EXPONENTIAL AND

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
 We initially learned from trigonometry about exponential and
logarithmic functions so it is important that we review some important
concepts about the mentioned functions. The following properties of the
logarithms are especially useful when finding derivatives of logarithmic
functions.
Properties of Logarithms
1. log𝑏 𝑢 + log𝑏 𝑣 = log𝑏 𝑢𝑣
𝑢
2. log𝑏 𝑢 − log𝑏 𝑣 = log𝑏
𝑣

3. log𝑏 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑣 log𝑏 𝑢
4. log𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log𝑏 𝑏 = 1
5. 𝑏 log𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥
Change of Base
If we wish to change the base of a given logarithmic value, we
log𝑎 𝑥
will use the formula log𝑏 𝑥 = to change base from b to a
log𝑎 𝑏
The number e which is the base of what are known as natural
1
logarithms was defined in a lemma as lim (1 + )𝑛 = 𝑒 for
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
integral n where e was found to be equal to 2.717281828…

Derivative of a Logarithm

Let y = log 𝑏 𝑥
Applying the four-step rule 𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = log 𝑏(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
∆𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − log𝑏 𝑥
 𝑥+∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
Apply property of logarithm ∆𝑦 = log𝑏 = log𝑏 [1 + ]
𝑥 𝑥
∆𝑦 1 ∆𝑥
= log𝑏 [1 + ]
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝑥

We multiply by x/x to facilitate transformation similar to the form of the lemma

∆𝑦 1 𝑥 ∆𝑥
= log𝑏 [1 + ]
∆𝑥 𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝑥

Δ𝑦 1 ∆𝑥 𝑥
Apply another property of the logarithm = log𝑏 [1 + ]∆𝑥
Δ𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

Δ𝑦 1 ∆𝑥 𝑥
Get the limit lim = lim lim log𝑏 [1 + ]∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 ∆𝑥 𝑥
= log𝑏 lim [1 + ]∆𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 1
Using the lemma = log𝑏 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 log𝑏 𝑒
( log𝑏 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Note that log𝑏 𝑒 is a constant and if we replace x by u = f(x)

The general formula for any logarithmic function y = log𝑏 𝑢 is
𝑑 log𝑏 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
(log𝑏 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

So for the common logarithm base 10,

𝑑 log10 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 0.4343 𝑑𝑢
(log10 𝑢) = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
For simplicity we just let M = log10 𝑒 and write the formula as
𝑀 𝑑𝑢
d ( log10 𝑢) =
𝑢

for natural logarithm with base e , since log𝑒 𝑒 = 1 equation becomes

𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
(ln 𝑢) = 𝑜𝑟 𝑑(ln 𝑢 ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢
Example 1.
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
a) 𝑦 = log 5 3𝑥 2 c) 𝑦 = ln (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)
b) 𝑦 = log10(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) d) y = cos ( ln x )

Solution:
a) y = log5 3𝑥 2
𝑑(3𝑥2 ) 6𝑥(log5 𝑒) 2 log5 𝑒
y’ = log5 𝑒 = =
3𝑥2 3𝑥2 𝑥
if an answer in terms of the common logarithms is desired we can use
ln 𝑒 1 2
the change of base formula log5 𝑒 = = so 𝑦 ′ =
ln 5 ln 5 𝑥 ln 5
b) 𝑦 = log10 (𝑥 sin 𝑥)
𝑀 𝑑(𝑥 sin 𝑥) 𝑀 (𝑥 cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥)
y’ = =
𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑥
c) 𝑦 = ln (arctan 𝑥)
1
𝑑(arctan 𝑥) 1+𝑥2 1
𝑦′ = = =
arctan 𝑥 arctan 𝑥 1+𝑥2 arctan 𝑥
d) 𝑦 = cos(ln 𝑥)
1 − sin(ln 𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = − sin(ln 𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥
Example 2
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥−1
Solve for 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 4 log10
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥+1

Solution:
We rewrite this using the properties of the logarithm

𝑦 = 4[log10 4𝑥 − 1 − log10(4𝑥 + 1)]

4𝑀 4𝑀 1 1
𝑦′ = 4 − = 16𝑀[ − ]
4𝑥−1 4𝑥+1 4𝑥−1 4𝑥+1

4𝑥+1−4𝑥+1 32𝑀
𝑦 ′ = 16𝑀 [ ] =
16𝑥2 −1 16𝑥2 −1
Example 3
𝑑𝑥 1+sin 𝑡
Solve for 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = ln
𝑑𝑡 1−sin 𝑡

Solution:
1
Rewrite using properties of logarithm x = [ln(1 + sin 𝑡) − ln(1 − sin 𝑡)]
2
𝑑𝑥 1 cos 𝑡 − cos 𝑡
= [ − ]
𝑑𝑡 2 1+sin 𝑡 1−sin 𝑡

𝑑𝑥 1 cos 𝑡(1−sin 𝑡)+cos 𝑡(1+sin 𝑡)

= [ ]
𝑑𝑡 2 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡

𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑡 1 𝑑𝑥
= = = sec 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Example 4
𝜋 𝑥
For y = ln tan ( + ) find y’
4 2

Solution: 𝜋 𝑥 1 𝜋 𝑥
𝑑[tan( + ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( + )
y’ = 4 2
𝜋 𝑥
2
= 4 2
𝜋 𝑥
tan( + ) tan( + )
4 2 4 2
𝜋 𝑥
cos( + ) 1
y’ = 𝜋 𝑥
4 2
𝜋 𝑥 = 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥
2 sin 4 +2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (4 +2) 2 sin 4 +2 cos(4 +2)

using identity sin 2u = 2sin u cos u,

1 1
y’ = 𝜋 = 𝜋 𝜋
sin(2 +𝑥) sin2 cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥 cos2

1
y’ = 𝑦 ′ = sec 𝑥
cos 𝑥
Example 5
𝑦
Determine y’ if 4 arctan ( ) + ln 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑘
𝑥
Solution:
𝑦
𝑑(𝑥 ) 𝑑 𝑥 2 +𝑦2
4 𝑦 2
+ =0
1+ 𝑥 2+𝑦2
𝑥

4
4𝑥𝑦′ −4𝑦 2𝑥+2𝑦𝑦′
+ =0
𝑥 2+𝑦2 𝑥 2 +𝑦2
4xy’- 4y + 2x + 2yy’ = 0
2xy’ + yy’ = 2y – x
2𝑦−𝑥
y’( 2x+y) = 2y – x 𝑦′ =
2𝑥+𝑦
Example 6
For x ln y + y ln x = 5 find y’

Solution:
𝑦′ 𝑦
By implicit differentiation, x( ) + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 + + 𝑦 ′ ln 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 𝑥

𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ ln 𝑥 = 0

𝑦′(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑥) = −𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑦 − 𝑦 2

−𝑦(𝑥 ln 𝑦+𝑦)
𝑦′ =
𝑥(𝑦 ln 𝑥+𝑥)
Example 7
Locate the critical points and point of inflection of the curve
y = 9 ln ( x + 1 ) – ln( x – 1 )
Solution:
9 1
To get the critical points, y’ = −
𝑥+1 𝑥−1
9𝑥−9−𝑥−1
0=
𝑥 2 −1
5
0 = 8x-10 x=
4

Solve for y, y = 9 ln (9/4 ) – ln (1/4)

y = 8.68 CP(1.25, 8.68)
to get the point of inflection, we get y’’
9 1
y’’ = - +
(𝑥+1)2 (𝑥−1)2

−9(𝑥−1)2 +(𝑥+1)2
0=
(𝑥+1)2(𝑥−1)2

9((𝑥 2 −2𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
8𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 8 = 0
2𝑥 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 = 0
( 2x- 1) (x- 2) = 0 x=½ and x = 2
If x = 2 y = 9 ln(3)- ln 1 = 9 ln 3 = 9.89 POI ( 2, 9.89)
EXERCISES

1. Find dy/dx for the given functions

a) y = log4 ( 2𝑥 − 7) c) y = ln ( x sec x)
b) y = log10 tan 9𝑥 d) y = csc (log10 2𝑥)
2. Solve for dy/dt if y = ln [𝑡 2 cot 𝑡]
3. If y = ln ln ( 1- sin x ) what is y’?
4. Find dy/dx if
a) 4 ln ( sec y + tan y ) = k + 2x + sin 2x
b) cos y = ln ( x - y)
EXERCISES

5. If y = 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦′′′
6. Find the critical points and point of inflection of the curve y = ln (x+1)
1
7. Find the maximum point and point of inflection of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ( − ln 𝑥 )
2

given that as x→ 0 , 𝑦 → 0
DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Let 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑢 where u = f(x)

Writing in inverse form log𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑢

𝑑𝑦
log𝑎 𝑒 (𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑢
Differentiating with respect to x, =
𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Solving for dy/dx, =
𝑑𝑥 log𝑎 𝑒
 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑒
Replacing y 𝑎𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
but log𝑎 𝑒 =
𝑑𝑥 log𝑎 𝑒 ln 𝑎

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑢 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
and if a = e 𝑒𝑢 = 𝑒𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ln 𝑒 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 1
𝑑𝑦
Find for the given exponential functions
𝑑𝑥
a) y = 5sin 𝑥 c) y = 10arctan 𝑥
b) y = 𝑒 sec 𝑥 d) y = ln 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 ln 𝑥
Solution:
a) y = 5sin 𝑥 c) y = 10arctan 𝑥
1
y’ = y’ = 10arctan 𝑥 ln 10
1+𝑥2
5sin 𝑥 ln 5 cos 𝑥
d) y = ln 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 ln 𝑥
b) y = 𝑒 sec 𝑥 applying properties of logarithms ln 𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 ln 𝑢 =
𝑢
y’ =
y = x + x =2x y’ = 2
Example 2
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒−𝑥
For y = find y’
𝑒 2𝑥
Solution:
we can solve this directly by using the quotient formula but it is simpler
to divide first before applying differentiation
y = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥
1
y’ = −𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥
3

Example 3
Determine y’ if y = arc cot (𝑒 2𝑥 )
Solution:
− 2𝑒 2𝑥 −2𝑒 2𝑥
y’ = =
1+(𝑒2𝑥 )2 1+𝑒 4𝑥
Example 4
Find y’’ if y = 𝑥 3 𝑒−𝑥

Solution:
y’ = 3𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥3 )

= 𝑥 2𝑒 −𝑥 (3 − 𝑥)

y’’ = (3 − 𝑥)(2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 (−1)

y’’ = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 [ 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥]

y’’ = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 6 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2
Example 5
For the curve y =
𝑒 −4𝑥 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑦= 7

Solution:

Slope of the line is -2 y’ = -4𝑒 −4𝑥

-2 = -4 𝑒 −4𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥 = 2
ln 2
4x = ln 2 x=
4
 𝑙𝑛2 1
−4
solving for y, y=𝑒 4 = 𝑒 − ln 2 =
2

ln 2 1 1 ln 2
at ( , ) 𝑦− = −2(𝑥 − )
4 2 2 4

1 𝑙𝑛 2
𝑦 − = −2𝑥 +
2 2

2y-1 = - 4x + ln 2 4x + 2y = 1 + ln 2
Example 6
𝑥
Differentiate y =𝑥 𝑒
Solution:

For this problem, since both the base and exponent are made up of
variables we cannot apply the power formula or the derivative of the
exponential functions.
We will use logarithmic differentiation in order to get its derivative.
𝑒 𝑥
First get the logarithm of both sides, ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥

Apply property of logarithm ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥

 𝑦′ 𝑒𝑥
Differentiate = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 +
𝑦 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 (ln 𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑 𝑥 𝑥 −1
Substitute value of y 𝑥𝑒 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 ( 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
EXERCISE
S
𝑑𝑦
1. Solve for
𝑑𝑥

a) y = ln (𝑒 2𝑥 − 5) d) y = arctan (
10 𝑥 )
2
b) y = ( cos 2x+ 2sin 2x) 𝑒 2𝑥 e) y = ln
𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 −2𝑥

4arccsc
c) yy==𝑒 2𝑥
2. For the curve , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑥𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑥 + 18𝑦 = 5
3. Solve for y’ if y = ln ln ( 1 + 𝑒 𝑥)
2
4. Solve for y’’ if y = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
5. Differentiate y = (ln 𝑥)ln 𝑥
EXERCISE
S

6. From y = 𝑒 −3𝑥 cos 2𝑥, show that y’’ +6y’ + 13y = 0

7. Find the slope of the curve y = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 at the point where x = 0
𝑦
8. Find y’ for the equation 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 = ln
𝑥
𝑑𝑦
9. For the equation 5 𝑥 + 5 𝑦 = 10 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 .
𝑑𝑥

10. Find the minimum value of y = 9𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑒 −𝑥

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
The hyperbolic functions are actually combinations of exponential
functions and they occur frequently in mathematics and engineering
applications. The trigonometric functions are also called circular functions
because the points represented by ( cos t, sin t) describes a unit circle in the
same manner that the coordinates ( cosh t, sinh t) describes the hyperbola.
Definitions:
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒−𝑥 1
sinh x = csch x =
2 sinh 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 1
cosh x = sech x =
2 cosh 𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 sinh 𝑥 1
tanh x = = coth x =
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 cosh 𝑥 tanh 𝑥
Derivatives Of Hyperbolic Functions

The derivation of the formulas is by applying the derivatives of

the exponential functions, for instance y = sinh u where u =f(x)
𝑒 𝑢 −𝑒−𝑢
y=
2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
differentiating y’ = ½ [𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ½ (𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sinh 𝑢) = cosh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Derivative of tanh u
𝑒 𝑢 −𝑒 −𝑢
Let y = tanh u =
𝑒 𝑢 +𝑒 −𝑢
𝑑𝑢
[ 𝑒 𝑢 +𝑒 −𝑢 𝑒 𝑢 +𝑒 −𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑢 −𝑒 −𝑢 𝑒 𝑢 −𝑒 −𝑢 ]𝑑𝑥
differentiating y’ =
(𝑒 𝑢 +𝑒 −𝑢 )2

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
[𝑒 2𝑢 +2+𝑒 −2𝑢 −𝑒 2𝑢 +2−𝑒 −2𝑢 ]𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
simplifying = =
(𝑒 𝑢 +𝑒−𝑢 )2 (𝑒 𝑢 +𝑒 −𝑢 )2

𝑑𝑦 2 2 𝑑𝑢
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑢 +𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(tanh 𝑢) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Derivative of sech u
2
Let y = sech u =
𝑒 𝑢 +𝑒 −𝑢

𝑑𝑢
0−2 𝑒 𝑢 −𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate y’ =
(𝑒 𝑢 +𝑒 −𝑢 )2

𝑑𝑢
2 (𝑒 𝑢 −𝑒−𝑢 )
Rewriting y’ = − 𝑢 −𝑢 𝑢 −𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 +𝑒 𝑒 +𝑒

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sech 𝑢) = − sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The derivatives of the three remaining hyperbolic functions are

found using the same method and left to the student as exercises.
To summarize, the following is the list of the derivatives of the hyperbolic
functions:
d( sinh u) = cosh u du
d( cosh u) = sinh u du
d( tanh u) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
d( sech u) = - sech u tanh u du
d( coth u) = - 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
d( csch u) = - csch u coth u du

Notice the similarities of these formulas and the derivatives of the

trigonometric functions so that it can help us in memorizing the formulas.
Be especially wary of the signs of sech u and cosh u. Hyperbolic identities
are also useful for simplifying a given hyperbolic function. Some common
hyperbolic identities are:
sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 1
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = (cosh 2𝑥 − 1)
2
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 = (cosh 2𝑥 + 1)
2

𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥
𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 − 1
 Example 1
Find y’ of the given functions
a) y = cosh (2x-3)
b) y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (1 − 𝑥)
c) y = arcsin (tanh x)
Solution:
a) y = cosh (2x-3)
y’= 2 sinh (2x-3) c) y = arcsin (tanh x)

b) y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑(tanh 𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥

y’ = =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 sech 𝑥
y’ = 2 sinh (1-x) d[(sinh (1-x)]
y’ = sech x
y’ = 2 sinh (1-x) cosh (1-x) (-1)
y’ = - sinh 2(1-x)
Example 2
For 𝑦 = ln(𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 3𝑥) find dy/dx.

Solution:
y = ln (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 3𝑥)
𝑑(𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 3𝑥) 2 tanh 3𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 3𝑥 (3)
y’ = =
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 3𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 3𝑥

6
6 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 3𝑥 6
y’ = = sinh 3𝑥 =
tanh 3𝑥 sinh 3𝑥 cosh 3𝑥
cosh 3𝑥

6 12
applying identity, y’ = sinh 6𝑥 = 𝑦 ′ = 12 csch 6𝑥
sinh 6𝑥
2
Example 3
Prove the identity 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥

Solution:
Write the hyperbolic functions in exponential form
EXERCISES
1. Find y’
a) y = arctan sinh x
b) y = ln cosh 2x
c) y = 𝑒 2𝑥 sech 𝑥
1
d) y = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 2𝑥 + cosh 4𝑥
2

2. Prove the identities

a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑥 = 1
b) sinh (x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
sinh 𝑥
3. For the equation 𝑦 =
1+cosh 𝑥
END OF SLIDE