasitism
Typical characteristics of Parasitoids (vs parasites):
1/ parasitic behavior only during early -egg/larval /pupa- stages*
2/ adults are free living*
3/ parasitoid larva kills and consumes the host
5/ life cycle rather simple
6/ parasitoid has close taxonomic affinity with its host (insect on insect)
7/ reproductive capacity between true parasites and free living animals
* except for Stepsiptera

some exceptions to all for Hymenopterans

Biotic factors: Competition cahtrah
=\
win ± ioai
liar
Competition is an interaction between individuals,
brought about by a shared requirement for a
resource, and leading to a reduction in the
survivorship, growth and/or reproduction of at least
some of the competing individuals concerned.
(Begon Townsend & Harper 2006)

hiii Sinh
Biotic factors: Commensalism
VI.
coinhondpvaoeoibfnoas.im
Commensalism
resources or a home for another organism, but in which the host
itself suffers no tangible ill effects. v1 : edy Lan sñigtréncag
phong
than got

Biotic factors: Mutualism
nd 't Sais
ca-yho.at?au:vsVrhyzobium
In a mutualistic relationship, organisms of
different species interact to their mutual benefit.
It usually involves the direct exchange of goods
or services (food, defense or transport)
Symbiosis close physical

associations between species symbiont
host
Of the 70,000 species of fungus known, 20% are

Lichens are nutritionally specialized fungi
(alga, which provides carbon compounds to the

mycobiont through photosynthesis)
55
Biotic factors : Symbiotic relationships
t'ac
no
?p
A symbiotic mutualistic relationship:
the clownfish feeds on invertebrates that can
harm the sea anemone, and the fecal matter
from the clownfish gives nutrients to the
anemone.
The clownfish is protected from predators

hers Santo
'
ID : ca
by the anemone's weapons - stinging cells,

(the clownfish is immune to this).
The clownfish emits a high pitched sound that

scares the butterfly fish, and protects the
anemone

Biotic factors

Biotic factors : Examples
Plants under herbivory that induce resistance or

attraction to natural enemies
Volatiles Organic Compounds
Maize plant
under herbivore
attack

Abiotic and Biotic factors : Example


2.1 Abiotic factors

2.2 Biotic factors

& Climate Change
3. PHYSIOLOGICAL
ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION
AND CLIMATE CHANGE

• frog Wi h thanh cha tgui
trai qua 5 tan d- at tuyeit ching
( Khobar 450 trnam +re ) do bieiid-oikhiha.ie

Physiological Ecology, Evolution and
do biendoi Khl have
Earth has experienced 5 major extinctions since 600 millions years.
The most notorious extinction period occurred

during the Cretaceous period with a loss of
60% of existing species, including the
dinosaurs and ammonites (-65 millions years)
Human activity made many species of

mammals, birds and amphibians
declining or becoming extinct.
Dodo (Mauritius) Mammoth


Increases of temperatures on earth are +0.87 degrees

Celsius higher than 1880, sea levels are rising and threatening
islands to disappear.
We are experiencing the 6th major extinction due to human

activity, and climate change will soon aggravate the amplitude
of this phenomena.
Species can physiologically adapt to changes on a long time

scale, but sudden changes are too quick and will have profound
and unknown consequences on future biodiversity and on
earth living conditions.

Clips
hóa các loài

Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mnm8nSXEw0
Quá trình hóa hình dáng sinh

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53TTh0rbYcQ

READINGS
Begon M, Townsend CR & Harper JL (2006) Ecology, from

individuals to ecosystems, Fourth Edition, Blackwell publishing,
759 pages.
Willmer P, Stone G & Johnston I (2005) Environmental

physiology of animals, Second Edition, Blackwell publishing, 754
pages.
Lambers H, et al (2008) Plant physiological Ecology, Second

Edition, Springer, 604 pages.

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Ton Duc Thang University - Tôn

Faculty of Applied Sciences - Khoa Khoa

EVOLUTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 1

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 2

1.1 Evolutionary Biology

2 Factors that influence Physiological Ecology

2.1 Abiotic factors

3 Conclusion: Physiological Ecology, Evolution

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 4

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 5

Estimated number = from 5.5 to 30

Biodiversity remains unknown in

Biodiversity is essential for

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 7

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 8

change in the properties of populations of

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 9

Wrong definitions of evolution

(Oxford Concise Science Dictionary)

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 10

Another (!) classical misconception from evolution

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 11

organisms was ascribed to creation by

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 12

Parus major Parus caeruleus

Two birds : same genus (Parus) but

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 13

Evolution : Mutation, and Natural Selection; All species of

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 14

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 15

proposed the Biological Species Concept and

Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975)

Towards the modern synthesis (1942)

evolution and natural selection Stebbins, Simpson, Dobzhansky

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 16

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 17

① D-d- d-e di Cho

② Sinh nhieu him song

Tav lieu ciea CLTN → tien

Vico bien di rien moi nai hoa ateeitit to Hien chung

bien di the tien

The struggle to acquire the ate The struggle with competing

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 18

physis) = nature house", or "environment"

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 19

Sinh Rati Ki mqhgiiiasinhv.at voi mti

trong cos they bein then

Is the study of relationship Is the study of relationship

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 20

Ici batt ki kvvfenaio goin su

environment. esa.org Van y

An ecosystem can be a natural

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 21

Phai lie Sinh →

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 22

Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 23

diioi coiinhin sthai

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 24

603067 Evolution and Physiological Ecology Chapter 1 25

1.1 Evolutionary Biology