LABORATORY REPORT (FORMAL)

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT METHOD
DMCU 1012
SEM 1 2022/2023
STUDENT’S NAME: METRIC NO: GROUP

MUHAMMAD IMRAN BIN MUHAMMAD SECTION 2

D042210084
ZULAZLI G2

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 6/1/2023

EXPERIMENT TITLE: COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FICTION (COF)

LECTURER: EN. AIMAN BIN ROSLIZAR

LABORATORY USE ONLY
RECEIVE’S DATE:
EVALUATION
Assessment criteria Poor Fair Good Marks
Introduction 0 1 2 3 4 5
Methodology 0 1 2 3 4 5
Data & Results 0 2 4 6 8 10
Analysis & 0 2 4 6 8 10
Discussion/Question
Conclusion & References 0 2 4 6 8 5
Format and writing skill 0 1 2 3 4 5
Total marks
40
Percentage earned (total marks/40 x 10%)

Executive Summary
a) Purpose of the report
From doing this experiment, we got to know the amount of force is
needed to move a static object with different angle.

b) Highlight
The different kind of surfaces that will affect the friction of a static object to move.

c)Result describe
Steel surface has less friction than aluminum surface. Plastic box need less force to move than
aluminum box using load on the load hanger.
The different angle will make the box require more load to move the box.

Introduction & Theory

Introduction :
The experiment was conducted to investigate the coefficient of static friction (COF), μS
subjected to the different type of surface material and different angle of COF, ϕS ⸰.The
coefficient of static friction is a numerical value that quantifies the degree of stickiness between
a static object and its contact surface. It is the ratio of the static friction between two contact
surfaces to the normal force acting on the body. For example, if you apply force to an object
which is at rest, there is a point up to which the object resists moving. In order to move the
object, the applied force should be greater to overcome the resistance. When this maximum
resistive force by an object goes against the applied force to continue moving it is called the
coefficient of static friction. The static friction coefficient is the result of the interaction of
molecules between the object and the turned surface. Thus, different surfaces provide different
amounts of static friction. The coefficient of friction that describes the difference in static friction
for different surfaces is μS. Otherwise, maximum static friction is achieved when the inequality
becomes an equality, at which point a different force of friction takes over as the object begins to
move. This experiment states that the surface roughness is directly proportional to the coefficient
of static friction.
Theory :
When a body with mass M moves, a friction to the movement is known as friction force, Fm.
The friction force, Fm between two surfaces is proportional to the normal force to the surface, N
where N is the weight of the body mass. Thus, the coefficient of static friction can be calculated
with the formula 𝐹𝑚 ∝ N or 𝐹𝑚 = μSN, where is “F” is static force of friction, it is a force keep
an object at rest. “μS” is coefficient of static friction, the value of the coefficient of static friction
depends on the objects that are causing friction. “N” is normal force, it is a contact force. The
coefficient of static friction increases, the normal force increases.

Hypotheses, Objective and Scope

 Hypotheses
The total mass of the box and the load on it (MW) is directed proportional to the total mass of the
load hanger and the load on it (MB).
The roughness of the surface is direct proportional to the coefficient of static friction (COF).

Objective
The Coefficient of the static friction (COF), S is studied for the different types of surface
material and different angles of the COF,S

Scope
At the end of this laboratory session, students should able to:

* Understand the concept of static friction coefficient.

* Understand the relationship between surface roughness and static friction coefficient

*Compare the COF on different surface measurement data measured with different measuring
devices.

Methodology
Apparatus :
1. Aluminum plate
2. Steel plate
3. Aluminum box
4. Plastic box
5. Adjustable angle platform
6. Load Hanger
7. Load
8. Pulley and String

Procedure :
A. Aluminum box on aluminum surface
1. The arrangement of the apparatus with angle of COF = 0° was set up as shown in Figure 1

2. A load of 0.1 N on top of the aluminum box (M kg) was put on the aluminum surface.
3. The steel box was hung by a load hanger with strings.
4. The load hanger was put by a load until the aluminum box begins to move on the surface.
5. MW and MB were recorded, where is MW equal to total mass of the box aluminum and the
load on it and MB equal to total mass of the load hanger and the load on it.
6. Steps (2), (3), (4) and (5) are repeated using aluminum boxes with different loads of 0.2 N,
0.3 N, 0.4 N and 0.5 N. The coefficient of static friction (COF), μs should be determined
B. Aluminum box on steel surface.
1. Steel surface was used by using the same method as in part A instead of aluminum surface.
2. Aluminum box on steel surface for static friction coefficient (COF), μs must be determined.

C. Plastic box on the steel surface

1. Steel surface and plastic box were used by using the same method as in part A instead of
aluminum surface and aluminum box.
2. Plastic box on steel surface for static friction coefficient (COF), μs should be determined

D. Effect of an angle on friction

1. The angle of the beam was adjusted to 15° and 30° by repeating parts A, B and C.
2. All specimens at an angle of 15° and 30° for the coefficient of static friction (COF), μs should
be determined.
Graph
Graph 1
MW (N)

MW aganist MB
2.5

1.5

0.5
MB (N)
0
0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62

μs = y2 – y1 / x2 – x1
= ( 1.97 – 1.57) / (0.61 – 0.51)

= 0.4 / 0.1

= 4

Graph 2
MW (N)

MW against MB
2.5

1.5

0.5
MB (N)
0
0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52

μB = y2 – y1 / x2 – x1
= (1.97 – 1.57) / (0.51 – 0.41)

= 0.4 / 0.1

= 4
 Graph 3

MW (N)
MW against MB
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 MB (N)
0
0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.42

μB = y2 – y1 / x2 – x1
= (1.42 – 1.02) / (0.41 – 0.31)

= 4

Graph 4
MW (N)

MW against MB
2.5

1.5

0.5
MB (N)
0
0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15

μB = y2 – y1 / x2 – x1
= (1.97 – 1.57) / (1.11 – 0.81)
= 1.333
 Graph 5

MW (N)
MW against MB
2.5

1.5

0.5

0 MB (N)
0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95

μB = y2 – y1 / x2 – x1
= (1.97 – 1.57) / (0.91 – 0.71)
=2

Graph 6
MW (N)

MW against MB
2.5

1.5

0.5

MB (N)
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75

μB = y2 – y1 / x2 – x1
= (1.97 – 1.57) / (0.71 – 0.51)
=2
 Graph 7
MW (N)

MW against MB
2.5

1.5

0.5
MB (N)
0
1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65

μB = y2 – y1 / x2 – x1
= (1.97 – 1.57) / (1.61- 1.21)
= 1
Graph 8
MW (N)

MW against MB
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
MB (N)
1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45

μB = y2 – y1 / x2 – x1

= (1.97 – 1.57) / (1.41 – 1.11)

= 1.333
 Graph 9

MW (N)
MW against MB
1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
MB (N)
0
0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05

μB = y2 – y1 / x2 – x1
= (1.42 – 1.02) / (1.01 – 0.71)
= 1.333

Analysis & Discussion

In this experiment, the result shows that compared to Section A and Section B, the load on
the hanger load in Table 2 become lesser than Table 1 when the aluminum surface change to
steel surface. This proves that the surface roughness is direct propotional to the load. While in
Section B and section C, aluminum box is heavier than plastic box, which makes the load on the
hanger increases. Based on the data in Section A and D, the values of load that needed to move
the aluminum box was increase because the angle of the aluminum surface was increase. The
inclined angle increases, the load needed to move the box increases.
1. MW vs MB . Calculate μS for every case.

2. State what can you observe from the values of COF from the experiments.
Based on the experiment, when the roughness surface is increases, then, the load that need to
move the box increases. The higher of mass of the box, the higher load needed to move the box.
Thus, the load needed to move the box increases when the inclined angle is increases.

3. State the effect regarding on the type of the materials to the values of COF.
A rough surface will make more load that needed to move the box while a smooth surface will
get less load that needed to move the box. Thus, a heavier box need to require more load to move
from the last place compare to lighter box. Otherwise, a more inclined angle will also cause more
load being needed to move the box compared to the less inclined angle.

4. State the main errors that will affect the result of the experiment.
One of the main errors that will affect the result is the string that should be attach to the pulley is
not directly on the pulley. This will make the box that need to be pulled by the load harder to
move. Another errors that our team make mistake in this experiment was that the load put on the
load hanger while it swayed and cause the recorded value to be irregular.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this experiment proves that the total mass of the box aluminum and the load
on it (MW) is direct proportional to the total mass of the load hanger and the load on it(MB) and
the roughness surface is direct porpotional to the coefficient of static friction.Otherwise, the
coefficient of static friction is inversely proportional to normal force. Hence, this hypothesis is
accepted.
References
 What is the meaning of coefficient of static friction?
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/friction-coefficient#:~:text=It
%20is%20a%20ratio%20of,the%20normal%20(N)%20forcE.

 The theory of coefficient of static friction.

https://byjus.com/physics/coefficient-of-static-friction/

 How to write an executive summary,

https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/executive-summary-examples#:~:text=Your
%20executive%20summary%20should%20include,from%20competitors%20in
%20the%20industry

 Laws of static friction, https://byjus.com/physics/static-friction/#:~:text=Asked

%20Questions%20%E2%80%93%20FAQs-,What%20is%20Static%20Friction
%3F,on%20which%20it%20is%20on.

 Example of experiment of static friction,

http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/semester1/c6_measuremus.html#:~:text=An
%20easy%20way%20to%20measure,there%20is%20no%20frictional%20force.