PR-1 REVIEWER

Ethical Considerations in
OVERVIEW of RESEARCH
Different concept; truth, ideas, knowledge.
-The research learning is moving beginning
forward
-conducting research is part of the society
Research is a way to improving our society
Research
-Manuscript and Source
INTEGRITY
 refers to the validity of data
 There is no fabrication/falsification
VERACITY
 done by the researcher himself
CONFIDENTIALITY of the SOURCE
 Do not expose respondent’s identity

Characteristics of Research Types of Research

Scientific inquiry (Question)- starts with Quantitative Research

questions and answer questions.
Protocol driven (Procedure)- it drive’s
answer question and compromise.
-Based on procedure
Result’s-Centered (Result)- The question
and procedure are half of research
-It is a conclusion inquiry
- quantify things
-form of numbers & mathematical
operations [mixed methods research]
Qualitative Research
-qualify of information
-underlying reasons & motivations,
experiences, and interpret the data
-word, description, accounts, feelings, etc.

Processes in Research CHARACTERISTICS QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Structuring the Research AIM Count things on Description

-Identify the possible researchable areas what is observed
-Choose a research topic PURPOSE Generalizability, Understand the
-Formulate research questions prediction perspective
 Factors and Experiences
-Conduct a literature review TOOLS Surveys to collect Gathering
 Gap of the Research numerical data instrument
 Help to prove the research that no
one can do DATA Structured Unstructured
-Revisit the formulated research questions COLLECTION
 Considered the insight of the OUTPUT Form of numbers Form of
Research and statistics pictures and
 Construct other question that not word
answer yet.
-Determine the Research approach SAMPLE Randomly Selected on
-Finalize the Research question selected their experience
-Decide on the Research respondents
 Choose a design OBJECTIVE/ Objective Subjective
-Establish the research design SUBJECTIVE
 Gathered the data RESEARCHER’S Separated subject Immersed in the
ROLE matter subject matter
Data Collection Analysis
-Gathering a data ANALYSIS Statistical Interpretive
-Analyzing a data
-Drawing a conclusion

Writing the Research Report

3 ways to share your research report
-Research report
-Research poster
-Research presentation
 Content Analysis
CHARACTERISTICS of -a research tool used to determine the
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH presence of a certain words.

Lesson Driven Ethnography

-experiences of the participants of the study -to learn about the lives of others,
collected -process of collecting data about a group of
people.
People-Centered
-participants of the qualitative underwent Historical Research
-people centered is a data of people -investigating and studying past events,
people, and societies using a variety of
Rigor sources and methods.
-stringent measures done by the researcher
SCOPE and DELIMINATION
Depth
-the thickness of data -Coverage
[ the things that are not include]
Extensive Literature Review
-provide to the data, data analysis, research
-details
[the things that you are exclude]
procedure.

Rapport SIGNIFICANCE
-connections between the participants and -the beneficiary of the research
being comfortable the interviews.
LITERATURE REVIEW
STRENGTHS and WEAKNESSES of -survey of books, scholarly articles and
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH references

STRENGTH THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

 Views of homogenous exploration -discusses existing theories in a field of
 Understanding behavior, beliefs inquiry that are related and/or reflect the
 Raise more issue and assumptions hypothesis of the research study.

WEAKNESS
 No objectively verifiable result
 Skillful requirements for interview
 Time consuming during interviewing
process and intensive category
process

Research design for Qualitative Research

Narrative research
-aims to unravel consequential stories of
peoples live

Case study
-is a detailed study of a specific subject,
such as a person, the person, event,
organization, or phenomenon.

Ground Theory
-methodology that aims to generate theories
based on the data that are grounded
-generate the theory based on the data

Phenomenology
-approach that helps is describing
TNCT REVIEWER
Information Age and
Technology: The Information Age, also
known as the Computer Age, is
characterized by the integration of computer
systems, online networks, and digital
information into various aspects of life.
Shift in Job Markets: Automation
and computerization have led to a decline
in demand for manual labor and an increase
in demand for technically skilled
professionals.
Global Job Market: Advancements
in telecommunications, especially the
internet, have facilitated the creation of a
global job market where employers can hire
talent from different parts of the world.
Digital Revolution: The Information Age is
said to have been initiated by the Digital
Revolution, characterized by the widespread
adoption of computers from the 1950s to the
late 1970s.
IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGIES
OF THE 21ST CENTURY
March 29, 1994; the first time
Filipinos were able to establish a
connection to the internet.
1. The Internet:
The Internet revolutionized communication,
work, education, and entertainment by
providing access to vast amounts of
information and enabling
global connectivity.
2. Social Media:
Social media platforms enable users to
share content, connect with others, and
express themselves online.
3. Mobile Computing:
Mobile computing refers to the ability to
access and process information using
portable devices like smartphones and
tablets, regardless of location.
4. Cloud Computing:
Cloud computing involves accessing and
storing data and applications over the
internet instead of on local servers
or personal computers.
CHALLENGES OF THE
21ST CENTURY.
1. Global Warming: The rise in global
temperatures due to greenhouse gas
emissions from human activities
such as burning fossil fuels
and deforestation.
2. Excessive Population
Growth: Rapid increase in the
number of people globally, putting
strain on resources like food, water,
and energy.
3. Water Shortages: Decrease in the
availability of fresh water due to
pollution, overuse, and
climate change.
4. Destruction of Life in the
Oceans: Human activities such as
overfishing, pollution, and
habitat destruction leading to the
decline of marine ecosystems
5. Mass Famine in Ill-Organized
Countries: Agricultural and
economic mismanagement
resulting in food shortages and
starvation.
6. The Spread of Deserts: Expansion
of arid regions due to deforestation,
overgrazing, and climate change.
7. Pandemics: Outbreaks of infectious
diseases with the potential to spread
globally, exacerbated by factors like
urbanization and globalization.
COUNTRIES WITH WORST
FAMINE
 Yemen:
 South Sudan .
 Somalia:
 Nigeria:
 Afghanistan:
 Ethiopia
 Democratic Republic of the
Congo (DRC Africa)
8. Extreme Poverty: Lack of access
to basic needs such as food, clean
water, shelter, and
healthcare, perpetuating cycles of
deprivation.
9. Growth of Shanty
Cities: Informal
settlements characterized by
inadequate housing, sanitation,
and social services, arising from
urbanization and poverty.
10. Unstoppable Global
Migration: Forced displacement of
people due to factors like
conflict, persecution, and
environmental degradation.
11. Non-State Actors with Extreme
Weapons: Terrorist
organizations and rogue actors
possessing weapons capable of mass
destruction, challenging traditional
security paradigms.
12. Violent Religious
Extremism: Ideological fervor
leading to violence and conflict,
often targeting civilians and
minority groups.
13. Runaway Computer
Intelligence: Concerns over
artificial intelligence surpassing
human control and leading
to unintended consequences.
14. War That Could End
Civilization: Escalation of
armed conflicts involving weapons
of mass destruction,
posing existential threats to human
civilization.
15. Risk to Homo Sapiens’
Existence: Cumulative impact
of various existential risks
endangering the survival of the
human species.
16. A New Dark Age: Collapse of
societal structures and institutions
leading to a regression in human
progress and knowledge.
CRITICAL THINKING
Critical thinking’s dictionary
definition is “disciplined thinking
that is clear, rational, open-minded,
and informed by evidence”
WHAT CRITICAL THINKING IS
NOT?
1. Thinking a lot
Thinking about something a lot
doesn't always mean you're thinking
critically. Just because you spend a
long time thinking about something
doesn't mean you'll come to the right
answer.
2. Being open-minded
Is a good trait to have, It allows you
to see and understand things beyond.
However, open-mindedness alone is
not critical thinking. Having a
welcoming attitude towards
new facts and ideas can lead to
knowledge but accepting
ideas without questioning and
analysis leads to false knowledge.
3. Being smart:
Being smart doesn't mean you
always think critically. Even if you're
really good at math or reading,
there might still be times when you
don't think critically
about something.
4. Skepticism
-means doubting things. Doubt can
help us think carefully about things
and make good decisions. But just
doubting everything without thinking
about it isn't the same as thinking
critically.
  5W1H 4. Experimentation:
 You test your guess by doing
experiments, like watering
some plants more often and others
less often to see if they
grow differently.
5 Analysis:
After doing your experiments, you look at
the results and see if they support your
guess. If they do, it means your hypothesis
was right. If not, you might need to come up
with a new guess and try again.
“I keep six honest serving-men
They taught me all I knew;
Their names are What and Why and
IMPORTANCE IF CRITICAL
THINKING
1. Thinking for Yourself:
Critical thinking helps you make
decisions without always relying on
what others say, like the media or
authority figures. It lets you think
about facts and events and decide
what's best.
2. Understanding Yourself:
Critical thinking makes you aware of
your own beliefs, emotions, and
values. It helps you make sure they
don't get in the way of making good
decisions.
When
And How and Where and Who.” -
-Rudyard Kipling
The Socratic Method
-is named after the Greek
philosopher Socrates. Defined as
a method that aims to discover a
universal truth.
The Socratic Method is a way of
finding the best answer to a question
by asking lots of questions. It works
by looking at different ideas and
trying to find the one that makes the
most sense. You can do this by
talking with other people or even
by asking yourself questions. The
goal is to find an answer
that everyone agrees on and that
makes sense in all situations.
Socratic Ignorance
-or the awareness of the absence of
knowledge. It can be summed up as
“I know that I don’t know.”
This person is showing Socratic
ignorance because instead
of pretending to know everything,
they admit that they're not entirely
sure. They're open to learning more
and asking questions to understand
better. Even if they know
something, they still want to learn
more and make sure they have
the right answer.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Observation:
First, you notice something
happening, like plants growing taller
when they're watered more.
2. Question:
This makes you wonder why it's
happening, so you ask yourself
a question, like "Why do plants grow
taller when they're watered more?"
3. Hypothesis:
You make a guess, called a
hypothesis, about what might be
causing it, like "Plants grow taller
when they get more water because
water helps them grow."
3. Being Humble:
Critical thinking means being open
to questioning your own beliefs. It's
okay to admit when you're wrong
and learn from mistakes. It teaches
us that we don't always have to be
right.
4. Seeing the World Clearly:
Critical thinking helps us see the
world without prejudice or bias.
It encourages us to consider other
people's beliefs and points of view,
even if they're different from ours.
5. Solving Problems:
Critical thinking is useful for solving
real-world problems. It helps us look
at problems calmly and logically,
without letting our emotions control
the situation.