CHE333

Simultaneous Heat & Mass

Transfer Operations

Lecture 1: Introduction,
Dr. Abdul Razzaq
Assistant professor, CUI, Lahore Campus.

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 Course outline
Humidification and Dehumidification: Review of humidity, humidification
and dehumidification

Drying: Fundamentals, Rate of drying, mechanism, drying equipment:

Types, working principles, construction, and selection of dryers

Evaporation: Heat transfer in evaporators. Types of evaporators including

vapor compression evaporators. Evaluation and selection of forward and
backward feeds in single and multi-effect evaporators

Cooling Towers: Basic principles, types, features and operation of various

cooling towers. Cooling tower design.

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 Course outline
Distillation: Vapor-liquid equilibria: Review of fundamentals laws, partial
vaporization and condensation. T-X-Y and X-Y diagrams. Composition
calculations, generation/ development of equilibrium data. Relative volatility
and its estimation. Binary system: Differential, flash and batch distillation,
rectification. The fractionating column: calculation for number of plates;
Lewis-Sorel, McCabe-Thiele methods. Importance of the reflux ratio.
Selection of economic reflux ratio. Plate efficiency. Multi-component
distillation: Key components, Pseudo-Binary System, calculation of number
of plates, selection of appropriate method, Lewis-Matheson and Underwood
and Fenske methods. Azeotropic, Reactive, and Extractive distillation:
Heterogeneous azeotropes, calculation of number of stages.
Packed Column for distillation: Calculation of enrichment in packed
column. Transfer units.

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 Books recommended
Text Books 1. Chemical Engineering” by Coulson & Ricardsons, Vol. 1, 6th
Edition, Elsevier.
2. Chemical Engineering” by Coulson & Ricardsons, Vol. 2, 6th
Edition, Elsevier.
3. Unit Operations of chemical Engineering” by McCabe Warren L.,
Smith Julian C., Harriott peter 7th Ed., 2005, McGraw Hill Inc.
4. Kern Donald Q. “Process Heat Transfer” 1997. McGraw-Hill Book
Company
Reference 1. Incropera Frank P., De Witt David P. “Fundamentals of Heat and
Books Mass Transfer” 3rd Ed. 1990. John Wiley and Sons.
2. Treybal R.E. “Mass Transfer Operations” 1981. McGraw-Hill Book
Company.
3. Schweitzer “Handbook of Separation Techniques for Chemical
Engineers” 1979. McGraw-Hill Inc.
4. Alan S. Foust, Leonard A. Wenzel “Principles of Unit Operations” 2nd
Ed. 1980. John Wiley & Sons.
5. Basmadjian D. “Mass Transfer and Separation Process-Principles and
Applications” 2007. CRC Press

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 Course Learning Outcomes
1. Elaborate simultaneous heat and mass transfer phenomenon for
chemical engineering unit operations

2. Apply simultaneous heat and mass transfer concepts on various

equipment

3. Design simultaneous heat and mass transfer-based equipment

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 Performance tips

✓ Class Lectures and discussion

✓ Concept Questions

✓ Calculation problems practice

✓ Quiz (on time)

✓ Assignments ( on time)

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Introduction

✓ Vapors concentration difference at

Water-Air interface

✓ Water and surrounding at same

temp.

✓ Initially will start from surface

temp. loss.

✓ Temp. diff. will boost the

evaporation.

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 Humidification

➢ Humidification: Increase the vapor content in gas stream

➢ Humidity (H): Mass of vapors associated with unit mass of dry
gas
➢ Humidity at saturation (Ho)
➢ Humidity measurements
1. Percentage Humidity
% H = (H/ Ho) 100
2. Percentage Relative Humidity
% RH = (Pw/Pwo) 100

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 Drying
➢ Drying refers to the final removal of water, or another solute. In
some cases, drying is an essential part of the manufacturing
process, as for instance in paper making or in the seasoning of
timber.

➢ The drying converts a wet solid, semi-solid or suspension into a

solid product by evaporation of the liquid into a vapor phase via
application of heat.

➢ This definition excludes conversion of a liquid phase into a

concentrated liquid phase (evaporation), mechanical dewatering
operations such as filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation,) or so-
called drying of liquids and gases by use of molecular sieves
(adsorption).
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 Drying
➢ In most processing industries, drying is carried out for one or more
of the following reasons:

a) To reduce the cost of transport (volume)

b) To make a material more suitable for handling as, for example, with
soap powders, dyestuffs and fertilizers (shelf life, flow ability)
c) To provide definite properties, such as, for example, maintaining the
free-flowing nature of salt (flow ability)
d) To remove moisture which may otherwise lead to corrosion
(stability)
e) Final step in evaporation/filtration/ crystallization

➢ Variety of dryers available, selected on basis of a variety of factors

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Drying

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 Cooling Tower
➢ Cooling takes place both by the transference of sensible heat OR
by evaporative cooling

➢ On the large scale, air and water are brought into contact in a
cooling tower which may employ either natural draught or
mechanical draught.

➢ The water flows down over a series of wooden slats which give a
large interfacial area and promote turbulence in the liquid.

➢ The air is humidified and heated as it rises, while the water is

cooled mainly by evaporation.

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Cooling Tower

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 Evaporation
➢ Objective is to concentrate a solution consisting of volatile
solvent and non-volatile solute
➢ Primarily removal of water from the solution
➢ Adding heat to the solution
➢ The normal heating medium is generally low-pressure exhaust
steam
➢ Difference from drying, crystallization, distillation, boiling
 Evaporation
Evaporator:
➢A device used to vaporize part of the solvent from a solution to
achieve a concentrated liquor mainly; prepare the process stream for
next unit operation like drying, crystallization
➢General types
1. Natural circulation
2. Forced circulation
3. Film type: Climbing, falling
Evaporation
 Distillation
• Separation technique

• More volatile component(s) from the less volatile component(s)

• “Separation of mixtures into their several components according to

their volatility/boiling point is called distillation

• Multistage contact offers a larger degree of separation between two

phases i.e., vapor-liquid phase

• The distribution is governed by vapor-liquid equilibrium relationship

• The arrangement/device is called as “distillation column”

• Separation, recovery, increasing purity.

 Distillation
Advantages:
➢ It gives direct separation into pure products and no further processing is
usually required

➢ It can be used for separation of multicomponent mixtures

➢ May be carried out batch wise or continuously

Limitations:

➢ If components in a mixture have nearly same boiling point, they can not
be separated by normal distillation

➢ Heat sensitive liquids may degrade due to thermal effect

Distillation
 Thank You
for
Your Attention
email:
abdulrazzaq@cuilahore.edu.pk

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