LEADERSHIP

leadership Guidance of others in their pursuits, often by organizing, directing, coordinating, supporting,
and motivating their efforts; also, the ability to lead others.
Guastello 2007 leaders appear in groups when
(1) members feel that success on the group task is within their reach,
(2) the rewards of success are valued,
(3) the task requires group effort rather than individual effort, and
(4) an individual with previous experience in the leadership role is present in the group.

A group that is facing a stressful situation—such as a potential failure or danger—is also likely
to embrace a leader’s guidance
(Berkowitz, 1953). most people prefer to be led rather than be leaderless. Group members are usually more
satisfied and productive when their groups have leaders
romance of The tendency to overestimate the amount of influence and control leaders exert on their
leadership groups and their groups’ outcomes.
Leadership is a reciprocal process, involving the leader, the followers, and the group situation.
The leader does not just influence the group members; rather, the leader–follower relationship
is mutual. An interactional view assumes that leadership cannot be understood independently
of followership—the skills and qualities displayed by nonleaders (Hollander, 2006; Messick.
Leadership is a transactional process, in which leaders and followers work together,
followership Working effectively with a leader and other group members
Conformist (yes people) are active and energized, but they are devoted to the leader; they do not think to
followers question the leader’s directions and will defend him or her vigorously
Passive followers (sheep) follow the lead of others, but without great enthusiasm or commitment. They put time
into the group and will eventually finish their assignments, but they must be continually
monitored or they will simply stop contributing
Pragmatic are the rank-and-file members of the group; they are neither active nor passive, conforming or
followers independent, but likely to remain in the background and contribute what they can

Alienated followers are not committed to the group or its goals, in part because they steadfastly maintain their
independence from others’ influence. They are often sullenly silent, but when they speak they
are critical of their fellow members for remaining true to the group, and they question the
leader’s choices.
Exemplary are actively engaged in the group, but they do not simply do what they are told. If they have
followers (stars) issues with the leader’s position, they express their dissent openly, but constructively.
Task leadership focuses on the group’s work and its goals. To facilitate the achievement of group goals, the
leader initiates structure, etc. (Lord, 1977; Yukl, 2006)
 task leadership (initiation of structure)
Relationship focuses on the interpersonal relations within the group. To increase socioemotional satisfaction
leadership and teamwork in the group, the leader boosts morale, gives support and encouragement, (Lord,
1977; Yukl, 2006).
 relationship leadership (consideration for group members;
Task-relationship A descriptive model of leadership which maintains that most leadership behaviors can be
model classified as either performance maintenance or relationship maintenance
leadership A conceptual analysis of the factors that combine to reduce or eliminate the need for a leader
substitutes theory
Sex Differences in men tend to be agentic—task oriented, active, decision focused, independent, goal oriented—
Leadership whereas women are more communal— helpful to others, warm in relation to others,

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Behavior understanding, aware of others’ feelings (Abele, 2003)

Leadership The process by which an individual becomes formally or informally, perceptually or
emergence behaviorally, and implicitly or explicitly recognized as the leader of a formerly leaderless group.
Great leader theory A view of leadership, attributed to historian Thomas Carlyle, which states that successful
Thomas Carlyle leaders possess certain characteristics that mark them for greatness, and that such great
leaders shape the course of history.
Zeitgeist theory A view of leadership, attributed to Leo Tolstoy, which states that history is determined primarily
Leo Tolstoy by the “spirit of the times” rather than by the actions and choices of great leaders.
Interactional Lewin’s B = ƒ(P, E) formula for interactionism, applied to leadership, suggests that a leader’s
approach behavior is a function both of the characteristics of the person and the characteristics of the
group situation
Personality traits Early leadership researchers believed that leaders possessed certain personality traits that set
them apart from others.